Module 5

Entamoeba histolytica is acquired by

(all above) -Ingestion of cysts of the pathogen -Contaminated food -Contaminated water -Sexual contact

Candidiasis includes

(all above) -Intertriginous infection of skin sites -Vulvovaginal infection -Oral cavity and esophageal infections -Skin and nail infections

Herpes simplex-2 (HSV-2) causes

(all above) -genital lesions. -intensely sensitive vesicles on or near the genitals. -symptoms that include urethritis, cervicitis, and itching. -infection in neonates that have contact with lesions in the birth canal.

Hepatitis B virus

(all above) -is principally transmitted by blood -transmission risks include shared needles, anal intercourse, and heterosexual intercourse -is transmitted to the newborn from chronic carrier mothers -has many chronic carriers

Chickenpox

(all above) -is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory secretions -is transmitted by skin lesion contact or airborne spread of lesion material -has an incubation of 10 to 20 days -has fever, and vesicular rash that occurs in successive crops

Varicella-zoster virus

(all above) -uses the respiratory epithelium as its portal of entry -becomes latent in dorsal root ganglia that serve specific dermatomes -has humans as its reservoir -causes chickenpox and shingles

Which of the following may cause reactivation of varicella-zoster virus as shingles?

(all above) -developing malignancy -xray treatments -immunosuppressive conditions -surgery

Trichomonas vaginalis

(all above) -does not produce cysts -causes urethritis in males -causes vaginitis with a foul-smelling discharge in females -has four flagella and an undulating membrane

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is

(all above) -the cause of ophthalmia neonatorum -the cause of gonorrhea -called the gonococcus -virulent due to fimbriae and a protease that inactivates IgA

Please select possible transmission method(s) for Legionella pneumophila.

(all above) -whirlpool spas -humidifiers -water droplets or aerosol, released by air-conditioning units -respiratory therapy equipment

Please select characteristics of Treponema pallidum which explain its difficulty in transmission from human to human.

- High kill probability when exposed to heat- Survives best when in body fluids like blood and mucous- Sensitivity to antimicrobial chemicals such as antiseptics and disinfectants

Please select all of the correct answers which describe thermal dimorphism.

- The temperature where the fungus is growing determines the form it takes - Most fungi do not display dimorphism.

Please select all of the organisms on this list that belong to the protozoan class of apicomplexans.

-Cyclospora -Cryptosporidium -Toxoplasma -Plasmodium

Organisms displaying resistance to carbepenem antibiotics (carbepenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) generally include some strains of

-Klebsiella -Enterobacter -E. Coli

Please select all of the correct answers that describe the pathology of N. gonorrhoeae.

-Males have a high rate of symptomatic cases, whereas females have a high rate of asymptomatic cases. -Blindness can occur in babies born to women with gonorrhea infection.

Please select the pathogenic species of Neisseria.

-N. meningitidis -N. gonorrhoeae

Which of the following correctly identify the three main categories of helminths?

-Nematodes (roundworms) -Cestodes (tapeworms) -Trematodes (flukes)

Please choose all of the correct symptoms which describe meningococcal meningitis.

-Skin lesions called petechiae -Headache -Stiff neck

Please select all the species of Staphylococcus that are human pathogens.

-Staphylococcus aureus -staphylococcus epidermidis -Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Please choose all correct statements that describe nematode infections.

-Strongyloides is a roundworm. -Species of dog hookworms can be transmitted to humans. -Trichinella larvae encyst within skeletal muscle, causing muscle pain. -The hookworm Necator can produce anemia in the affected individual because of the blood loss from the intestinal wall.

Which groups of protozoa are typically nonmotile?

-apicomplexans

Endotoxins

-are released when a gram-negative cell lyses -may cause septic shock

Please select the answers that explain why rhinovirus infections are typically limited to the upper respiratory tract.

-being sensitive to the acid environments of the gut, rhinoviruses remain as high in the respiratory tract as possible to avoid these conditions -unlike most human viruses, rhinovirus prefers a cooler environment than the human core temperature of 37 degrees C provides

Please select each of the options below that describe structural characteristics of influenza virus.

-canines -skunks, raccoons, badgers -bats

For which viral infections do effective vaccines currently exist?

-chickenpox -smallpox -hepatitis B -genital warts

Common sources of Shigella infection include

-diarrhea -serving utensils -cockroaches

-Poxviruses are large, complex viruses surrounded by a(n) envelope. -They are DNA viruses with a double-stranded genome. -A common feature of all poxvirus infections is the specificity of the virus for epithelial and connective tissues. -The targeting of these tissue types results in eruptive lesions of the skin.

