MOR 365 Survey of Infectious Disease Final
What is the difference between a spirillum and a spirochete?
- Spirochete - flexible cell wall - Spirillum - Rigid cell wall
What are the three subdivisions of spiral-shaped bacteria?
- Spirochete - flexible cell wall - Spirillum - Rigid cell wall - Vibrio - comma-shaped
What type of substrate will a strict parasite consume?
A living organic food source (Host) in order to survive
Binary fission
A method of asexual reproduction in bacteria in which the cell splits into two parts, each of which develops into a complete individual. ",************************a method of asexual reproduction involving halving of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell followed by the development of each half into a new individual cell.;
Describe the sporulating state of a bacteria.
An endospore is formed when the bacteria encounters adverse environmental condition
What term describes a relationship in which one organism inhibits the growth of the other?
Antagonism
What is the difference in nutritional requirements between an autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria?
Autotrophic bacteria - self-nourishing bacteria. Heterotrophic bacteria - organisms that must obtain their nourishment from complex organic matter.
Which type of bacteria is rod-shaped?
Bacillus
Describe the vegetative state of a bacteria.
Bacteria can live in a vegetative state in which they can grow and reproduce. Few of them can also exist in spore form which is unable to grow or reproduce but can help the bacteria to survive in an environment that is unfavourable for growth.
The term for a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism.
Bacterial colony
The term for the study of bacteria.
Bacteriology
How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
How do yeasts reproduce?
Budding
The term for a coating that a loose, gel-like structure that surrounds some bacterial cells and protects against phagocytosis.
Capsule
What is the semi-permeable structure that controls the movement of substances into and out of a cell?
Cell Membrane
What are the hair-like structures which act as oars to produce motility?
Cilia
Which type of bacteria is round or spherical?
Coccus
What are the three classifications of bacterial shapes?
Coccus -spherical/round Bacillus - Rod-shaped Spiral -Spirochete - flexible cell wall - Spirillum - Rigid cell wall - Vibrio - comma-shaped
What type of substrate will an obligate saprophyte consume?
Contains nourishment from dead organic material
What does "obligate intra-cellular parasite" mean?
Dependent on a living host
What word/prefix describes an arrangement in which two cells are paired together?
Diplo
How would a pair of rod-shaped bacteria be classified?
Diplobacilli
What bacterial structure is formed at a time when environmental conditions are adverse or unfavorable?
Endospore
What is the major difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote?
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The word eukaryote means "true nucleus," while the word prokaryote means "before nucleus." The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell, while the DNA of eukaryotes is held within the nucleus. The organelles of eukaryotes allow them to exhibit much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and, therefore, much more extensive than the DNA of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, which is a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar.
What is the whip-like structure used for motility?
Flagella
What type of microbe are yeasts and molds?
Fungus
Generally speaking, which type of bacteria will cause disease in humans: autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Heterotrophs
What does a virus consist of?
Intracellular, infectious parasite, capable of living and replicating only in living cells. Range between 20 and 300 nanometers in size. Basically a piece of genetic material wrapped in protein, and they contain only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. They multiply inside living cells by using the cells own structures to produce more infected cells. Lack enzymes like ATP for producing energy, so they are dependent on their host cells.
What term describes a relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed?
Parasitism
Which structure(s) allows a bacteria to adhere or attach to host tissue?
Pili/Fimbriae
What is the function of a cell wall?
Prevent rupture when the osmotic pressure inside the cell differs greatly from outside the cell
What is the study of protozoa?
Protozoology
What characteristic do rickettsia and chlamydia have in common that makes them different from other bacteria?
Rickettsia and Chlamydia are both Obligate Intra-Cellular Parasites; this means they must have a host cell in which they replicate. Usually spread by arthropod vectors (one host to another)
What are the two general types of heterotrophs?
Saprophytes - an organism that can survive only on dead or decaying organic matter. Parasites - an organism that is completely dependent on its living host for survival. an symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits.
Are bacteria single-celled or multi-cellular organisms?
Single-celled
What is a prion?
Small proteinaceous, infectious particles that are resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids. Do not contain either DNA or RNA, and they do not cause an immune system response in humans. Consist entirely of proteins that are produced by human genes and are, therefore, obligate intracellular parasites, just like viruses and viroids. Viruses, viroids, and prions are all nonliving agents, hence they can only multiply inside living cells. Diseases caused are collectively known as spongiform encephalopathies like Jakob Disease and Mad Cow
How would a cluster of spherical-shaped bacteria be classified?
Staphylococci
What word/prefix describes an arrangement in which several cells are attached to form a chain?
Strepto
How would a chain of rod-shaped bacteria be classified?
