module 4
How many countries voted against the UDHR in 1948?
0
How many unaccompanied minors entered the U.S. during the 2014 crisis?
60,000-80,000
First-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________, whereas second-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________:
Capitalism / socialism
The demographic transition model suggests that as societies industrialize and urbanize:
Death rates will fall, and when values shift from large to small families, fertility rates will decline
What do we call the "study of population change and characteristics"?
Demography
Which of the following are some of the ways through which celebrities can affect human rights
Founding Human Rights Organizations -Using their celebrity status to raise awareness -Engaging in philanthropic behavior by giving money to human rights causes -Acting as UN Goodwill Ambassadors
Universalism is represented by the idea that:
Human rights are accorded to everyone regardless of citizenship or status
Emigration
International migration out of a country
What do we mean by the term "replacement fertility"
It is a term that describes the interaction between constant patterns of childbearing with constant mortality and migration to yield zero population change -It is the rate at which one generation of parents is replacing itself in the next generation
Which of the following statements is true concerning urbanization?
More Developed Countries (MDCs) are more urbanized than Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
Which of the following are correct statements about the world's population
Over the next 30 years, the world's population is projected to increase by between 20% and 50%, or by between 1 Billion and 3.6 Billion people. -Projections of the world's population in 2050 vary between 8.7 Billion and 10.8 Billion people, depending on the fertility rate. -By 2050, India is projected to be the most populous country in the world.
Sovereignty assumes:
That countries are self-governing, have territorial integrity, and self-determination
As discussed in the video, many of the immigrants coming into the United States are from:
The Northern Triangle of Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador), the world's deadliest countries outside war zones
Which of the following are examples brought up by the U.S. State Department Report on the kinds of human rights violations found in specific countries
Use of torture and rape as weapons of war -Indiscriminate attacks on civilians and hospitals
Which country has been known for its "one child policy"?
china
What do we call the graphical representation of the proportions of persons in different age groups in a population?
A population pyramid
When did the world's population reach one billion people?
At the beginning of the 19th century
Which countries will continue to hold the largest share of the world's population?
Countries in Asia
Urbanization*
Grown in the size of cities, with an increasing percentage of the overall population
Who was instrumental in ensuring that the phrase "all men are created equal" was replaced with "all human beings are born free and equal"?
Hansa Mehta, India
U.S. support for international family planning programs:
Has shifted with changing administrations, with Republicans barring fertility control programs that include legal access to abortion, and Democrats supporting such programs
The moderator interviews an economic immigrant from Mexico who builds homes. How much more can he make in the U.S. than in Mexico?
He can make in a day what he would in a week in Mexico
What are some of the reasons for why the world's population drastically increased over the past 70 years
Improved food production and distribution Major public health advances Reduced mortality rates
In general:
Many LDCs have enacted policies to reduce population growth, while many MDCs have enacted policies to increase population growth
How is a country's population size (P) determined?
P= (+) births (-) deaths (+) in-migration (-) out-migration
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is typically divided into ___________ generations, or categories:
3
The International Criminal Court:
Can try cases involving crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide Is currently investigating cases involving defendants who come mostly from African states
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is located:
In The Hague
Internally Displace Persons
People displaced within their own countries
Where do you find the majority of countries identified as the most severely impacted by HIV/AIDS?
Africa
Immigration*
International migration into a country
Where second-generation rights require a proactive government to take action on behalf of its citizens, third-generation rights require ________________
Solidarity International cooperation
In 2014, the number of people living as refugees or internally displaced people worldwide was estimated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at:
55 million
Refugee*
A person who is outside their country of origin because of well-founded fears of being persecuted
Which region of the world has 33 of the top 35 countries with the highest birth rates?
Africa
Which of the following are human rights NGOs
Amnesty International -Human Rights Watch
What is replacement fertility?
Approximately 2.1 births per woman
What was the role Eleanor Roosevelt played after her husband, President Roosevelt had died?
-She was invited to be part of the U.S. delegation to the United Nations -She became a member of the committee charged with drafting the UDHR
Which are the ways in which the UN supports human rights
-the UN helps implement human rights through economic development -The UN promotes knowledge and public support through educating publics about human rights -The UN helps formulate international human rights standards through treaties and declarations -The UN helps formulate international human rights standards through treaties and declarationsThe UN helps implement human rights through enforcement activities such as peacekeeping
The U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1977. When did the US ratify the treaty?
1992
How many countries abstained from voting on the UDHR in 1948?
8
According to the UN Population Division's 2015 analyses, what is the medium variant projection for the world's population by 2050:
9.7 billion people by 2050
What has been the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS on those countries most highly affected by the disease?
A decline in life expectancy at birth from 62 to 52 between 1995 and 2005
What is the difference between a treaty and a declaration?
