Muscular System

True or False. Glycolysis, does not use oxygen and hence is anaerobic (literally "without oxygen").

True

_________ is a problem involving the muscles of the neck that causes the head to tilt down. muscular dystrophy torticollis cystic fibrosis myasthenia gravis

torticollis

All muscles are attached 2 bones at 2 points. The _________ is the immovable (or less movable) attachment; the ________ is the movable bony attachment. a. origin; insertion b. insertion; origin c. inertia; origin d. origin; inertia

a. origin; insertion

Cell membrane is more permeable to ______ than any other ions. a. potassium b. calcium c. sodium d. water

a. potassium K+

This type of muscle has no striations: a. smooth b. skeletal c. cardiac

a. smooth

Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ________. fixators synergists antagonists prime movers

antagonists

A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band. a. sarcoplasmic reticulum b. sarcolemma c. sarcomere d. intercarcelated disc e. sarcoplam

c. sarcomere

The interconnecting tubules and sacs of the _____ surround every myofibril just as the sleeve of a loosely crocheted sweater surrounds your arm.lol a. actin b. thin filaments c. sarcoplasmic reticulum d. golgi aparatus

c. sarcoplasmic reticulum

In muscle cells, after ATP is depleted _____ transfers energy to ADP. What is that?

creatine phosphate

What happens to a muscle when the nerve supplying that muscle is cut? a. Muscular dystrophy develops. b. Myasthenia gravis develops. c. The muscle hypertrophies. d. Muscle paralysis and atrophy occur.

d. Muscle paralysis and atrophy occur.

The mechanical force of contraction is generated by ________. a. the "accordian-like" folding of thin and thick filaments b. the temporary disappearance of thin filaments c. shortening of the thick filaments d. a sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments e. shortening of the thin filaments

d. a sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments

aerobic is without oxygen true or false?

false

Which of the following consists of two large, flat muscles that cover the lower back? latissimus dorsi triceps brachii pectoralis major deltoid biceps brachii

latissimus dorsi

Which of these muscles moves the upper limb? trapezius latissimus dorsi external oblique brachialis

latissimus dorsi

In resting membrane potential, the outside of a cell is _____ charged, while the inside of the cell is _____ charged. Positive, Negative Negative, Positive

positive, negative

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________. sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcomere sarcoplasm sarcolemma myofilament

sarcolemma

Which one of the following is composed mostly of the protein myosin? thin filaments Z discs light bands all myofilaments thick filaments

thick filaments

In muscle cells, what is left after ATP is quickly depleted?

ADP!

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding energy generation for muscle contraction? a. One of the pathways for ATP regeneration is direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate. b. At rest and during light exercise, ATP is regenerated almost entirely by metabolic pathways that use oxygen. c. Aerobic respiration refers to metabolic pathways that use oxygen. d. Anaerobic glycolysis is not an energy source for muscle contraction. e. The initial steps of glucose breakdown occur via a pathway called glycolysis, which does not use oxygen, and is an anaerobic part of the metabolic pathway.

Anaerobic glycolysis is not an energy source for muscle contraction.

Specifically, what structure(s) is/are responsible for the banding pattern in skeletal muscle cells? a. cross bridges b. myofillaments c. sarcoplasmic reticulum d. ATP

B. myofilaments

A fascicle is wrapped by a layer of connective tissue called _______. a. endomysium b. perimysium c. tendons d. epimysium

B. perimysium

_________ Attach muscles INDIRECTLY to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings A. LIGAMENTS B. TENDONS C. APONEUROSES

C. APONEUROSES

Considering the relationship between the biceps and the triceps, the biceps is the _______ whereas the triceps is the _______ as the elbow is flexed. a. prime mover, fixator b. antagonist, prime mover c. prime over, antagonist d. fixator, antagonist

C. prime mover, antagonist

What are the final trigger for muscle fiber contraction? a. calcium ions b. iron c. blood movement d. sebaceous glands

Calcium ions

A) thin filaments are composed of the contractile protein called blank B) The thick filaments are made mostly of bundled molecules of the protein called blank

Thin = actin Thick = myosin (need something strong like neomycin to handle thicc)

True or False. Tendons are predominantly made up of collagen fibers.

