Module 2 Quiz 1 Review (Biology)

Nucleotides are the monomer of a nucleic acid. They are made up of a phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base. There are five different types of nucleotides: DNA, RNA, mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. They form proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Describe and discuss nucleotides. Include information on what they are, their structure, the different types of nucleotides, and the structure of the macromolecules they form. Using your best grammar, write 4-6 sentences.

The basic structure of a phospholipid similar to triglycerides. They are composed of phosphate group attached to a glycerol head with two fatty-acid tails. When they are in an aqueous source they group together and form a phospholipid bilayer in a membrane.

Describe the basic structure of a phospholipid and how this structure affects the arrangement of phospholipids in a membrane. Using your best grammar, write 3-5 sentences.

Nearly all

Enzymes are important for what reactions in a living system?

Protons Neutrons Electrons

Which particles make up an atom? Check all that apply.

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Which saccharides are considered simple carbohydrates?

To gain stability

Why do atoms form bonds to achieve a full octet in the valence shell?

Buffer

A __________ is a substance that keeps the pH of a solution relatively constant and is highly stable.

bond

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms ___________ together.

The same number of protons and electrons

A neutral atom must have:

Equal

A neutral solution has what ratio of H+/OH-?

Nitrogenous bases in nucleic acid

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U) are what?

Amino group Carboxylic acid group R-group

Amino acids in proteins are composed of which molecular groups? Choose all that apply.

energy

Carbohydrates are macromolecules that can be broken down in the cell to release _________.

Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen

Carbohydrates are primarily composed of what elements? Choose all that apply.

Sugars Fiber Starch

Carbohydrates can be found in what major forms? Choose all that apply.

By decreasing the activation energy requirement

How does an enzyme increase the rate of a biochemical reaction?

20

How many different amino acids are there?

8

How many electrons in the outer shell of an atom are generally needed for stability?

Acidic

If a solution has a high concentration of H+, it is what?

A strong base

If a solution has a pH of 12, it is considered what?

11-14

If a solution has a very low concentration of H+, it will have a pH in what range?

Solid Gas Liquid

In what physical state does water exist in the natural environment? Choose all that apply.

Atoms are the smallest unit of matter and have a diverse amount that are called elements. Subatomic particles are even smaller than the atoms and make it. There are three different subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons make the nucleus and the electrons circle around it.

In your own words, define an atom, and describe how and what subatomic particles compose it. Use your best grammar to write 3-5 sentences on this topic.

The octet rule is when eight electrons form around a molecule. This makes it complete and stable, so when a molecule needs or has too many electrons, they go through chemical bonds in order to donate or take to be stable.

In your own words, describe the octet rule and how this is related to the formation of chemical bonds. Use your best grammar to write 2-4 sentences.

A buffer is what keeps the pH balance stable in a living organism. It will keep the pH from becoming too acidic or too basic. It helps keep the balance stable even when something more acidic or basic enters a living organism

In your own words, describe what a buffer is and why it is important. Write 3-5 sentences using your best grammar.

pH is the content of acidic or alkaline in something. We need the pH to understand whether something is too acidic or too alkaline to keep the balance of life and use life to the fullest. In other words, it balances life.

In your own words, describe what pH is and why it is important. Write 2-4 sentences using your best grammar.

Enzymes are biological catalysts. The enzymes within a living system help your body work by reducing the amount of energy used and isn't altered in any way no matter what.

In your own words, discuss the importance of enzymes within a living system and include what the function of an enzyme is. Using your best grammar, write 2-4 sentences.

matter

Mass is the amount of ___________ in a substance.

The making and breaking of chemical bonds to form or rearrange molecules

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Chemical reaction

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Covalent bond

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Endergonic

A chemical reaction that releases energy

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Exergonic

A type of intermolecular force occurring only between polar molecules

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Hydrogen bonding

A charged atom due to the gain or loss of electron(s)

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Ion

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Ionic bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are unequally shared

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Polar covalent bond

The ending material in a reaction

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Products

The starting material in a reaction

Match the following terms with their descriptions. Reactants

Complex carbohydrate

Starch and Glycogen are examples of what kind of carbohydrates?

The activation energy

The difference in the amount of energy between the reactants to the transition state is what?

The active site

The groove or pocket in an enzyme where the substrates bind is called what?

Protons and neutrons

The nucleus of an atom is made up of which subatomic particles?

Proton

The number of which subatomic particle identifies an atom as a particular element?

High surface tension Excellent solvent Cohesion and adhesion The ability to moderate temperature Expanding when frozen

The polar nature of water and the hydrogen bonds it can form contribute to what properties of water? Choose all that apply.

Reactants

The starting material in a chemical reaction is called what?

113 286 Nh Nihonium 113 173 113

Use the image to match the information about this element. Atomic number Atomic mass Element symbol Element name Number of electrons in a neutral atom of this element Number of neutrons Number of protons

The periodic table of elements is arranged in order to keep track of the 118 elements. It is a representation of all the elements in a single chart based on the atomic number of each element. The number is based on the protons found in the nucleus.

Using your best grammar, describe how the periodic table of elements is arranged. Use 2-4 complete sentences.

Electronegativity increases as the number of protons increases and when the electrons are a shorter distance from the nucleus are a shorter distance from the nucleus. The amount of electronegativity compared to another can create a polar bond when the two are drastically different. When two atoms with similar electronegativity come together, they form a non-polar bond

Using your best grammar, discuss electronegativity and its relationship to polar and non-polar bonds. Write 3-5 sentences.

For structure As hormones As antibodies As enzymes As signals and receptors

What are some functions of proteins? Choose all that apply.

5-Carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen containing base

What are the molecular components of nucleotides?

Temperature pH level

What environmental conditions are most commonly important for the function of enzymes? Choose all that apply.

A protein that catalyzes the reaction of specific substrates A protein that decreases the activation energy needed for a particular reaction A catalyst for biochemical reactions

What is an enzyme? Choose all that apply.

R-groups are unique to each amino acid.

What is significant about the R-group of an amino acid?

Monosaccharides

What is the basic subunit for all carbohydrates?

They have many functions, including as endocrine signals.

What is the function of steroids? Choose the best answer.

Single-stranded

What is the structure of RNA?

Reactants that an enzyme can act on

What is the substrate in a reaction?

Covalent

What kind of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons?

Ionic bond

What kind of bond is characterized by the transfer of electrons?

Transition state (the activated complex)

What state is most unstable during a chemical reaction?

Phospholipids Waxes Steroids

What types of molecules are classified as lipids? Choose all that apply.

They are stored as triglycerides.

When carbohydrates are low, fatty acids can be broken down for energy in a process called beta-oxidation. What happens to fatty acids if there are enough carbohydrates for energy?

Atoms Bricks Water

Which items are matter? Choose all that apply.

Freezing water

Which of the following is not a function of a chemical reaction?

He

Which of the following is not a molecule?

The transition state

Within the active site of an enzyme, the amino acids' side chains interact with the substrate. When the substrate binds, it causes a slight conformational shift in the enzyme and active site, which induces what in the substrate?

DNA

_________ forms a double helix.