Module 5
Entamoeba histolytica is acquired by
(all above) -Ingestion of cysts of the pathogen -Contaminated food -Contaminated water -Sexual contact
Candidiasis includes
(all above) -Intertriginous infection of skin sites -Vulvovaginal infection -Oral cavity and esophageal infections -Skin and nail infections
Herpes simplex-2 (HSV-2) causes
(all above) -genital lesions. -intensely sensitive vesicles on or near the genitals. -symptoms that include urethritis, cervicitis, and itching. -infection in neonates that have contact with lesions in the birth canal.
Hepatitis B virus
(all above) -is principally transmitted by blood -transmission risks include shared needles, anal intercourse, and heterosexual intercourse -is transmitted to the newborn from chronic carrier mothers -has many chronic carriers
Chickenpox
(all above) -is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory secretions -is transmitted by skin lesion contact or airborne spread of lesion material -has an incubation of 10 to 20 days -has fever, and vesicular rash that occurs in successive crops
Varicella-zoster virus
(all above) -uses the respiratory epithelium as its portal of entry -becomes latent in dorsal root ganglia that serve specific dermatomes -has humans as its reservoir -causes chickenpox and shingles
Which of the following may cause reactivation of varicella-zoster virus as shingles?
(all above) -developing malignancy -xray treatments -immunosuppressive conditions -surgery
Trichomonas vaginalis
(all above) -does not produce cysts -causes urethritis in males -causes vaginitis with a foul-smelling discharge in females -has four flagella and an undulating membrane
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is
(all above) -the cause of ophthalmia neonatorum -the cause of gonorrhea -called the gonococcus -virulent due to fimbriae and a protease that inactivates IgA
Please select possible transmission method(s) for Legionella pneumophila.
(all above) -whirlpool spas -humidifiers -water droplets or aerosol, released by air-conditioning units -respiratory therapy equipment
Please select characteristics of Treponema pallidum which explain its difficulty in transmission from human to human.
- High kill probability when exposed to heat- Survives best when in body fluids like blood and mucous- Sensitivity to antimicrobial chemicals such as antiseptics and disinfectants
Please select all of the correct answers which describe thermal dimorphism.
- The temperature where the fungus is growing determines the form it takes - Most fungi do not display dimorphism.
Please select all of the organisms on this list that belong to the protozoan class of apicomplexans.
-Cyclospora -Cryptosporidium -Toxoplasma -Plasmodium
Organisms displaying resistance to carbepenem antibiotics (carbepenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) generally include some strains of
-Klebsiella -Enterobacter -E. Coli
Please select all of the correct answers that describe the pathology of N. gonorrhoeae.
-Males have a high rate of symptomatic cases, whereas females have a high rate of asymptomatic cases. -Blindness can occur in babies born to women with gonorrhea infection.
Please select the pathogenic species of Neisseria.
-N. meningitidis -N. gonorrhoeae
Which of the following correctly identify the three main categories of helminths?
-Nematodes (roundworms) -Cestodes (tapeworms) -Trematodes (flukes)
Please choose all of the correct symptoms which describe meningococcal meningitis.
-Skin lesions called petechiae -Headache -Stiff neck
Please select all the species of Staphylococcus that are human pathogens.
-Staphylococcus aureus -staphylococcus epidermidis -Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Please choose all correct statements that describe nematode infections.
-Strongyloides is a roundworm. -Species of dog hookworms can be transmitted to humans. -Trichinella larvae encyst within skeletal muscle, causing muscle pain. -The hookworm Necator can produce anemia in the affected individual because of the blood loss from the intestinal wall.
Which groups of protozoa are typically nonmotile?
-apicomplexans
Endotoxins
-are released when a gram-negative cell lyses -may cause septic shock
Please select the answers that explain why rhinovirus infections are typically limited to the upper respiratory tract.
-being sensitive to the acid environments of the gut, rhinoviruses remain as high in the respiratory tract as possible to avoid these conditions -unlike most human viruses, rhinovirus prefers a cooler environment than the human core temperature of 37 degrees C provides
Please select each of the options below that describe structural characteristics of influenza virus.
-canines -skunks, raccoons, badgers -bats
For which viral infections do effective vaccines currently exist?
-chickenpox -smallpox -hepatitis B -genital warts
Common sources of Shigella infection include
-diarrhea -serving utensils -cockroaches
-Poxviruses are large, complex viruses surrounded by a(n) envelope. -They are DNA viruses with a double-stranded genome. -A common feature of all poxvirus infections is the specificity of the virus for epithelial and connective tissues. -The targeting of these tissue types results in eruptive lesions of the skin.