A treaty is a legally binding instrument whereas a declaration is a statement of principles
According to the UN's 2015 projections, the two countries with the largest populations will continue to see population growth, but where ___________ is projected to peak in size at 1.42 billion in 2030, _____________ is projected to soon overtake it, reaching an estimated 1.71 billion by the middle of the 21st century.
China / India
How does the article outline why is it important for the rest of the world to know about the conflict in Yemen
Civil wars can exacerbate regional tensions -Because of Yemen's strategic location, the world's oil supply can be disrupted because of the conflict. -As the country becomes more unstable, threats of attacks by groups such as al Qaeda and IS affiliates can spread -It can intensify the regional power struggle between Shia-ruled Iran and Sunni-ruled Saudi Arabia
The analyst points to a 15-year, $10 billion U.S. effort in which country as a model for what's needed in Central America?
Colombia
When is international Human Rights Day and why?
December 10, because that is when, in 1948, the UDHR was adopted
The video points to which country as having the highest homicide rates in the world?
El Salvador
What activities are key to successful intervention by UN human rights workers (think about the example of what the OHCHR staff have been doing in Serbia).
Encouraging international organizations and local NGOs to put diplomatic and moral pressure on state governments -Providing legal assistance -Working with state governments at all levels to ensure that rights are protected -Making contacts with NGOs to make sure that everyone knows about international human rights standards
Which of the following is a first-generation right?
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Which of the following is an example of second-generation rights?
Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work
The role of women in population control:
Has been seen as central because women's empowerment tends to lead to smaller but healthier families
The moderator interviews an 11-year old boy who fled to the U.S. by himself because of the extreme drug-gang violence in his country. What country was this boy from?
Honduras
Which of the following are common themes connecting all models of thought on the question of how to address population growth
Improvement in water quality -Poverty reduction
Where first-generation rights are often associated with the rights of ________________ people, second and third-generation rights reflect the rights of ________________ people.
Individual / groups of
The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration
Lays out guidelines for protecting migrants during the different stages of migration -Includes a focus on migrants' integration into new countries Seeks to help mitigate the adverse drivers that fuel migration -Looks at the return and reintegration for failed asylum seekers and others who do not have a right to remain
What regions hold what percentage of the world's population? The more developed countries (MDCs) hold _________________ of the world's population, whereas the less developed countries (LDCs) hold ______________ of the world's population.
Less than 20% / More than 80%
In what conflict in 2011 did the UN invoke the principle of R2P (Responsibility to Protect) as justification for military intervention?
Libya
Cultural relativism is based on the notion that
Local traditions trump the rights in the UDHR -The final authority in determining for the rights of a citizenry lies with the people and their government
What are some of the examples through which globalization challenges state sovereignty
MNCs can more easily move across borders and escape regulation by governments -International organized crime has become so powerful in some places that it controls territory and large segments of a state's population -International financial institutions can grant or withhold resources -Technology has made it possible to put pressure on a state by facilitating communication that goes around government restrictions
Population projections are not predictions but rather represent a calculation of future population size based on a set of assumptions or variants, including expected fertility rate. Which of the following variants project that the world's total population will surpass 9 Billion people by 2050
Medium Fertility Variant
Which of the following is true about population and population growth
More than 80% of the world's population is located in the less-developed world -Nearly one-fifth of the world's population lives in China -European populations make up about 10% of the world's population -Nearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asian countries -Patterns of population growth differ significantly between more- and less-developed regions of the world -The world's population continues to grow but the rate of population growth is decreasing
Which of the following have been experienced by the civilian population as a consequence of the civil war in Syria?
Nearly 5 million Syrians have become refugees (fleeing to other countries) -More than 350,000 people have lost their lives due to the conflict -More than 11 million people had to flee their homes because of the ongoing violence (moving both inside and outside of their country) -Children have been unable to go to school -Neighboring countries, Lebanon and Turkey, have each taken on more than 1 million refugees from the Syrian conflict
When looking at Niger's population pyramid, which of the following are correct statements (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?
Niger has a youthful population -More than 35% of Niger's population are under 10 years of age -Less than 5% of Niger's population is over over the age of 65
The Cornucopian perspective rests on the following ideas (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)
Population growth is positive as it increases economic productivity and capacity for economic progress -Technological innovation can overcome problems of population growth -Use of natural resources is best managed through market forces
Those pointing out that we need to focus on the structural dimensions of social change, argue that:
Population growth, in particular high fertility, is a consequence rather than a cause of slow economic development
What is the name of the idea that argues the international community has a responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes?
