Ms. Hulet's Semester 1 Study Guide

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) Astronomer, Italian scientist, and scholar; constructed a telescope and saw imperfections in the universe; supported the Copernican theory (sun-centered solar system); accused of heresy twice by the church and forced to recant

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Enlightenment philosophe; believed that the best government was a democracy because it brought forth the "general will" of the people; thought people were basically good but became corrupted by civiliazation.

Daimyo

(means "great name") powerful samurai who seized control of old feudal states in Japan

Restoration

1660--when Charles II took the throne in England restoring the monarchy (after the rule of Cromwell who had abolished the monarchy and executed Charles the I)

Enlightened Despots

Absolute monarchs who sought to rule in the interest of their people using SOME Enlightenment ideas; examples = Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia

GASPIRE

Acronym for the perspectives used to study complex historical events/time periods/cultures: Geographic, Artistic, Social, Political, Religious, Economic

Peace of Augsburg

Agreement authorized by Charles V ending civil war over the issue of religion; allowed German princes to decide if their people would be Protest or Catholic; first example of religious tolerance and diversity within a EUROPEAN empire

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless revolution in which (Catholic)King James II fled England, leaving the throne open for his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William who agreed to rule England as an official Constitutional Monarchy

Protestant

Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches; the first Protestants were the German princes who decided to support Luther and his ideas against the German princes who supported the Pope and Charles the V

Pilgrims

Colonists who were persecuted for their religious beliefs in England and sought religious freedom in the New World; founded the second English colony (Plymouth)

Wollstonecraft

English WOMAN :) writer, philosopher, and advocate for women's rights; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, arguing that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education; suggested that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagined a social order founded on reason

Henry VIII

English monarch and devout Catholic who decided to end the Pope's authority in England because he resented the influence of the Pope in secular affairs (the Pope would not give him a divorce)

Isaac Newton

English scientist who developed the theory of the Universal Law of Gravitation

Thomas Hobbes

Enlightenment philosophe (English) who believed that people were naturally wicked and selfish; favored rule by an absolute monarch

Montesquieu

Enlightenment philosophe (English) who developed the idea of balance of power or checks and balances in goverment

John Locke

Enlightenment philosophe (English); believed that people were basically good and capable of great improvement; favored rule by the consent of the governed

Beccaria

Enlightenment thinker who argued against the use of torture on criminals, the death penalty, unfair trials, and cruel punishments

Voltaire

French Philosophe who argued for tolerance, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech; criticized the clergy and the wealthy nobility so jailed and exiled

Rene Descartes

French scientist that helped develop the scientific method by insisting on proof and the use of mathematics to analyze data

Martin Luther

German monk who began the Reformation by posting his 95 Theses attacking corruption in the Catholic Church; argued that all people of faith are equal

Elizabeth I

Henry VIII's daughter...made England Protestant by creating the Anglican church which was a compromise of Catholic and Protestant practices

Atahualpa

Incan leader captured and held for ransom by Pizarro and his troops; strangled after converting to Christianity

Mughal Empire

Islamic Indian empire that began around 1526 when Babur united different sultanates; reached its gold age under Akbar the Great; in 1661, began to fall as European powers would invade.

Christopher Columbus

Italian sailor who sailed for Spain and began the "Age of Exploration" by "discovering" the New World in 1492

Tokugawa Ieysu

Japanese daimyo who managed to unify and control all of Japan; ruled Japan with an iron fist; rejected Christian missionaries and kept Japan isolated from the outside world; kept social classes very separate

Puritans

Religious group from England who came to the New World ten years after the Pilgrims, also for religious freedom; settled Massachussetts Bay.

Geographic

Social Studies perspective that considers how geography (location, resources, climate, terrain) effects events

Political/Civic

Social Studies perspective that considers who has the authority in a society and why, how power is transferred, and the relationship between the state and the individual

Economic

Social Studies perspective that looks at how a society acquires and divides its scarce resources

Religious

Social Studies perspective that looks at how people's faith influences events

Intellectual

Social Studies perspective that looks at humanity's constant innovation and quest for a better world through the development of science, technology, and new ideas

Social

Social Studies perspective that studies how different groups are treated within a society (how do their rights, responsibilities and privileges differ); for example, women, children, peasants, people of color....

Artistic

Social Studies perspective that studies how the values, ideas, world view, and technology of a society appear in its works of art

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire

Anglican Church

The Protestant church created in England when it broke away from the Catholic church

Zheng He

a Chinese Muslim admiral that led the first seven voyages of exploration out from China and distributed gifts wherever he went to show Chinese superiority

Scientific method

a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas (Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data, Analysis, Conclusion)

Reformation

a movement for religious reform that led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority (known as Protestants); begun by Martin Luther in Germany and Henry VIII in England

Enlightenment

a new intellectual movement at the height of the mid-1700s that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems (the Age of Reason)

Scientific Revolution

a new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

Indulgence

a pardon for sin (in response for payment to the church)

Safavid Empire

a shiite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between the 16th and 18th centuries; known for its golden age of cultural blending (Ottoman, Persian, and Arab culture) under Sha Abbas; emphasized religious tolerance to promote trade and government by well qualified individuals regardless of birth or religion; fell apart by 1747 due to unwise leadership

Triangular Trade

a transatlantic trading network in which raw materials, finished goods, and slaves were traded among the Americas, Europe, and Africa

Renaissance Man

a well educated man who excelled in many fields such as dance, poetry, science, politics, and etc.

supply

amount of a good or service readily available

Social contract

an agreement between the people and the government in which the people give up some freedom in exchange for protection and order

