Muscles
In the elbow what is the prime mover
brachialis
what is an example of a small motor unit
buccinator, eye muscles
Muscles that aid in creating facial expressions are innervated by which cranial nerve
facial
Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called ___
fascicles
the training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to
increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber
when swallowing these muscles lift the hyoid bone to regulate food and air intake
infra hyoid muscles
What are 3 muscles that directly act on the humerus in some way
infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, deltoid
What muscles contract when you experience inspiration
internal intercostals, diaphragm
A 2 second delay between the onset of stimulus and onset of twitch responses is known as what
latent period
In a whiplash injury which muscle is likely to be injured during the hyperextension phase of the injury
sternocleidomastoid
How many tendons come off of a unipennate fascicle orientation
1 tendon
______ binds to the troponin on the thin filaments unlocking the active sites, and allowing myosin heads to bind to the thin filament and pull
Ca+
what is caused when the flexor retinaculum becomes inflamed and constricts the median nerve
Carpal tunnel syndrome
What is required to stop the electrical signal from reaching the sarcomere
acetycholineterase
In order to sustain muscles during a marathon your muscles must experience_______
aerobic fermentation
The heart uses what type of metabolism
aerobic respiration
What is a prime mover
agonist; the one muscle that provides power in an action
What is the Length-Tension Relationship
amount of tension generated by a muscle and the force of a contraction depends on how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated
How would you describe an origin
attaches to a stable bone (stationary)
How would you describe an insertion
attaches to the bone that moves
What muscle are you using to kiss someone
orbicularis oris
The point in which a muscle is attached to a stable bone is the
origin
What muscle is an example of a unipennate fascicle orientation
palmar interosseous
what muscle is an example of a triangular fascicle orientation
pectoralis major
A bundle of muscle fibers is wrapped in the _______
perimysium
The diaphragm is innervated by which nerve
phrenic
When you are standing on your toes, you are performing ______ using your _____ muscle
plantar flexion, soleus
What two muscles are synergists to flex the hip
psoas major, iliacus
A twitch contraction represents how many contractions
1
how many tendons come off of a bipennate fascicle orientation
2 tendons
What is a contraction phase
A phase in which filaments slide and the muscle shortens
All muscles covert________ into _________
ATP; Mechanical Energy
What happens during the latent period of a muscle twitch
Ach binds to the receptor on the muscle cell, the electrical signal travels down the t tubules
what muscle is an example of a multipennate fascicle orientation
Deltoid
when you lift more weight than your muscle power is capable of lifting, the muscle lengthens while maintaining tension. What is this known as
Eccentric Contraction
What separates a group of muscles
Fascia
Muscles become _______ response to a build up of lactic acid or excessive loss of ACh
Fatigued
What is essential for fueling muscle metabolism
Glucose
What does anaerobic fermentation produce
Glycolysis, 2 ATP, Pyruvate
What is a fixator
Holds bone in place
In muscle metabolism if there is not enough oxygen to fuel the _____, than the pyruvate will eventually produce _______
Mitochondria; lactic acid
What is the correct order of the systems used for maintaining muscle energy needs
Myoglobin, phosphagen system, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic fermentation
20-40 second stimuli per second produces incomplete tetanus meaning that each new stimulus arrives ____ the previous twitch is over
before
In the elbow what is the synergist
bicep brachii
When Ach enters the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptors the pores open causing the influx of _____ into the cell
Na+
What occurs when ACh binds to the receptors
Na+ flows in, K+ Flows out
What muscle is an example of a circular fascicle orientation
Orbicularis Oculi
What causes striations
Overlap of myosin and actin
Muscles generate less power when ____ because the myosin heads cannot reach the actin
Overly Stretched
Aerobic respiration requires a continual supply of _______ and it produces _____ ATP
Oxygen; 2
The sarcoplasmic reticulum quickly reabsorbs calcium, myosin releases the thin filament and tension declines, the muscle returns to resting length is what
