module 27

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. intermittent-variable fixed-ratio variable-interval variable-ratio fixed-interval

fixed-interval

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. intermittent-interval variable-interval fixed-interval variable-ratio fixed-ratio

fixed-ratio

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of classical conditioning. generalization. latent learning. extinction. operant conditioning.

operant conditioning.

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n) negative reinforcer. positive reinforcer. punishment. conditioned response. unconditioned response.

positive reinforcer.

The law of effect refers to the tendency to repeat behaviors that are rewarded. enhance conditioning using strict responses. learn in the absence of reinforcement. learn associations between consecutive stimuli. lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity.

repeat behaviors that are rewarded.

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding.

Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding.

What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer? Primary reinforcers lead to rapid learning of the behavior; conditioned reinforcers produce greater resistance to extinction. Primary reinforcers are presented immediately after the behavior; conditioned reinforcers are presented after a delay. Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned. Primary reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; conditioned reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. Primary reinforcers are introduced every time the behavior occurs; conditioned reinforcers are introduced only sometimes.

Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned.

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will soon give up asking for a treat entirely. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. come to ask for a treat only occasionally. ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store. begin to ask for treats every time she sees her mother.

continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the ________. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) ________. modeling; prosocial behavior unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior conditioned stimulus; positive reinforcer continuous reinforcement; conditioned reinforcer discriminative stimulus; operant behavior

discriminative stimulus; operant behavior

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by unconscious motives. biological predispositions. external influences. emotions. conscious thoughts.

external influences.

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning. immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers. partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement. latent learning rather than shaping. negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers.

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer. secondary negative positive partial delayed

negative

When 4-year-old Michael hit his sister, his Mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be continuous reinforcement. positive punishment. positive reinforcement. negative punishment. negative reinforcement.

negative punishment.

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as delayed reinforcement. latent learning. generalization. classical conditioning. shaping.

shaping.

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio partial-delayed

variable-interval