Humanism

an intellectual movement that focuses on human potential and achievements

Nicolaus Copernicus

astronomer, scientist, and mathematician; identified the concept of a heliocentric solar system (the sun is the center of the solar system)

Jamestown

colony formed by a company of London investors upon their arrival in North America; first British colony in the New World (1607); originally wanted to find gold but ended up growing the cash crop tobacco

Conquistadors

conquerors from Spain; travelled to the New World in search of wealth (God, Gold and Glory) and often ravaged native populations in the process

Johann Gutenberg

developed the printing press around 1548....used early Chinese wood block technology to create a machine that used moveable type to mass produce books

Ming Dynasty

dynasty (ruling family) in charge of China from 1368-1644); led China through a recovery after years of invasion and conquest by the Mongols; brought back traditional Chinese values, restored lands for farming, sponsored the voyages of Zheng He but then retreated into a policy of ISOLATION and extremely limited trade; did want to copy the science and technology brought to China by Christian missionaries

Free Market (Economy)

economic system in which private individuals and corporations make the decisions about what is produced, bought, sold.....how scarce resources are divided (capitalism)

mercantilism

economic theory that a country's power depends mainly on its wealth; countries should export more than they import; colonies are key to success

Law of Supply and Demand

helps determine the price of items; as demand goes up, supply goes down and price increases; as demand goes down, supply goes up and price decreases

Charles I

king of England in the early 1600's when parliament was battling the king for power; signed and then ignored the Petition of Right; executed at the end of the English Civil War for treason against Parliament (the people)--first ever execution of a king by the people

Absolutism/absolute monarch

kings or queens who held all of the power within their states' boundaries

Akbar

known as Akbar the Great; leader of the Mughal empire; known for his belief that military superiority was the source of greatness; unified a land of 100 million through his policies of religious tolerance, fair (graduated) taxation, a talented bureaucracy (talent not ethnicity were required to serve in the government)

Francis Bacon

known as the father of the scientific method (the foundation of modern scientific inquiry); believed science should be used to improve people's lives; stated that we only know what we can prove and test

Colonies

lands that are controlled by another nation; exist to benefit the "Mother Country"

Suleyman the Lawgiver

leader of the Ottoman Empire; successfully organized and used the military to greatly expand empire, simplified and reduced taxes, created a uniform law code, organized the government through tight control, practiced religious tolerance

Renaissance

literally "rebirth"; a revival of art and classical learning that began in Italy at the end of the Middle Ages

Habeas corpus

literally "to have the body"; reform passed in England under the reign of Charles Ii: prisoners had to be taken in front of a judge and charged or released vs. held indefinitely in prison

Ottoman Empire

militaristic Muslim Empire (1300-1917) that began in Anatolia or modern day Turkey and expanded outward in the name of Islam; known for its golden age under Suleyman the Lawgiver; declined as a result of bizarre policy of Sultans killing ablest successors...but did hang on until the early 1900's.

mestizo

mixed Spanish and Native American ethnicity

6 R's of Historical Significance

options for discussing how/why a particular historical event or figure was significant; Revolutionary, Revealing, Results-Oriented, Relevant, Remembered, Remarkable

Patron

persona who supported the arts by paying for the production of sculptures, paintings, etc.--usually rich merchants

Cultural blending

practice of actively mixing one or more of the following when two + cultures come together (to produce something new): language, religion and ethical systems, styles of government, racial and ethnic attributes, art and architecture

Printing press

produced books quickly and cheaply using moveable type; led to an increase in the spread of ideas and literacy among the lower classes; helped spur on Scientific Revolution

Constitutional monarchy

system of government in which a king or queen shares power with representatives of the people (parliament) according to a system of written laws

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

price

the cost of an item

Vernacular

the everyday language of someone's homeland; what the people spoke vs. the Latin of the church

Columbian Exchange

the global transfer of foods, plants, animals and disease across the Atlantic Ocean during the colonization of the Americas

Divine right

the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth; ruler's authority to rule came from God

Jared Diamond's Thesis

the inequality in wealth and power that we see in today's world goes back to geographic luck....all people have the same level of intelligence...but those who had access to cereal grains/stable food supply early on could specialize and go on to develop greater technology and power and wealth

Middle Passage

the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle; the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America; known for the brutal treatment of slaves on the ships

Magna Carta

the most celebrated document in English history, drawn up by English nobles; guaranteed certain basic political rights and limited the power of the king

Philosophes

the social critics in France during the Enlightenment (Ex: Voltaire)

Big History

the study of important events effecting all of humanity, across time and place; emphasizes the study of major developments (ex: the development of agriculture) as opposed to the history of one nation or region

Geocentric theory

the theory that the earth is an immoveable object at the center of the universe with the planets and sun revolving around it in perfect circles

Heliocentric theory

the theory that the sun was the center of the universe with the planets revolving around it

World View

the way in which a society, culture, or people of a certain time period sees the world.....what is true, important, correct, powerful...this shapes their actions

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

theory that humans are motivated to meet their needs, which must be met in order.....physiological needs (food, water etc), safety and security needs, love and belonging needs, self-esteem needs, and self-Actualization needs

Qing Dynasty

took over when Ming dynasty fell and ruled China 1644-1800's; China reached its greatest size and prosperity under the Qing; continued isolation and limited trade; Europeans must KOW-TOW to trade; borrowed science and technology from Europe through Jesuits

demand

willingness and ability to purchase a product

Secular

worldly rather than spiritual; concerned with the here and now