True

What is released by axon terminals into the synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract? potassium ions sodium ions acetylcholine actin myosin heads

acetylcholine

There are three types of muscle tissue. Which of the following is classified as part of the muscular system? Select the best answer. all muscle tissue, including muscle of arteries, eyes, and the heart the heart all skeletal muscles

all skeletal muscles

Which method of regenerating ATP during muscle contraction can produce lactic acid? aerobic cellular respiration creatine phosphate anaerobic glycolysis direct phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation

anaerobic glycolysis no oxygen so that's the build up of lactic acid

Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ________. antagonists prime movers synergists fixators

antagonists

Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse from the ________. myofibrils sarcolemma of the muscle cell thick filaments axon terminals of the motor neurons sarcoplasmic reticulum

axon terminals of the motor neurons

Connective tissue that covers the entire top of your head: a. palma aponeuroses b. Galea aponeurotica c. tarsal aponeurotica d. frontalis aponeurotica

b. Galea aponeurotica

The movement of a limb toward the midline of the body is known as _______. a. extension b. adduction c. abduction d flexing

b. adduction

_____ muscles are uni-nucleated the majority of the time. sometimes have 2. (when in a relationship-hint) a. smooth muscle b. cardiac muscles c. skeletal muscles

b. cardiac muscles

muscle lengthens to move the load (weight). (e.g. lowering the weight that raised is voluntarily. Unvoluntarily is when the weight is too heavy, lower larger weight under tension. a. concentric contraction b. eccentric contraction c. isometric d. isotonic

b. eccentric contraction

Muscles that are concerned with bracing actions are called _______. a. pronators b. fixators c. origins d. antagonists e. flexors

b. fixators

An important medical injection site in the hip is the _______. a. rectus femoris b. gluteus medius c. gluteus maximus d. gluteus minimus e. vastus lateralis

b. gluteus medius (can avoid nerves and other important functions)

ability to receive and respond to stimulus: a. responsiveness b. irritability c. receptiveness d control centter e. homeostasis

b. irritability

The nuclei of skeletal muscle cells are pushed aside by long, ribbonlike organelles called _______, which nearly fill the cytoplasm. a. sarcolemma b. myofibrils c. myofilaments d. sarcomeres e. sarcoplasmic reticulum

b. myofibrils

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is usually termed the _______. a. sarcoplasmic reticulum b. sarcolemma c. sarcomere d. intercarcelated disc e. sarcoplam

b. sarcolemma

The major role of _______ is to store calcium and to release it on demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract. a. actin b. sarcoplasmic reticulum c. myofilaments d. sarcomeres

b. sarcoplasmic reticulum

All 3 connective tissue components are only a part of which muscle type? The 3 components are: epimysium, endomysium and perimysium. a. smooth b. skeletal c. cardiac

b. skeletal

This type of muscle is multi-nucleated: a. smooth b. skeletal c. cardiac

b. skeletal (because it's voluntary need multiple brains to operate)

You generate force, but the length of the muscle doesnt change. the load is greater than the tension that the muscle is able to develop. myofilaments unable to slide. muscle tension increases but it doesnt shorten or increase. e.g. pure barre holding moves. the moment you grab the weight before picking it up. pushing against an immobile object a. concentric contraction b. eccentric contraction c. isometric d. isotonic

c. isometric.

Gross Anatomy: _____ is the coarser fibrous membrane that wraps a fascicle in skeletal muscle. a. epimysium b. endomysium c. perimysium d. fascia

c. perimysium peri was tough (coarse) to survive war!

When some NA+ and K+ channels are closed, and then a few K+ diffuse down concentration gradient making the outside of the cell positive charged, and inside negative. But the two channels are still mostly closed. a. repolarization b. depolarization c. resting membrane potential

c. resting membrane potential

_____ provides the final "go" signal for contraction. a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. oxygen

calcium

The muscle whose action is dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot is the _______. a. sartorius b. peroneous muscles c. rectus femoris d. tibalis anterior e. biceps femoris

d. tibalis anterior

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a disease that results in progressive paralysis. While the ultimate cause is unknown, __________ is the direct cause of the paralysis. malfunctioning mitochondria degeneration of motor neurons inflammation UV light

degeneration of motor neurons

Which of these terms refers to the shape of a muscle? rectus deltoid biceps mastoid

deltoid

The condition is caused by a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles. Symptoms include weakness in the arm and leg muscles, double vision, and difficulties with speech and chewing. muscular dystrophy torticollis cystic fibrosis myasthenia gravis

myasthenia gravis

________ are contractile organelles found in the cytoplasm of the cell: a. sarcolemma b. z disc c. A zone

myofibrils

what is the chemical released by neurons to stimulate muscle contractions? a. potassium b. sodum c. synapses d. neurotransmitter - actylcholine (ACh)

neurotransmitter - acetylcholine (ACh)

