Morphology

Bound Morphemes 1) inflectional

!o Suffixes always o Inflectional Morphemes play a grammatical role o (adding key types of information: number (to nouns), tense (to verbs), possession (to nouns), comparison (to adjectives) o 8 in English •Nouns -Plural - s ...... the many walkerS -Possessive - s ...... the walker'S legs •Verbs -3rd person singular present tense ......................... she walkS -Progressive -ing ........... she is walking -Past tense - ed ............. she walked -Past participle -ed/en ............ she has walked/ridden •Adjectives -Comparative - er ...... nicer, faster -Superlative - est ...... nicest, fastest o •Adding an inflection never changes the class of the word or the basic meaning of the word!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! o •Order of affixation - Inflectional affixes always come AFTER any derivational affixes that have been added: e.g. ORGANIZERS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Allomorphs

Allomorph o a variation of a morpheme o (Recall that an allophone is a variant of the abstract unit phoneme - allomorphs then, are variants of the abstract unit morpheme) o Morphemes take on different phonological forms depending on the environment: •E.g. The plural inflectional morpheme (/s/, /z/, /ez/): -after a voiceless consonant: bat_ -after a voiced consonant: bag_ -after voiced or voiceless fricatives or affricates: house_ •The s in cats stays voiceless /s/ •For dogs it becomes /z/ •Houses /ə z/ o There are THREE variations of the past tense morpheme added to regular verbs /d/, /t/ and /əd/ - all depends on the sound that ends the base verb •Logged - log d /d/ •Wanted - /əd/ •Washed /t/

Morpheme

o A word contains one or more morphemes o A morpheme is the smallest "meaningful" unit in the structure of a language EXS: anti dis establish ment arian ism

Bound Morphemes 1) Derivational

o Can be prefix or suffix o Derivational morphemes play a lexical role o Change the part of speech (word class) or the meaning of the word •Sing (verb) + /-er/ --> singer (noun) •Build (verb) + /re-/ --> rebuild (verb) **meaning change o Derivational Prefixes - Change the lexical meaning of the root [] e.g. redo, miscarry preload, illegitimate, unhealthy Related but different meaning - Most prefixes do not change the grammatical class of the word (e.g. words stays a verb or an adjective) []BUT THERE ARE A FEW EXCEPTIONS /a-/ -stride, -board (verb to adjective), /be-/ -friend, - witch (noun to verb) /en-/ -flame, -danger (noun to verb) - Examples of derivational prefixes that are changing meaning -Negation: a-, in-, dis-, non-, un- -Reversal: de-, dis-, un- -Disparaging: mal-, pseudo- -Size or degree: hyper-, sub-, super-, vice-, mini, -Orientation: anti-, counter-, contra- -Location and distance: fore-, intra-, inter-, trans- -Time and order: ex-, neo-, pre-, re-, fore- -Number: demi-, bi-, semi-, multi-, di-, mono-, tri- - The derivational prefix /un-/... can be added to both adjectives and verbs [] Add it to an adjective and it means: 'not' •Happy ... unhappy [] Add it to a verb and it means: 'do the reverse of" [] Lock ... unlock o Derivational Suffixes - DO often change the word class -E.g: from verbs to nouns, nouns to verbs, nouns to adjectives

Bound Morphemes

o Dependent: A morpheme that cannot stand alone - must be attached to another morpheme o Three Types 1) inflectional 2) derivational 3) bound root (mentioned as bound stem in text)

Free Morphemes

o Independent - a morpheme that can stand alone o Two types of Free Morphemes: 1) open class (lexical) 2) closed class (functional)

Free morphemes 2) Closed class (functional)

o Prepositions o determiners (+) o conjunctions o pronouns o auxiliary verbs o closed because you cannot add a new preposition, determinor, conjunct. But they are individual words that can stand alone. o Called closed class because you can't add to it -These words are invariant, fixed elements - they generally do not change form and new forms are NOT added •Cannot add new 'members' to this group •Cannot add affixes o Serve important grammatical functions - making clear the relationship between words in a sentence •Joining words and phrases (and, but ...) •Referring to a previously mentioned entity (he, it ....) •Indicating specificity or number (that, two...) •Indicating temporal or positional relationships (under, before..) •Adding information to the main verb (e.g. 'will', 'should' ....indicate future, obligation....)

Simple vs Complex Words

o SIMPLE words are lexical (open class) words of one morpheme -furniture, destroy, earth, sad, devastate o COMPLEX words are created when we add bound morphemes to free lexical morphemes - -maybe one bound morpheme added, or several -may be inflectional only, derivational only, or both

Phonological Changes when affixes are added

o Sometimes adding an affix triggers a phonological change in the base. o Stress pattern may change - infest ation - Distribute re + distribute + ion o Phonological form may change •In + perfect..... Imperfect Assimilation. Depending on where you put the stress you can affect its category. •Explode + ion ....

Suppletion, Ablaut, and Partial Suppletion

o Suppletion: words that are not similar to their root or stem when 'past', 'number' or 'comparative' morphemes are added -Past tense to a verb: go/went, -Plural to a noun: person / people -Comparative/superlative to an adjective: •good/ better/best, bad / worse /worst o Ablaut : a change in the vowel sound to create different tenses and class •Fall/fell, take/took, ride/rode, sing/sang o Sometimes the term partial suppletion is used if it is more than just the vowel but not complete suppletion: •Buy/bought, seek/sought, teach/taught, leave/left

Morphology

o The study of the structure of words and how they are created

Different types of Morphemes

o There are free (independent) and bound (dependent) o Free can be broken down further into open and closed class - both of which are independent and can stand alone o Bound morphemes can also be broken down further into inflectional, derivational, and bound roots - all of which are dependent and need to be attached to a root, a stem or other morpheme

Bound Morphemes 3) bound root (mentioned as bound stem in text)

o Unlike other roots - these roots cannot stand alone as a separate word (free morpheme). BUT - other bound morphemes (affixes) can be added to them to create meaningful words -sist (basis meaning related to 'being') consist, desist, persist ......... -fer (to carry, or bring) confer, defer, prefer, infer............ -pare (pair) to make repair, impair.......... -vise ad-vise, revise.... -ceive per-ceive, re-ceive, con-ceive

free morphemes 1) open class (lexical)

o nouns o verbs o adjectives o adverbs o verbs, adjectives, and verbs, etc? you can add new words to it. You can make a new noun etc. o Called open class because you can add more words to it. You can make new nouns or verbs or whatever o In English we create new words all of the time o Grammatical information can be added - adding bound inflectional (grammatical) morphemes - inflections o •The 'class' of the word can be changed - adding bound derivational morphemes - e.g. from noun to verb

Roots and Stems

•ROOT - the base form before any other morphemes are added on •STEM - any form to which an additional morpheme is added. -E.g. Nationalism •Nation = root (cannot be broken down further) •Nation (root) + al à National •National (stem) + ism à Nationalism -The word national is not a root because it can be broken down into a root (nation) and a morpheme (-al)