Module 24 textbook questions

Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, reduced muscle strength, suppression of the cells that fight common colds, and most likely which of the following?

Depression

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?

Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.

The distinction between manifest content and latent content is central to ________ theory of dreams.

Freud's wish-fulfillment

Which of the following dream theories states that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories?

Information-processing

Which dream theory believes that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories?

Information-processing.

After two nights without sleep, which of the following can be expected?

REM rebound

Katina is a new mother, and she has to wake up every two hours in order to feed her new baby. During these nights, she either doesn't ever go into REM sleep or her REM sleep is interrupted often. When her baby starts sleeping through the night, Katina will likely experience prolonged REM sleep during her first full night or two of sleep. Which of the following explains what is happening to Katina?

REM rebound

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

REM sleep.

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

REM sleep.

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?

Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.

Shortly after falling asleep, and hundreds of times during the night, Paola wakes up after a loud "snore" of breath, because she has stopped breathing. With which sleep disorder would she most likely be diagnosed?

Sleep apnea

Which of the following is true of night terrors?

They typically occur during NREM-3 sleep.

Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously?

Yu is daydreaming about her upcoming trip to Europe.

Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were most heavily influenced by

a good night's sleep.

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

activation-synthesis theory

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience

an increase in REM sleep.

Sleeptalking may occur during

any stage of sleep.

Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams

are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.

Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's

cognitive development.

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease.

One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with ________ is helpful for developing and preserving neural pathways in the brain.

dreaming

The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that

humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep.

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.

increase; decrease

Research indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in ________ than in ________.

infants; adults

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from

insomnia.

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

its underlying but censored meaning.

Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.

latent

Sigmund Freud believed that a dream's _____ content reflected the deep, underlying meaning of the dream.

latent

Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream.

latent content

According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its

latent content.

The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep.

limbic system

As Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall, dark gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inge's account represents the ________ content of her dream.

manifest

Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content.

manifest

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

manifest

The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that

most mammals experience REM rebound.

The lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to which of the following?

narcolepsy

Which of the following sleep disorders would have the most negative impact for a commercial bus driver?

narcolepsy

Which sleep disorder is most likely to be accompanied by sleepwalking and sleeptalking?

night terrors

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

night terrors.

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

obesity

Those who complain of insomnia typically _______ how long it actually takes them to fall asleep and ________ how long they actually slept.

overestimate; underestimate

Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that

people are more likely to dream of failure than of success.

The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why

people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.

Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. This finding supports which of the following dream theories?

physiological

Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?

sleep apnea

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

sleep apnea.

Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds

spend less time in deep sleep.

Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to

suppression of the immune system

REM rebound involves the

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving

the cessation of breathing during sleep.

After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in

threatening dreams.

Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

viral infections.

People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.