Motivation exam 2

What are some approach-approach dilemmas?

Choice overload Cognitive dissonance

What is problem focused coping?

Cognitive and behavioral efforts to alter a stressful situation. You confront the stress directly. This function only if problem is controllable or leads to rumination

What are some facts about Maslows hierarchy of needs?

Higher needs represent later evolutionary development; higher needs are less necessary for survival and so they can be delayed longer; living at a higher need level is conductive to better health; gratification of higher needs is more desirable

What is the classification problem?

How many traits do we share.

What is allport/centeral traits?

It is meaning that some traits are more influential than others and that how we view others is how we view ourselves.

What theory argues that each emotion is accompanied by a unique pattern of physiological response?

James-Lange

What is the order of Maslows theories that must be met?

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

What are secondary needs?

Pyschogenic; it is more for well-being like love, kindness, belonging. people differ more on secondary than primary

What does the abbreviation TOTE stand for?

Test-operate-test-evaluate

What is the general adaption syndrome?

The body's three-stage response to states of prolonged or intense stress: which are alarm reaction stage, resistance reaction stage and exhaustion reaction stage.

What is TAT?

Thematic Apperception Test; it is based on projection and found to have some validity; a projective test designed to reveal a person's social drives or needs by their interpretation of a series of pictures of emotionally ambiguous situations.

What are some primary drives?

Thirst and Hunger

What are some emotion focused coping?

Though suppression, opening up, avoiding self-focus, denial

What are some causes of stress?

Trauma and change: PTSD Environmental (such as noise) noise in nature does not cause stress Social sources and daily hassles (neighbor never picks up after their dog) Life changes and major events such as marriage, divorce, etc.

True or False? Eustress occurs after positive events, especially if the level of arousal is ideal

True

What are primary needs?

Viscerogenic; it is more for survival

What is approach-avoidance conflict?

When a choice or goal has both negative and positive aspects. Such as the gym is good because it will make you look good and feel better both physically and mentally, but it is bad because it is sometimes painful

Is it difficult to know what coping style to use?

Yes, because it depends. But people say that opening up is the most effective coping mechanism. You have to think of appraisal and accuracy

What is rumination?

a deep or considered thought about something

What is double approach-avoidance conflict?

a person must decide between two goals, each possessing both positive and negative aspects. Such as choosing out of two people to go on a date with, they both have positive and negative characteristics.

What is the buffering hypothesis?

a theory holding that the presence of a social support system helps buffer, or shield, an individual from the negative impact of stressful events. There is a study done that family support decreases death rate of patients with patients disease

What is the nomothetic approach?

across time. it what we share with others.

What is cognitive dissonance?

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change; it also means you have two conflicting beliefs in your head and you are trying to discern between the 2 options. once you choose, you seem to make up excuses why you chose that to make it seem like you made the right decision. Or also known as mental discomfort

What are our manifest needs?

they are our conscious needs

What are our latent needs?

they are our unconscious needs

What is primary appraisal?

this is what stresses you out. an assessment of how significant an event is for a person, including whether it is a threat or opportunity.

What makes it so you have high dissonance?

two equally attractive options

What does the alarm reaction stage do/mean?

when you are aware of you stress

What does the resistance reaction stage mean?

when you work on your stress

What is a comparator in relation to the negative feedback loop?

your actual state

What is a set point in relation to the negative feedback loop?

your desired state

What is eustress?

moderate or normal psychological stress interpreted as being beneficial for the experiencer. this is a challenge to you, such as school.

What are epistimetic needs?

need for closure; knowledge of the world

What makes it so you have low dissonance?

one attractive option, one unattractive option

What does the exhaustion reaction stage?

out of resources and you stop combating your stress

What is stress?

pressure or tension exerted on a material object. A threat to you.

What is an approach-approach conflict?

quick decision and has a post choice satisfaction. Such as choosing to go to Mexico or the Bahamas for vacation. They are both good choices.

What is the process by which the environment activates a need?

redintegration

What is emotion focused coping?

reduces the distress caused by the situation but not addressing the problem

What is type A behavior?

refers to a set of dominant behaviors and emotional reactions that include a high emphasis of competition, impatience, hostility and aggression. These are people who are extremely intense and driven to succeed. When you have a type A behavior, you are 70% more prone to haver a coronary heart disease than with people with type B behavior

What is freezing?

reluctant to consider information that is inconsistent with initial impression or to change judgement

Defined by willingness to take risks for the sake of novel, complex, or intense experiences is what?

sensation seeking

What are some common causes of death?

smoking and obesity

What is a operation in relation to the negative feedback loop?

the action that you are accomplishing

What is optimal distinctiveness?

the need to belong and be unique; push for uniformity

What is self-actualization?

the process by which people achieve their full potential; you do what you think is right. no one really achieves this. about .0001% do. You have a deeper relationship with others. you have a richness of emotional reaction. autonomy and resistance to enculturation. Oprah, and Martin Luther King Jr. and Mother Theresa

What other things are related to hulls drive theory?

-Drive results from deprivation of needed substance -Reflects generalized activation of energy -Habits direct instrumental behavior -Habit strength dependent on frequency of reinforcement

What are some problems related to hulls drive theory?

-Time of deprivation and drive: Arousal and inhibition of primary drives -Drives can be acquired -Behavior can be reinforced without drive reduction

What are some psychological effects of stress?

anxiety, depression, irritability, negative emotions

What are four aspects to Lewins conflict theory?

approach-approach, approach-avoid, avoid-avoid, and double approach-avoid

What aspect of Lewins conflict theory has the longest decision times?

avoid-avoid; which also more post-choice regret

What is a trait?

characteristics of a person that explains behaviors across situations and times

What are cartels three classes of disposition?

cognitive (abilities and ways of solving problems), Temperament (pervasive, and how aspirations are expressed and motives translated into action) (people say cognitive and temperament work together to influence action), motivational (what these aspirations are, dependent upon incentives in situation, this is what the person tries to achieve).

What are some physical effects of stress?

cold and flu, headaches, stomach aches, sweating

What is a secondary appraisal?

considers one's ability to cope or take advantage of the situation; Do you have the resources?

The effectiveness of problem-focused coping is likely to depend on whether the stressor is what?

controllable

What are behaviors motivated to meet life's demands and their consequences

coping

What are some self-control behaviors?

dieting, exercising, smoking cessation, and avoiding risk

What is a need?

enduring characteristic or motive within the person; essential requirement for health and happiness; a need is internal and can be activated or deactivated

After going for a jog, Liz watches her favorite TV show and finds it even funnier than usual. This is an example of:

excitation transfer

Personality traits are important to motivation psychology because they what?

explain why individuals prefer some situations over others; categorize or describe related behaviors; Personality traits serve to describe types of people and also explain why they behave in certain ways

What are some acquired drives?

fear and frustration

What is the hulls drive theory?

focuses on how motivation originates from biological needs or drives; Hull proposes that a person's behaviour is an external display of his desire to satisfy his physical deficiencies.

What is on the top and bottom of Kendricks evolutionary take theory?

immediate physiological needs and parenting

What is seizing?

initial information is given precedence; particularly when consistent with initial hypothesis.

What is avoid-avoid conflict?

it is vacillation and slow decision; you have a post-choice regret and you want to just not make the choice all together. such as doing the dishes. there is 2 bad aspects to this, for one, you are either lazy and have no time and two, if you don't do them you will have a bad smell in your house

Why is sleep good?

it removes brain toxins

What is the lexical approach?

lists of traits are then further examined for underlying relationships. examine commonalities among traits

What is the linguistic problem?

meaning that some traits aren't cross-culture or time. is it language or psychology?