Motivation-Psychology test 2

how many properties of motivation?

3

how many views of motivation

4

By imagining that you have achieved the desired goal, you're actually depleting the amount of energy you have available to devote to

Accomplishing the task

Instead of imagining yourself suddenly successful, imagine

All the steps

Planning ahead can leave you

Better prepared

If you are trying to increase your motivation to do something introduce new

Challenges

Knowing what you might encounter can make it

Easier to deal with

What can you do to take back control in group situations?

Give individuals control over how they contribute ideas

Try an extrinsic reward during the initial learning period, but phase out these rewards as the learner becomes

More interested

Examples of actions that are the result of intrinsic motivation include:

Participating in a sport because you find the activity enjoyable

how can you avoid developing a fixed mindset?

Praising efforts rather than traits and focus on the journey

to increase motivation use extrinsic rewards

Sparingly

Examples of behaviors that are the result of extrinsic motivation include:

Studying because you want to get a good grade

if insulin is in short supply your body will

absorb little nutrition

extrinsic rewards can be used to motivate people to

acquire new skills or knowledge

humans also develop preferences by associating one food with

another food they enjoy

high goals tend to promote good performance as long as the goal is

attainable

People with fear of failure concern themselves with

avoiding defeat

Research suggests that while incentives can be important and useful in some cases, other factors such as the desire for achievement and effectiveness

can be more important

animals and people associate food with gastrointestinal

consequences of consumption

food is one of the most stable and defining features of any

culture

Incentivizing things that are already rewarding and enjoyable can

decrease motivation

Praising ability rather than efforts can

decrease motivation

if we had not further goals we would be

distressed

Another major criticism of the drive reduction theory of learning is that it does not explain why people engage in behaviors that

do not reduce drives

This example is a criticism of Money is a secondary reinforcer as it can be used to buy food and water.

drive reduction theory

based on the idea that we are driven by basic biological needs

drive reduction theory

Designing activities to be intrinsically motivating can make the learning process

easier

no connection between obese people and

emotional disturbances

views of motivation

energy, drive reduction theory, homeostasis, incentive theory

nutrients get stored as fat

excess insulin

Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by

external rewards

based on the reinforcers and punishments that may follow an action

extrinsic

not part of the essential nature of someone or something; coming or operating from

extrinsic

occurs when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment.

extrinsic motivation

peoples food preferences are heavily influenced by

familiarity

excess glucose is converted into

fat and stored for later

examples of drive reduction theory

food, water, shelter

drive theory.In order to reduce this state of tension, humans and animals seek out ways to

fulfill these biological needs

converts stored nutrients into glucose

glucagon

what is the most abundant sugar in our blood?

glucose

hunger is seeking homeostasis in

glucose levels

properties of motivation

goal directed, varies between time and individuals, persist until goal is met.

what type of goal tends to promote good performance as long as the goals seem realistic

high goals

drive reduction theory says that these needs drive our behavior to seek

homeostasis

the tendency to maintain a balance within a biological system

homeostasis

hunger is a what that makes fuel available to the body

homeostatic drive

critics suggested that drive-reduction theory failed to fully explain

human motivation

drop in glucose is a major factor in

hunger

Incentives only become powerful if the individual places

importance on the reward

what other 2 things does the high goal need to be

important to them and challenging

this theory states that our actions are directed toward gaining rewards

incentive theory

this theory suggests that we are pulled into action by extrinsic (outside) incentives. like operant conditioning

incentive theory

what theory suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement

incentive theory

what increases flow of glucose

insulin

Praise can help increase

internal motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by

internal rewards

belonging naturally; essential

intrinsic

motivation to do an act for the sake of doing it

intrinsic

most motivated behaviors result from

intrinsic and extrinsic motivations

Solving a word puzzle because you find the challenge fun and exciting is an example of

intrinsic motivation

Unexpected external rewards typically do not decrease

intrinsic motivation

involves engaging in a behavior because it is personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake

intrinsic motivation

the person's behavior is motivated by an internal desire to participate in an activity for its own sake.

intrinsic motivation

Rewards have to be obtainable in order to be

motivating

unusual motivations are most likely driven by a combination of

motivating factors (extrinsic and intrinsic)

what is the basic drive for all of our actions?

motivation

criticism of drive reduction theory

not applicable in the concept of secondary reinforcers

lack of leptin

obese

often foods are rejected because of its

origin

occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.

overjustification effect

predicts that if people are given more extrinsic motivation than needed to perform a task, then the intrinsic motivation declines

overjustification effect

Intrinsic motivation will decrease, however, when external rewards are given for completing a

particular task or only doing minimal work

unlike hunger, motivation for achievement is complicated by the fact that there rarely is a

point of saticity

some taste preferences are

present at birth

food and water are examples of what type of motivation

primary

motivation thats automatic

primary

secondary motivations get you closer to

primary motivations

drive theory. humans and animals will then repeat any behavior that

reduces these drives

sometimes providing extrinsic motivations for a behavior that are already motivated may result in a

reduction of the performance of that behavior

The incentive theory suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for

reinforcement

drive theory. The reduction of the drive acts as a what for that behavior

reinforcement

what motivation develops as a result of specific learning experiences

secondary

One of the biggest problems with Hull's drive reduction theory is that it does not account for how

secondary reinforcers reduce drives

people have limited resources for

self regulation

people who achieve major goals tend to

set new ones and begin striving for them

people with high goals need what kind of feedback

specific and frequent

Incentives can be used to get people to engage in certain behaviors, but they can also be used to get people to

stop certain behaviors

Achievement motivation can be defined as the need for

success

people are cautious about eating things that are

unfamiliar

the human taste is

uniform among everyone

According to the drive theory of motivation, people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by

unmet needs

the individuals with fear of failure choose either what type of goals?

very easy or impossible