Modules 23 & 24

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes

Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?

As sleep progresses, Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases.

Which of the following is true of melatonin?

It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of

NREM-1 sleep

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?

NREM-1 sleep

How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism began to dominate the field?

Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions.

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

REM sleep

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories?

The combine fact and fiction.

Alpha waves are associated with

a relaxed but awake state

Twenty-eight-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of

age regression

Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called

age regression

Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of

biological rhythms

After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal

circadian rhythm

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

circadian rhythm

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

circadian rhythm

Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of

circadian rhythm

Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that

conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds

One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by

distracting attention

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland.

melatonin

Consciousness is

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

sleep patterns may be genetically influenced

People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they

strongly expect that they can be hypnotized

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the

suprachiasmatic nucleus

When people are experiencing vivid dreams

their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should

wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called

hallucinations

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

have very relaxed muscles