-envelope -DNA, double-stranded -epithelial -skin

Please select all of the organs of the body that can be affected by the genus Chlamydia.

-eyes -reproductive organs

Pathogenic strains of E. coli commonly cause

-hemolytic uremic syndrome -traveler's diarrhea -infantile diarrhea

Please select the diseases that are often caused by S. pyogenes.

-impetigo -pharyngitis -necrotizing fasciitis

Rubella

-is particularly serious for pregnant women -is often asymptomatic -can be prevented through vaccination -can cause miscarriage and birth defects

Complications of influenza infection include

-pneumonia as a result of secondary infection with Streptococcus pneumonia -pneumonia as a results of secondary infection with Staphylococcus aureus

Please select the answers below that correspond to characteristics of polioviruses increasing their likelihood of transmission.

-poliovirus can be transmitted in a fecal-oral fashion, passed from person to person through contaminated food, water, and other substances contaminated with feces -polioviruses have a naked capsid making them resistant to harsh conditions such as those present in the host's gastrointestinal tract

Prompt treatment of strep throat with antibiotics is necessary to lessen the possibility of

-scarlet fever -Rheumatic fever -acute Glomerulonephritis

Over the past fifty years the epidemiological pattern of parasitic disease in the United States has changed because

-widespread availability of air travel. -increased numbers of people with compromised immune defenses. -increased immigration between countries with high rates of parasitic infection and the United States.

1. ingested eggs coming from contaminated soil 2. walking barefoot in contaminated soil 3. eating contaminated pork 4. transfer of eggs from anal area to mouth by fingers

1. Ascaris lumbricoides 2. Necator americanus 3. Trichinella spiralis 4. Enterobius vermicularum

1. Surface antigen that serves as the basis for alphabetical grouping; protects bacterium from lysozyme 2. Toxin that causes beta-hemolysis on blood agar and injures cells of the host 3. Enzyme that plays a role in invasion by leading to the digestion of fibrin clots 4. Projecting surface antigen that facilitates adherence and resists phagocytosis 5. Chemical surface layer that prevents an immune response by the host 6. Enzyme that promotes invasion into tissues by breaking down the binding substance in connective tissues

1. C carbohydrate 2. Streptolysin 3. Streptokinase 4. M protein 5. Capsule 6. Hyaluronidase

1. nonenveloped RNA enterovirus transmitted by fecal-oral means in food and water and causes the mildest pathology of the three viruses 2. enveloped RNA flavivirus transmitted through blood and other body fluids that causes acute to chronic liver damage progressing to cirrhosis or liver cancer . enveloped DNA virus transmitted through blood and other body fluids with a relatively long incubation period and can cause chronic liver damage progressing to cirrhosis or liver cancer

1. Hepatitis A virus 2. Hepatitis C virus 3. Hepatitis B virus

1. Blood 2. Fruit bats 3. Respiratory droplets 4. Mosquitoes 5. Fecally contaminated food/water

1. Hepatitis C 2. Ebola 3. Rubella 4. Dengue 5. Hepatitis A

1. Formation of large skin ulcer; chronic infection of skin and mucous membranes of the head can lead to severe disfigurement. 2. Results in severe neurological deterioration, often leading to coma and death. 3. The heart muscle and large intestine are primary targets; exhibit swelling of eye or mouth at entry site of agent (Romana's sign).

1. Leishmaniasis 2. African sleeping sickness 3. Chagas' disease

1. Dengue fever 2. Bubonic plague 3. Chagas disease 4. Rocky Mountain spotted fever 5. African trypanosomiasis 6. Epidemic typhus

1. Mosquitoes 2. Fleas 3. Biting bugs 4. Hard ticks 5. Tsetse fly 6. Lice

1. Pork tapeworm 2. Beef tapeworm 3. Site of reproductive organs 4. Infective stage of Taenia spp. 5. Used for attachment to the intestinal wall in Taenia spp.

1. Taenia solium 2. Taenia saginata 3. Proglottid 4. cysticercus 5. Scolex

1. Flagellates 2. Apicomplexa 3. Amoeba 4. Ciliates

1. have long, thin structures for motility 2. non-motile 3. use pseudopods 4. have hundreds or thousands of short, beating hair-like structures

Please choose the statement describing why the geographical location of the fungus is so important to the likelihood of infection.

A particular genus of fungus may be found in a specific location or habitat, such as the ground around an extensive bird nesting site with the bird droppings, serving as nutrients for the fungus.

Which is incorrect about warts? -caused by HPV -transmitted by direct contact or fomites -include deep plantar warts on soles of the feet -are usually cancerous -freezing and laser surgery can be used for removal

Are usually cancerous.