Streptobacilli
How would a chain of spherical-shaped bacteria be classified?
Streptococci
What word/prefix describes an arrangement in which several cells are attached together to form a cluster?
Strphylo
Define Mycology.
Study of fungi.
Define Microbiology.
Study of microorganisms and their effect on other living organisms. "Extremely Small Life"
Define Rickettsiology.
Study of rickettsia.
Which classification of spiral bacteria is shaped like a comma?
Vibrio
What is the term for the study of viruses?
Virology
Capsule
a coating that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, helps to protect against phagocytosis.;
Rickettsia
a genus of gram-negative, pathogenic, obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria.;
Staphylococci
a genus of gram-positive, non-motile, opportunistic bacteria which tend to aggregate in irregular, grape-like clusters.
Spirillum
a genus of spiral bacteria having a corkscrew shape with a rigid cell wall.;
Vibrio
a genus of spiral bacteria which are curved or bent rods that resemble commas.;
Mycoplasmas
a group of bacteria that lack cell walls and are highly pleomorphic (able to assume different forms.);
Fungi
a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous.;
Chlamydia
a large group of non-motile, gram-negative intracellular parasites.;
Strict (Obligate) anaerobe
a microbe that can survive only in the absence of free oxygen.;
What are the oxygen requirements of an obligate aerobe?
a microbe that can survive only in the presence of free oxygen.
Strict (Obligate) aerobe
a microbe that can survive only in the presence of free oxygen.;
What oxygen requirement is preferred by a facultative aerobe for best growth?
a microorganism that prefers an environment devoid of oxygen but has adapted so that it can live and grow in the presence of oxygen.
Facultative aerobe
a microorganism that prefers an environment devoid of oxygen but has adapted so that it can live and grow in the presence of oxygen.;
Facultative anaerobe
a microorganism that prefers the presence of oxygen but is capable of living and growing in its absence.;
Diplobacilli
a pair of bacilli linked end to end.;
Bacteria
a prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the Kingdom Monera, existing as free-living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties.;
Symbiosis
a relationship in which organisms of different species live in close nutritional relationships.;
Mutualism
a relationship in which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each.;
Prion
a small proteinaceous infectious particle that believed to be responsible for spongiform encephalopathies in humans and other mammals.;
Parasitism
a symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits.
Endospore
a thick-walled body produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive unfavorable environmental conditions.;
Bacterial colony
a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism
Virus
an intracellular, infectious parasite capable of replicating only in living cells, containing only one form of nucleic acid.;
Strict (Obligate) saprophyte
an organism that can survive only on dead or decaying organic matter.;
Strict (Obligate) parasite
an organism that is completely dependent on its living host for survival.;
Rickettsiology
area of science that studies Rickettsia.;
Psychrophile
bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 and 25 degrees Celsius.;
Mesophile
bacteria that prefer moderate temperatures and develop best a temperatures between 25 and 40 degrees Celsius.;
Thermophilic
bacteria that thrive best a high temperatures, between 40 and 70 degrees Celsius.;
Protozoa
eukaryotic, animal-like, unicellular organisms; some of which may be pathogenic.;
Antagonism
mutual opposition or contrary action. The inhibition of one bacterial organism by another.;
Non-symbiotic
organisms that are free-living; relationships are not required for survival.;
Heterotrophic bacteria
organisms that must obtain their nourishment from complex organic matter.;
Facultative parasite
prefers dead organic matter as a source of nutrition but can adapt to the use of living organic matter under certain conditions.;
Facultative saprophyte
prefers living organic matter as a source of nutrition but can adapt to the use of dead organic matter under certain conditions.;
Osmotic pressure
pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane.
Microaerophilic
requiring very little free oxygen; as found within certain bacteria.;
Streptobacilli
rod-shaped bacteria occurring in chains.;
Bacillus
rod-shaped bacteria.;
Protozoology
science that deals with the study of protozoa.;
Microbiology
scientific study of microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms.;
Autotrophic bacteria
self-nourishing bacteria.;
Diplococci
spherical bacteria that occur in pairs.;
Streptococci
spherical-shaped bacteria occurring in chains.;
Spirochete
spiral-shaped bacteria having a flexible cell wall.;
Maximum temperature
temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place.;
Optimum temperature
temperature at which organisms grow best.;
Minimum temperature
temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place.;
Mycology
the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi.;
Synergism
the relationship between two or more microorganisms of different species in which they grow better together but can survive alone.;
Bacteriology
the science that studies bacteria.;
Virology
the study of viruses and viral diseases.;
Commensalism
the symbiotic relationship of two organisms of different species in which one gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment, and the other is not harmed or benefited.;
Coccus
the type of bacteria that is spherical or round in form.;
