Module 48

According to your textbook, several studies have shown that ____ percent of business managers and more than _____ percent of college professors rated their performance as superior to that of their average peer.

90; 90

_____ emphasized the interaction among behavior, conscious cognitive processes, and social experiences in his personality theory called _____.

Albert Bandura; social-cognitive theory

He proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

Bandura

Carl learns that he failed an exam. His self-esteem is temporarily lowered, and he is more likely to:

Carl is likely to do all of these things

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate:

a self-serving bias

James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude illustrates:

a self-serving bias

According to the social-cognitive perspective, our _________________ is influenced by our biology, our social experiences, and our cognition and personality.

behavior

According to Albert Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among:

behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.

Professor Halasa perceives shy, inhibited styles of behavior to be the interactive outcome of cultural expectations, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and unconscious thought processes. The professor's views best illustrate a(n) ________ approach.

biopsychosocial

There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences; that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a:

biopsychosocial approach

If the self-serving bias is evident in the way an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:

blame her failure on bad officiating

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to:

effectively surmount challenges and achieve success.

Researchers attempt to understand personality using biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Analysis at the psychological level is especially likely to emphasize the importance of:

expectations and interpretations

In a study, researchers temporarily deflated the self-image of participants by telling them they did poorly on a test. The participants were more likely to:

express heightened racial prejudice

Compared with those having high self-esteem, individuals with low self-esteem are likely to:

feel anxious and lonely

People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to:

give in to conformity pressures

A person with very high self-esteem is likely to _____________ than a person with low self-esteem.

have fewer sleepless nights

People with high self-esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to:

persist when faced with a difficult task

Amber imagines the self she wants to be—a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. She also imagines the self she fears becoming—a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of:

possible selves

When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may:

react violently

Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people, and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. But in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates:

reciprocal determinism

In Western psychology, the ___________ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality.

self

Our subjective belief about our ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called:

self-efficacy

The _____________ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

social-cognitive

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich termed this:

the spotlight effect

When Tyree notices that he had spilled coffee on his new shirt, Tyree overestimated that other people at the meeting would notice. Tyree's reaction best illustrates:

the spotlight effect

Your friend is giving a speech tomorrow and is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will stare at her bangs and discuss her unattractive hair. Her overestimation of people's reactions is known as:

the spotlight effect

Your 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to:

try out many possible selves

When a student perceives himself as less likely to develop drinking problems or drop out of school than his average classmate, he is illustrating:

unrealistic optimism