Module 6

overlapping distributions

1. useful to know if mean differences exist but important to understand how to interpret this information 2. mean differences between groups are often smaller than we expect 3. overreliance on mean differences obscures substantial within group variability 4. an overreliance on mean differences obscures overlap in the groups' scores on variable

According to the research evidence, people begin to display signs of prejudices toward outgroups at age:

3-4 years

"Person factors" do not predict tendencies to be prejudiced. Prejudice results only from the situations people experience or have experienced.

False

stereotype threat

The fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group leads to decreased performance

According to research discussed in Plous, 2003, being aware of a stereotype others hold about your group can sometimes enhance your performance.

True

Joe, a marketing major, believes that Mary is probably better at math than he is because she is a finance major. This is an example of a stereotype.

True

The outer layer of the diversity wheel is that of organizational dimensions.

True

Briefly (1-2 sentences) explain the "outgroup homogeneity effect".

When thinking about the similarities and differences among people in groups, the outgroup homogeneity effect reflects the tendency to assume greater similarity among the people in outgroups (i.e., groups to which you do not belong) than among the people in one's ingroups (i.e., groups in which you are a member). Another way of stating this would be that this effect is consistent with the statement, "Everyone in that group is pretty much the same whereas we're all pretty unique".

prejudice

a general attitude we have toward members of a particular group Prejudices can shape the development of stereotypes, stereotypes can lead to prejudices, prejudices can make stereotypes resistant to change

Research has demonstrated that stereotypes can be successfully changed through interventions designed to encourage:

all the above People to experience empathy toward outgroup members People to imagine examples of outgroup members that don't fit the stereotype People to believe that stereotyped attributes can change rather than being "fixed"

discrimination

behaviors directed toward others because of their group membership

The existence of implicit cognition leads people to make ________ decisions without realizing they are doing so

biased

stereotype

generalized beliefs about a group of people If motivated and under certain conditions, one can posses a stereotype without engaging in stereotyping

situation factors

norms change over time - This affects content of stereotypes and specific prejudices - Norms exert effects on behavior that we often don't realize ie people discriminated against in the 1800s has faded

Marion, a shift supervisor, is keeping a performance diary for each of her employees. This mechanism can ______ performance appraisals.

reduce bias in

person factors

right-wing authoritarianism social dominance orientation

diversity

set of activities involved in integrating nontraditional employees into the work force and using their diversity to the firm's competitive advantage 1. No choice about this given changing U.S. demographics & increasing globalization 2. Successfully minimizing cons and maximizing pros of diversity can result in net advantage to organization Benefits - Increased breadth of knowledge/skill Wider range of solutions to problems - More complex discussions - Can create adaptive conflict - Perhaps less likely to succumb to groupthink Costs - We like those who are similar to us more than those who are dissimilar - Prejudice can interfere with group success, can create maladaptive conflict, reduce cohesion - Need for specialized HR policies/practices

Why do recruiters use virtual interviews?

to reduce problems associated with implicit cognition