Muscles

In the elbow what is the prime mover

brachialis

what is an example of a small motor unit

buccinator, eye muscles

Muscles that aid in creating facial expressions are innervated by which cranial nerve

facial

Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called ___

fascicles

the training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to

increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber

when swallowing these muscles lift the hyoid bone to regulate food and air intake

infra hyoid muscles

What are 3 muscles that directly act on the humerus in some way

infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, deltoid

What muscles contract when you experience inspiration

internal intercostals, diaphragm

A 2 second delay between the onset of stimulus and onset of twitch responses is known as what

latent period

In a whiplash injury which muscle is likely to be injured during the hyperextension phase of the injury

sternocleidomastoid

How many tendons come off of a unipennate fascicle orientation

1 tendon

______ binds to the troponin on the thin filaments unlocking the active sites, and allowing myosin heads to bind to the thin filament and pull

Ca+

what is caused when the flexor retinaculum becomes inflamed and constricts the median nerve

Carpal tunnel syndrome

What is required to stop the electrical signal from reaching the sarcomere

acetycholineterase

In order to sustain muscles during a marathon your muscles must experience_______

aerobic fermentation

The heart uses what type of metabolism

aerobic respiration

What is a prime mover

agonist; the one muscle that provides power in an action

What is the Length-Tension Relationship

amount of tension generated by a muscle and the force of a contraction depends on how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated

How would you describe an origin

attaches to a stable bone (stationary)

How would you describe an insertion

attaches to the bone that moves

What muscle are you using to kiss someone

orbicularis oris

The point in which a muscle is attached to a stable bone is the

origin

What muscle is an example of a unipennate fascicle orientation

palmar interosseous

what muscle is an example of a triangular fascicle orientation

pectoralis major

A bundle of muscle fibers is wrapped in the _______

perimysium

The diaphragm is innervated by which nerve

phrenic

When you are standing on your toes, you are performing ______ using your _____ muscle

plantar flexion, soleus

What two muscles are synergists to flex the hip

psoas major, iliacus

A twitch contraction represents how many contractions

1

how many tendons come off of a bipennate fascicle orientation

2 tendons

What is a contraction phase

A phase in which filaments slide and the muscle shortens

All muscles covert________ into _________

ATP; Mechanical Energy

What happens during the latent period of a muscle twitch

Ach binds to the receptor on the muscle cell, the electrical signal travels down the t tubules

what muscle is an example of a multipennate fascicle orientation

Deltoid

when you lift more weight than your muscle power is capable of lifting, the muscle lengthens while maintaining tension. What is this known as

Eccentric Contraction

What separates a group of muscles

Fascia

Muscles become _______ response to a build up of lactic acid or excessive loss of ACh

Fatigued

What is essential for fueling muscle metabolism

Glucose

What does anaerobic fermentation produce

Glycolysis, 2 ATP, Pyruvate

What is a fixator

Holds bone in place

In muscle metabolism if there is not enough oxygen to fuel the _____, than the pyruvate will eventually produce _______

Mitochondria; lactic acid

What is the correct order of the systems used for maintaining muscle energy needs

Myoglobin, phosphagen system, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic fermentation

20-40 second stimuli per second produces incomplete tetanus meaning that each new stimulus arrives ____ the previous twitch is over

before

In the elbow what is the synergist

bicep brachii

When Ach enters the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptors the pores open causing the influx of _____ into the cell

Na+

What occurs when ACh binds to the receptors

Na+ flows in, K+ Flows out

What muscle is an example of a circular fascicle orientation

Orbicularis Oculi

What causes striations

Overlap of myosin and actin

Muscles generate less power when ____ because the myosin heads cannot reach the actin

Overly Stretched

Aerobic respiration requires a continual supply of _______ and it produces _____ ATP

Oxygen; 2

The sarcoplasmic reticulum quickly reabsorbs calcium, myosin releases the thin filament and tension declines, the muscle returns to resting length is what