-envelope -DNA, double-stranded -epithelial -skin
Please select all of the organs of the body that can be affected by the genus Chlamydia.
-eyes -reproductive organs
Pathogenic strains of E. coli commonly cause
-hemolytic uremic syndrome -traveler's diarrhea -infantile diarrhea
Please select the diseases that are often caused by S. pyogenes.
-impetigo -pharyngitis -necrotizing fasciitis
Rubella
-is particularly serious for pregnant women -is often asymptomatic -can be prevented through vaccination -can cause miscarriage and birth defects
Complications of influenza infection include
-pneumonia as a result of secondary infection with Streptococcus pneumonia -pneumonia as a results of secondary infection with Staphylococcus aureus
Please select the answers below that correspond to characteristics of polioviruses increasing their likelihood of transmission.
-poliovirus can be transmitted in a fecal-oral fashion, passed from person to person through contaminated food, water, and other substances contaminated with feces -polioviruses have a naked capsid making them resistant to harsh conditions such as those present in the host's gastrointestinal tract
Prompt treatment of strep throat with antibiotics is necessary to lessen the possibility of
-scarlet fever -Rheumatic fever -acute Glomerulonephritis
Over the past fifty years the epidemiological pattern of parasitic disease in the United States has changed because
-widespread availability of air travel. -increased numbers of people with compromised immune defenses. -increased immigration between countries with high rates of parasitic infection and the United States.
1. ingested eggs coming from contaminated soil 2. walking barefoot in contaminated soil 3. eating contaminated pork 4. transfer of eggs from anal area to mouth by fingers
1. Ascaris lumbricoides 2. Necator americanus 3. Trichinella spiralis 4. Enterobius vermicularum
1. Surface antigen that serves as the basis for alphabetical grouping; protects bacterium from lysozyme 2. Toxin that causes beta-hemolysis on blood agar and injures cells of the host 3. Enzyme that plays a role in invasion by leading to the digestion of fibrin clots 4. Projecting surface antigen that facilitates adherence and resists phagocytosis 5. Chemical surface layer that prevents an immune response by the host 6. Enzyme that promotes invasion into tissues by breaking down the binding substance in connective tissues
1. C carbohydrate 2. Streptolysin 3. Streptokinase 4. M protein 5. Capsule 6. Hyaluronidase
1. nonenveloped RNA enterovirus transmitted by fecal-oral means in food and water and causes the mildest pathology of the three viruses 2. enveloped RNA flavivirus transmitted through blood and other body fluids that causes acute to chronic liver damage progressing to cirrhosis or liver cancer . enveloped DNA virus transmitted through blood and other body fluids with a relatively long incubation period and can cause chronic liver damage progressing to cirrhosis or liver cancer
1. Hepatitis A virus 2. Hepatitis C virus 3. Hepatitis B virus
1. Blood 2. Fruit bats 3. Respiratory droplets 4. Mosquitoes 5. Fecally contaminated food/water
1. Hepatitis C 2. Ebola 3. Rubella 4. Dengue 5. Hepatitis A
1. Formation of large skin ulcer; chronic infection of skin and mucous membranes of the head can lead to severe disfigurement. 2. Results in severe neurological deterioration, often leading to coma and death. 3. The heart muscle and large intestine are primary targets; exhibit swelling of eye or mouth at entry site of agent (Romana's sign).
1. Leishmaniasis 2. African sleeping sickness 3. Chagas' disease
1. Dengue fever 2. Bubonic plague 3. Chagas disease 4. Rocky Mountain spotted fever 5. African trypanosomiasis 6. Epidemic typhus
1. Mosquitoes 2. Fleas 3. Biting bugs 4. Hard ticks 5. Tsetse fly 6. Lice
1. Pork tapeworm 2. Beef tapeworm 3. Site of reproductive organs 4. Infective stage of Taenia spp. 5. Used for attachment to the intestinal wall in Taenia spp.
1. Taenia solium 2. Taenia saginata 3. Proglottid 4. cysticercus 5. Scolex
1. Flagellates 2. Apicomplexa 3. Amoeba 4. Ciliates
1. have long, thin structures for motility 2. non-motile 3. use pseudopods 4. have hundreds or thousands of short, beating hair-like structures
Please choose the statement describing why the geographical location of the fungus is so important to the likelihood of infection.
A particular genus of fungus may be found in a specific location or habitat, such as the ground around an extensive bird nesting site with the bird droppings, serving as nutrients for the fungus.
Which is incorrect about warts? -caused by HPV -transmitted by direct contact or fomites -include deep plantar warts on soles of the feet -are usually cancerous -freezing and laser surgery can be used for removal
Are usually cancerous.
