Multiple Choice Questions-Final Exam

T or F a descriptive study is carried out when there is little knowledge about the state of health or frequency of a disease

T

T or F cumulative incidence looks at the number of new cases of a disease during a specified time period / total number of people at risk

T

T or F simplicity is best for survey questions

T

If diabetes and endometrial cancer are significantly modified by physical activity, what is the effect modifier? a. Age b. Physical activity c. Cancer d. Diabetes

b

In what type of study are subjects purposefully chosen based on the presence or absence of the disease? a. cohort study b. Case-control study

b

The methods portion of a research proposal includes all of the following except: a. Subjects b. Research Hypothesis c. Materials d. Procedures e. Data Storage/management f. Power analysis

b

What is a comprehensive analysis of the full range of literature on a particular topic? a. Historical study b. Developmental c. Systemic review d. Epidemiology

c

What is a real effect that helps explain the biological relationship between the exposure and outcome and are studied so that they can then be reported? a. Confound modifier b. Effect size c. Effect Modifier d. Odds ratio

c

What is the correct definition of Type II error? a. Incorrectly failing to reject the null, finding a difference when one doesn't actually exist b. Incorrectly rejecting the null, finding a difference when one doesn't actually exist c. Incorrectly failing to reject the null, not finding a difference when one actually exists d. Incorrectly rejecting the null, not finding a difference when one actually exists

c

What is the number of new cases during a given time period/total population at risk? a. Prevalence b. Point prevalence c. Cumulative incidence d. Incidence rate

c

Which method of sequential trials occurs when the first eligible patient is admitted and is randomly assigned to treatment A or B and the second patient is assigned to the alternate treatment? a. Within Subject b. Continuous c. Between subject d. none of the above

c

Which of the following is not considered a naturalistic qualitative research design? a. Phenomenology b. Ethnography c. Natural history d. Ground theory

c

A systemic investigation of relationships among two or more variables that tests relationships and predicts the effect of one variable on another is which of the following studies? a. Exploratory b. Case control c. Cohort d. all of the above

d

A within subject comparison is made when both treatments are presented to each subject and is only appropriate under what condition? a. When there is increased validity b. Significant clinically meaningful difference c. When between subject comparison was unsuccessful d. When there is no carryover effects from one treatment to another

d

What is false regarding the Framingham study? a. Focused on identifying factors and characteristics that contribute to CVD b. Every 2 years a detailed medical history, physical exam, and lab tests are performed c. Famous study that determined CVD risk factors d. Prevention of cancer

d

What is the gold standard of any research? a. Clinical trial b. Sequential clinical trial c. Systematic reviews d. Randomized controlled trials

d

What is the number of new cases/Total person-time? a. Prevalence b. Point prevalence c. Cumulative incidence d. Incidence rate

d

What predicts the direction of a relationship between two variables? a. Null Hypothesis b. Statistical hypothesis c. Non-directional hypothesis d. Directional Hypothesis

d

What research design is an investigation to understand factors important to the etiology, care, and outcome of a single case that usually involves unusual or new problems? a. Single subject design b. Sequential clinical trial c. Case Control study d. Case study

d

Which alternative to experimental design uses the A-B design of a baseline and intervention phase? a. Qualitative design b. Methodological Design c. Sequential Clinical Trial d. Single subject design

d

What measurement estimates how common a condition is within a population over a certain period of time? a. Prevalence b. Point prevalence c. Cumulative incidence d. Incidence rate

g

Which of the following does not fall under exploratory research designs? a. Cohort b. Case Control c. Single subject design d. Systematic review

C (experimental)

Sequential clinical trials are: a. Prospective studies b. Retrospective studies

a

Under what scenerio would relative risk of a disease increase? a. Cumulative incidence estimate of those exposed increases b. Odds ratio decreases c. Cumulative incidence estimate of those unexposed increases d. a and c

a

What is a statement of no difference or no relationship between variables? a. Statistical hypothesis b. Non-directional hypothesis c. Directional Hypothesis

a

What is not an advantage of cohort studies such as with nurses' or framingham studies? a. Useful for studying rare conditions b. Ability to determine incidence of a condition c. Ability to establish temporal sequence for the relationship between exposure to risks and development of an outcome d. Effective for studying multiple disorders

a

What is not one of the purposes of normative research? a. Understand patient's perspective and to understand why something occurs b. Prescribing corrective interventions c. Predicting future performance d. Describe typical or standard values for characteristics of a given population

a

What is not required for a case study? a. Control group b. Follow-up c. Citation of relevant literature d. Full history of patient's background e. None of the above