Which organism can infect deeper wound sites and produce exotoxins, enzymes, and gas that cause tissue and muscle necrosis?

Clostridium perfringens

Production of a neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal cord neurons responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction is a characteristic of

Clostridium tetani

Plasmodium species are hemoflagellates. T/F?

False

Tinea Barbae is known as ringworm of the scalp. T/F?

False Tinea Capitis

An opportunistic host has strong invasiveness and virulence. T/F?

False???

Which is incorrect about viral diseases?

Most DNA viruses multiply in and are released from the cytoplasm.

If left untreated, an infection with __________ can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A common food intoxication is caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of

Staphylococcus aureus

Which pathogen is the most common cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in the United States?

Streptococcus agalactiae

Most cases of otitis media in children are due to infection with

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Please select the explanation for why the members of the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae are commonly pathogenic to humans.

This family of bacteria commonly inhabits the human body as normal flora

Both the trophozoite and cyst forms of Balantidium coli are cilliated. T/F?

True

Direct examination of patient samples for fungi (by staining, wet mounts, etc.) is a standard diagnostic procedure because the fungi are very slow to grow on microbiological media. T/F?

True

Tinia Cruris is a ringworm that forms in the groin area. T/F?

True

Please choose the answer that explains the cutaneous infections seen in ringworm.

Underlying tissues below skin do not contain keratin, a major nutrient source for these fungi.

Hutchinson's teeth are

a symptom of congenital syphilis.

Enterobius vermicularis is

an intestinal worm that easily contaminates fingers and fomites.

The most common site where carriers of Staphylococcus aureus carry this pathogen is

anterior nares (nostrils)

Decaying vegetation, such as piles of leaves and compost matter, allows growth and transmission of

aspergillus

Meningococcemia is

associated with vascular hemorrhage and petechiae

Oral thrush is caused by

candida albicans

The enzyme that coagulates plasma is

coagulase

Coronaviruses cause

common cold, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19

Inhalation of respiratory secretions is involved in the transmission of all of the following, except -influenza -rubella -dengue fever -mumps -SARS

dengue fever

The ability of a fungus to grow as a yeast or a mold depending on its environmental temperature is called

dimorphism

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

has a cord factor that can prevent destruction by lysosomes and macrophages

Please choose the most serious illness associated with E. coli.

hemolytic uremic syndrome

Please select the answer that differentiates between typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonelloses.

if the organism moves into the blood and replicates

Hepatitis B infection

increases risk for hepatocellular cancer

The tertiary stage of syphilis

is when gummas develop in tissues

All of the following pertain to Clostridium difficile infection, except

it is due to ingestion of contaminated, improperly stored, cooked meats and gravies

All the following pertain to measles (rubeola), except -it is transmitted by direct contact with the rash. -humans are the only reservoir for the pathogen. -secondary bacterial otitis media and sinusitis occur. -it may involve a fatal complication called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). -symptoms include dry cough, sore throat, fever, and conjunctivitis.

it is transmitted by direct contact with the rash

When bilirubin accumulates in the blood and tissues, it causes

jaundice

Which is incorrect about malaria?

merozoites enter and multiply in liver cells

Fungi that exhibit thermal dimorphism grow as _____ at 30°C and as _____ at 37°C.

molds, yeasts

The enzyme associated with the influenza virus that hydrolyzes the protective mucous coating of the respiratory tract is

neuraminidase

Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton

reservoirs are humans, animals, and soils.

The routes of entry for most fungi into the body are

respiratory and cutaneous

The major agents responsible for the common cold are

rhinoviruses

During which stage of syphilis does fever, lymphadenopathy, and a red to brown rash occur?

secondary

All of the following pertain to poliomyelitis, except -summer outbreaks in the United States have been recently increasing. -it is transmitted primarily by fecal contaminated water. -it can be asymptomatic or mild with headache, sore throat, fever, and nausea. -if virus enters the central nervous system, motor neurons can be infected and destroyed. -there are effective vaccines to prevent polio.

summer outbreaks in the United States have been recently increasing.

Which of the following is NOT generally true of apicomplexans?

they are all motile via flagella

Please select the explanation for why the E. coli 0157:H7 is such a potent pathogen.

this strain of E. coli makes an extra toxin in addition to its endotoxin

Which of the following is an apicomplexan parasite?

toxoplasma gondii

Pregnant women should never change cat litter due to the risk of contracting

toxoplasmosis

Which of the following is a sexually transmitted disease?

trichomoniasis

Diseases transmitted by vectors include

trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.