Responsibility to Protect
he following factors show how globalization has helped in promoting human rights
Social media platforms have allowed people to organize even when governments try to limit free speech and assembly -Due to advances in technology and gains in literacy and education, more people know about human rights -Information technology has made it easier for human rights NGOs to communicate with their stakeholders and put greater pressure on governments to comply with human rights standards
The concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), developed by the UN, shows the growing importance of human rights by
Stressing that states have the responsibility to protect their populations from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes -Putting forward the idea that states have the responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes
Across the globe, urbanization has been caused by
Technological developments, "pushing" people off the farm -Environmental decline, such as the overgrazing of land -Industrialization, "pulling" people into cities
In his 1798 publication, Thomas Malthus argued that
The "positive checks" of famine, war, and epidemics would bring populations back under control -The human desire to reproduce would lead to starvation, poverty and human misery
While NGOs do not have official membership status at the UN, they do have important influence through their close cooperation with _______________:
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
After the end of the Cold War, the UN created international criminal tribunals to prosecute individuals responsible for ethnic cleansing, genocidal violence and crimes against humanity in which of the following countries
The Former Yugoslavian countries Rwanda
Prior the creation of the UDHR, what document first mentions human rights?
The Preamble to the UN Charter
Which UN organ can authorize military action to enforce human rights?
The Security Council
What are reasons for why the U.S. didn't ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) until long after the treaty had gone into effect
The U.S. had concerns that ratifying the treaty could erode its national sovereignty -The U.S. was reluctant to expose itself to international criticism
What is the name of the key human rights document of the post-WWII era?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Which of the following are correct statements about fertility rates
The fertility rate in more developed countries is below replacement and stands at about 1.67 per woman -The fertility rate in poorer (less or least developed) countries is higher, often significantly higher, than replacement level -The fertility rate in more developed regions of the world is higher than the fertility rate in less developed regions. -The total fertility rate measures the average number of births per woman of childbearing age -The fertility rate is a strong indicators of overall population growth -The fertility rate for the world as a whole is about 2.51 births per woman
What was the immediate context for why the UDHR was drafted
The horror of over 50 million dead in WWII -The terrible atrocities committed during WWII, such as the Holocaust
Key "general tendencies" of international population movements in an age of globalization include
The increasing politicization of migration -Ongoing changes in where people go and where they come from -The involvement of an increasing number of countries, both as sending and receiving states -The "feminization" of migration, as women are an increasing part of workforces
"brain drain" is
The loss of highly skilled persons, mostly from developing countries, as they migrate to, most often, developed countries -Sometimes not entirely negative, as those who emigrate can sometimes return home with new skills or capital
Critics of the demographic transition model argue that:
The model applies the record of population change and development in Europe and North America as the universal standard
As discussed in the video, why is there so much violence in the Central American states?
The prevalence of power drug gangs, with many members trained in the U.S. -Legacies of the 1980s the civil wars and the lack of full reconciliation
Which of the following are consequences of the civil war in Yemen
There has been the largest cholera outbreak ever recorded with nearly 1.5 million reported cases and nearly 3,000 deaths since 2017 -The conflict has been labeled "the world's worst man-made humanitarian disaster" (80% of the population need humanitarian assistance) -According to the NGO Save the Children, 85,000 children have died of acute malnutrition in the period from 2015 and 2018 -According to the UN, 10 million people are just a step away from famine, experiencing "catastrophic levels of hunger"017 -Almost 20 million people lack access to adequate healthcare -Food prices have risen dramatically pushing more and more people into food insecurity
First-generation rights are also known as negative rights because:
They prohibit certain government action and are therefore based on the absence of government interference
Which writer first proposed a negative relationship between human population growth and the supply of food and other resources?
Thomas Malthus
What are some of the ways in which MNCs can promote human rights
Through public private partnerships they can help develop the technology needed for the UN or NGOs to get more data on human rights issues -They can use their access to markets around the world as a way of building networks based on real-time data exchanges, allowing the UN faster response time during emergencies
As discussed in the context of Uruguay, what is the role of a human rights rapporteur
To assess progress in discovering the truth about past atrocities committed in a country -To ensure justice and compensation for survivors of human rights abuses
Which of the following states have not become one of the States Parties to the Rome Statute that created the International Criminal Court, the ICC (
United States of America Russia China
Which of the following are examples through which technological innovations have been successfully used to promote human rights
When Egyptian protesters in 2011 used Twitter to publicize videos of police violence -When a solar-powered internet network allowed villages in Uganda to get access to crop information and thus to improve their yields and incomes
Which of the following is NOT true about the role of technology in human rights
Whether people live in developed or underdeveloped countries, technology has benefitted everyone equally -Technology can't be used for positive and negative purposes at the same time
The difference between a negative and a positive obligation imposed on states by human rights rests on ______________________:
Whether, and how much, action a government needs to take to ensure that rights are protected
The majority of the world's refugees and internally displaced people are:
Women and children
Which of the following countries are particularly highlighted by the UN High Commissioner for their egregious human rights violations
Yemen Syria
Which region has the most cases currently before the ICC:
africa