Relaxation Phase

What changes length during muscle contraction

Sarcomere

What muscle is an example of a fusiform

bicep brachii

In order to perform aerobic metabolism it is necessary to use

Slow Oxidative Fibers, Red Fibers

What types of muscles are innervated by the autonomic nervous system

Smooth, Cardiac Muscle

Ach binds to receptors in the ____-

Synaptic Cleft

Which component of a muscle cell allows electrical signals to get inside the cell

T Tubule

When an action potential spreads across the sarcolemma it eventually goes into the_____which causes _____ to release calcium

T Tubule, terminal cisternae

Thick filaments require ______ for contraction because they are not directly connected to the ________

Titan, Z line

in the rarity muscle experiences 4-50 stimuli per second, it produces ______ which means that the muscle has maxed out all of its power and the muscle is fatigued

complete tetanus

what occurs in the rare instance when a muscle becomes fatigued

complete tetanus

What are 5 functions of muscles

contract, movement, stability, control of openings/ passageways, heat production by skeletal muscles

The thin and thick filaments are extremely overlapped when the sarcomere is overly ______

contracted

The shorter a muscle is the more ______ contracted it is, and the longer a muscle if the more _____ it is

contracted, stretched

Smaller motor units have more ____ while larger motor units have more ____

control, strength

all muscle types will respond to an electrical signal bc all muscle cells are ___

excitable

The posterior muscles acting on the hand and wrist allow for...

extension of the wrist and the fingers

a butcher who cuts the distal portion of his fingers may cut the ___ tendon

flexor digitorium profundus

When stimulus intensity remains the same twitch strength can vary depending on stimulus ______

frequency

What muscle are you using to lift your eyebrows

frontalis

Which of the following occurs when the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thorax

hiatal hernia

When you have 10 or less stimuli per second, each stimulus produces ______ twitches and full _____ between twitches

identical, recovery

what is an example of a large motor unit

latissimus dorsi, gastrocnemius

If a muscle is overly stretched or overly contracted it will generate ____ power

less

what is a synergist

makes sure that prime movers move in the right direction and works together

muscle power is determined by the number of _____ that are recruited

motor units

What is an antagonist

moves muscles in opposite directions

a single nerve innervates _____ muscle fibers and because of this the entire motor units contract _______

multiple, simultaneously

A bundle of muscle fibers makes a_______

muscle fascicle

What two systems would provide energy for an olympic weightlifter in the clean and jerk

myoglobin, phosphagen system

skeletal muscles will not contract unless they are stimulated by a

nerve

What is a motor unit

one nerve fiber and all muscle fibers innervated by it

muscles generate the most power when at the _____ resting length. This takes place during mid _______

optimum, contraction

As you are lifting a box someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must ____

recruit more muscle fibers

what muscle is an example of a parallel

rectus abdominis

What muscle is an example of a bipennate fascicle orientation

rectus femoris

in the elbow what is the fixator

rhomboids

what does calcium activate during the contraction process

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The myosin heads cannot latch on the actin when the sarcomere is overly _____ because the filaments barely overlap

stretched

What happens when a nerve signal stops arriving at the neuromuscular junction

synaptic knob stops releasing ACh, terminal cistern reabsorb calcium

What term best describes the relationship between the brachial and bicep brachii

syngerists

What muscles are involved in chewing

temporalis, lateral/medial pterygoid

Why does it take so long for muscles to relax

terminal cisternae need to reabsorb all of the calcium so the active sites on the actin are all blocked off and the myosin heads can't attach

What is an action

the effects produced by a muscle

What two muscles medially rotate the humerus

theres major, coracobrachialis

What is predominately made up of myosin

thick filament

The deepest muscle of the abdominal cavity is

transverse abdominal

in the elbow what is the antagonist

tricep brachii

After calcium is released in the sarcoplasmic reticulum it binds to the

troponin

The _____ is one of the muscles used to extend the knee

vastus intermedius