Which organism can infect deeper wound sites and produce exotoxins, enzymes, and gas that cause tissue and muscle necrosis?
Clostridium perfringens
Production of a neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal cord neurons responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction is a characteristic of
Clostridium tetani
Plasmodium species are hemoflagellates. T/F?
False
Tinea Barbae is known as ringworm of the scalp. T/F?
False Tinea Capitis
An opportunistic host has strong invasiveness and virulence. T/F?
False???
Which is incorrect about viral diseases?
Most DNA viruses multiply in and are released from the cytoplasm.
If left untreated, an infection with __________ can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
A common food intoxication is caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
Which pathogen is the most common cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in the United States?
Streptococcus agalactiae
Most cases of otitis media in children are due to infection with
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Please select the explanation for why the members of the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae are commonly pathogenic to humans.
This family of bacteria commonly inhabits the human body as normal flora
Both the trophozoite and cyst forms of Balantidium coli are cilliated. T/F?
True
Direct examination of patient samples for fungi (by staining, wet mounts, etc.) is a standard diagnostic procedure because the fungi are very slow to grow on microbiological media. T/F?
True
Tinia Cruris is a ringworm that forms in the groin area. T/F?
True
Please choose the answer that explains the cutaneous infections seen in ringworm.
Underlying tissues below skin do not contain keratin, a major nutrient source for these fungi.
Hutchinson's teeth are
a symptom of congenital syphilis.
Enterobius vermicularis is
an intestinal worm that easily contaminates fingers and fomites.
The most common site where carriers of Staphylococcus aureus carry this pathogen is
anterior nares (nostrils)
Decaying vegetation, such as piles of leaves and compost matter, allows growth and transmission of
aspergillus
Meningococcemia is
associated with vascular hemorrhage and petechiae
Oral thrush is caused by
candida albicans
The enzyme that coagulates plasma is
coagulase
Coronaviruses cause
common cold, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19
Inhalation of respiratory secretions is involved in the transmission of all of the following, except -influenza -rubella -dengue fever -mumps -SARS
dengue fever
The ability of a fungus to grow as a yeast or a mold depending on its environmental temperature is called
dimorphism
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
has a cord factor that can prevent destruction by lysosomes and macrophages
Please choose the most serious illness associated with E. coli.
hemolytic uremic syndrome
Please select the answer that differentiates between typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonelloses.
if the organism moves into the blood and replicates
Hepatitis B infection
increases risk for hepatocellular cancer
The tertiary stage of syphilis
is when gummas develop in tissues
All of the following pertain to Clostridium difficile infection, except
it is due to ingestion of contaminated, improperly stored, cooked meats and gravies
All the following pertain to measles (rubeola), except -it is transmitted by direct contact with the rash. -humans are the only reservoir for the pathogen. -secondary bacterial otitis media and sinusitis occur. -it may involve a fatal complication called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). -symptoms include dry cough, sore throat, fever, and conjunctivitis.
it is transmitted by direct contact with the rash
When bilirubin accumulates in the blood and tissues, it causes
jaundice
Which is incorrect about malaria?
merozoites enter and multiply in liver cells
Fungi that exhibit thermal dimorphism grow as _____ at 30°C and as _____ at 37°C.
molds, yeasts
The enzyme associated with the influenza virus that hydrolyzes the protective mucous coating of the respiratory tract is
neuraminidase
Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton
reservoirs are humans, animals, and soils.
The routes of entry for most fungi into the body are
respiratory and cutaneous
The major agents responsible for the common cold are
rhinoviruses
During which stage of syphilis does fever, lymphadenopathy, and a red to brown rash occur?
secondary
All of the following pertain to poliomyelitis, except -summer outbreaks in the United States have been recently increasing. -it is transmitted primarily by fecal contaminated water. -it can be asymptomatic or mild with headache, sore throat, fever, and nausea. -if virus enters the central nervous system, motor neurons can be infected and destroyed. -there are effective vaccines to prevent polio.
summer outbreaks in the United States have been recently increasing.
Which of the following is NOT generally true of apicomplexans?
they are all motile via flagella
Please select the explanation for why the E. coli 0157:H7 is such a potent pathogen.
this strain of E. coli makes an extra toxin in addition to its endotoxin
Which of the following is an apicomplexan parasite?
toxoplasma gondii
Pregnant women should never change cat litter due to the risk of contracting
toxoplasmosis
Which of the following is a sexually transmitted disease?
trichomoniasis
Diseases transmitted by vectors include
trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.