Relaxation Phase
What changes length during muscle contraction
Sarcomere
What muscle is an example of a fusiform
bicep brachii
In order to perform aerobic metabolism it is necessary to use
Slow Oxidative Fibers, Red Fibers
What types of muscles are innervated by the autonomic nervous system
Smooth, Cardiac Muscle
Ach binds to receptors in the ____-
Synaptic Cleft
Which component of a muscle cell allows electrical signals to get inside the cell
T Tubule
When an action potential spreads across the sarcolemma it eventually goes into the_____which causes _____ to release calcium
T Tubule, terminal cisternae
Thick filaments require ______ for contraction because they are not directly connected to the ________
Titan, Z line
in the rarity muscle experiences 4-50 stimuli per second, it produces ______ which means that the muscle has maxed out all of its power and the muscle is fatigued
complete tetanus
what occurs in the rare instance when a muscle becomes fatigued
complete tetanus
What are 5 functions of muscles
contract, movement, stability, control of openings/ passageways, heat production by skeletal muscles
The thin and thick filaments are extremely overlapped when the sarcomere is overly ______
contracted
The shorter a muscle is the more ______ contracted it is, and the longer a muscle if the more _____ it is
contracted, stretched
Smaller motor units have more ____ while larger motor units have more ____
control, strength
all muscle types will respond to an electrical signal bc all muscle cells are ___
excitable
The posterior muscles acting on the hand and wrist allow for...
extension of the wrist and the fingers
a butcher who cuts the distal portion of his fingers may cut the ___ tendon
flexor digitorium profundus
When stimulus intensity remains the same twitch strength can vary depending on stimulus ______
frequency
What muscle are you using to lift your eyebrows
frontalis
Which of the following occurs when the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thorax
hiatal hernia
When you have 10 or less stimuli per second, each stimulus produces ______ twitches and full _____ between twitches
identical, recovery
what is an example of a large motor unit
latissimus dorsi, gastrocnemius
If a muscle is overly stretched or overly contracted it will generate ____ power
less
what is a synergist
makes sure that prime movers move in the right direction and works together
muscle power is determined by the number of _____ that are recruited
motor units
What is an antagonist
moves muscles in opposite directions
a single nerve innervates _____ muscle fibers and because of this the entire motor units contract _______
multiple, simultaneously
A bundle of muscle fibers makes a_______
muscle fascicle
What two systems would provide energy for an olympic weightlifter in the clean and jerk
myoglobin, phosphagen system
skeletal muscles will not contract unless they are stimulated by a
nerve
What is a motor unit
one nerve fiber and all muscle fibers innervated by it
muscles generate the most power when at the _____ resting length. This takes place during mid _______
optimum, contraction
As you are lifting a box someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must ____
recruit more muscle fibers
what muscle is an example of a parallel
rectus abdominis
What muscle is an example of a bipennate fascicle orientation
rectus femoris
in the elbow what is the fixator
rhomboids
what does calcium activate during the contraction process
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The myosin heads cannot latch on the actin when the sarcomere is overly _____ because the filaments barely overlap
stretched
What happens when a nerve signal stops arriving at the neuromuscular junction
synaptic knob stops releasing ACh, terminal cistern reabsorb calcium
What term best describes the relationship between the brachial and bicep brachii
syngerists
What muscles are involved in chewing
temporalis, lateral/medial pterygoid
Why does it take so long for muscles to relax
terminal cisternae need to reabsorb all of the calcium so the active sites on the actin are all blocked off and the myosin heads can't attach
What is an action
the effects produced by a muscle
What two muscles medially rotate the humerus
theres major, coracobrachialis
What is predominately made up of myosin
thick filament
The deepest muscle of the abdominal cavity is
transverse abdominal
in the elbow what is the antagonist
tricep brachii
After calcium is released in the sarcoplasmic reticulum it binds to the
troponin
The _____ is one of the muscles used to extend the knee
vastus intermedius