a

What is the highest form of a study that combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses? a. Meta-Analysis b. Sequential clinical trial c. Systematic reviews d. Randomized controlled trials

a

What is the likelihood of developing disease after exposure and what is it used for? a. Relative risk, Cohort studies b. Relative risk, Case Control c. Odds ratio, Cohort studies d. Odds ratio, Case Control

a

What is the process of statistically combining the findings from several studies to obtain a summary? a. Meta analysis b. I give up

a

What research describes typical or standard values for characteristics of a population directed towards a specific age, gender, occupation, culture, or disability a. Normative b. Historical c. Qualitative d. none of the above

a

Which studies examine data that was collected in the past? a. Retrospective b. Prospective

a

Match term and definition a. Categorical scale b. Summative scale c. Cumulative scale d. Likert scale e. Semantic differential scale f. Visual analogue scale g. Rasch Analysis 1. Equal Weight 2. Statistically manipulates ordinal data to create a linear measure on an interval scale 3. Continuum 4. Summative scale to assess attitudes or values 5. Assess intensity of a subjective experience 6. Nominal 7. Each item represents an increasing amount of the attribute being measured

a. 6 b. 1 c. 7 d. 4 e. 3 f. 5 g. 2

What is Ethnography? a. Seeks to draw meaning from complex realities through analysis of first person narratives b. Study of social milieu of a specific cultural group c. Use of data to develop theory based on collection of coding and ongoing analysis d. Study of the natural progression of disease states such as ALS

b

What is an ordered system based on a series of questions that provides an overall rating that represents a degree to which a respondent possesses a particular attitude, value, or characteristic? a. Survey b. Scale c. Preference d. Normative data

b

What is false regarding descriptive studies? a. Describe a phenomena b. Identify a cause and effect c. Document the nature of existing variables d. How they change over time

b

What is the correct definition of Type I error? a. Incorrectly failing to reject the null, finding a difference when one doesn't actually exist b. Incorrectly rejecting the null, finding a difference when one doesn't actually exist c. Incorrectly failing to reject the null, not finding a difference when one actually exists d. Incorrectly rejecting the null, not finding a difference when one actually exists

b

What is the probability that a statistical test will be able to detect a true difference between A and B? a. Effect size b. Power c. Beta d. Alpha

b

What research design draws conclusions about the effects of treatment based on the responses of a single patient under controlled conditions? a. Case study b. Single subject c. Clinical Trial d. Secondary analysis

b

What studies require no manipulation, data collected as they exist naturally, and can be categorized as either descriptive or exploratory? a. Descriptive study b. Observational c. Developmental d. Clinical trials

b

Which aspect of visual analysis looks at the direction of change within a phase of a single subject design? a. Level b. Trend c. Stability

b

Which studies measure a variable through direct recording in the present to identify the factors that precede given outcomes? a. Retrospective b. Prospective

b

Which type of research studies a stratified group of subjects at one point in time and is highly efficient? a. Natural history b. Cross sectional method c. Longitudinal study c. Ground theory

b

What does IRB stand for? a. International Review Board b. Institutional Research Board c. Institutional Review Board d. International Research Board

c

What is FALSE regarding preference of sequential clinical trials? a. Clinical meaningful differences between two treatments b. Continuos data is reduced to nominal data c. Cannot be based on magnitude

c

A longitudinal study, cross-sectional method, or natural history are all methods for what sort of descriptive research? a. Normative b. Qualitative c. Developmental d. Case Study

c

How are surveys NOT different from an interview? a. The person has time to think b. Confidentiality is kept c. Can be structure or unstructured d. Anonymity is kept

c

Nurses' and Framingham studies are both: a. Descriptive surveys b. Meta analyses c. Cohort studies d. Clinical Trials

c

Which of the following is not true of open-ended questions? a. Useful for probing respondents feelings and opinions b. Used in pilot studies c. Respondent asked to select an answer from several multiple response choices d. Difficult to code and analyze

c

Which is not one of the following regulation stated according to the NIH? a. Must be 5 members b. Not all members of one professional group c. One member must be concerned with a scientific issue d. One member must not be affiliated with the institution

c One member must be concerned with a non-scientific issue

What is false regarding the Nurses's study a. Investigation of women's health factors b. Focused on the prevention of cancer c. Every 2 years there was a diet/food frequency questionnaire d. Consisted of 238,000 female nurse participants

c (every 4 years)

Which of the following does not fall under descriptive studies? a. Developmental b. Qualitative c. Case Study d. Historical e. Systematic Review

e

Which of the following does not fall under experimental studies? a. Clinical Trials b. Meta Analysis c. Single subject design d. Surveys and Questionnaires e. none of the above

e