The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the ________. insertion origin action innervation

origin

Which of these muscles is located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body? gastrocnemius latissimus dorsi pectoralis major gluteus medius occipitalis

pectoralis major

Which connective tissue bundles muscle fibers into fascicles? epimysium perimysium tendons endomysium

perimysium

What is the consequence of potassium opening and sodium closing? Gated K+ channels open. K+ exiting. a. depolarization b. repolarization c. resting membrane potential

repolarization

What type of exercise causes increase in muscle size? aerobic exercise infrequent exercise resistance exercise anaerobic exercise

resistance exercise

Many oval nuclei can be seen just beneath the plasma membrane, which is called the _____________in muscle fibers. a. muscle fibers b. myofibrils c. sarcolemma d. z disc

sarcolemma

Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation? skeletal visceral smooth tendons cardiac

skeletal

This type of muscle is always a single nucleus: a. smooth b. skeletal c. cardiac

smooth

What is the gap of the neuromuscular junction called? a. motor neuron b. synaptic cleft c. neurotransmitter d. neuromuscular unit

synaptic cleft

What term refers to a muscle that aids another muscle by producing the same the movement or reducing undesirable movements? fixator synergist antagonist prime mover

synergist

A sarcomere is ________. the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle a compartment in a myofilament the wavy lines on the cell, as seen in a microscope the contractile unit between two Z discs the area between two intercalated discs

the contractile unit between two Z discs

In resting membrane potential, the concentration of potassium is greater on the inside than outside. True or false

true

True or False: The initial steps of glucose breakdown occur via a pathway called glycolysis, which does not use oxygen, and is an anaerobic part of the metabolic pathway.

true

In a skeletal muscle fiber, the sarcomere is a repetitive unit that consists of the entire region between the _______. a. z discs b. a-band c. i-band d. H zone e.M-line

z discs

What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue? thick filaments and myosin heads A bands and I bands H zones and M lines Z discs and H zones sarcoplasm and sarcolemma

A bands and I bands

What is the function of creatine phosphate? A. directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell B. catalyzes aerobic respiration C. triggers anaerobic respiration D. makes oxygen available for aerobic respiration

A. directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell

Which ions enter the muscle cell during the generation of an action potential? a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. oxygen

A. sodium

The chewing muscles are: A. frontalis, orbicularis oris B. masseter, temporalis, and buccinator c. Frontalis, masseter, temporalis, buccinator D. zygomaticus, masseter, temporalis, buccinator

B. masseter, temporalis, and buccinator

True or False. Neither Cardiac nor Skeletal muscles are striated.

False, they both are striated

A sarcomere is ________. a. the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle b. the contractile unit between two Z discs c. the wavy lines on the cell, as seen in a microscope d. a compartment in a myofilament e. the area between two intercalated discs

b. the contractile unit between two Z discs

Consider the two types of muscle contractions described in this chapter; in _______ contractions, the muscle may shorten and movement may occur. a. isometric b. anaerobic c. isotonic d. fatigued

c. isotonic

The muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular movement is known as the _______. a. antagonist b. fixator c. synergist d. prime mover e. pronator

d. prime mover

the chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot. It runs to the Achilles tendon from two heads attached to the femur. gastrocnemius latissimus dorsi pectoralis major gluteus medius occipitalis

gastrocnemius

What term describes the ability of a muscle to vary its degree of shortening to generate the strength needed to lift a 5 lb weight, a 7 lb weight, and finally a 10 lb weight? graded responses isometric contractions twitch isotonic contractions

graded responses

what is the junction between the axonal terminal and the sarcolemma (sarcolemma is a specialized membrane which surrounds striated muscle fiber cells). a. motor neuron b. synaptic cleft c. neurotransmitter d. neuromuscular junction

neuromuscular junction

What organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium? cross bridge sarcolemma sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcomere

sarcoplasmic reticulum

What organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium? sarcomere sarcolemma cross bridge sarcoplasmic reticulum

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The neurotransmitter _______ is vital to proper muscle functioning. a. dopamine b. adrenaline c. serotonin d. acetylcholine

D. acetylcholine

What initiates an action potential on a muscle cell? A. myosin cross bridges binding to actin B. acetylcholinesterase C. ATP D. acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction

D. acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction

The muscles of facial expression include: A. frontalis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, temporalis B. zygomaticus, masseter, temporalis, buccinator C. frontalis, orbicularis oris D. frontalis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, and zygomaticus.

D. frontalis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, and zygomaticus.

The condition of skeletal muscle fatigue can be best explained by ________. A. inadequate numbers of mitochondria in muscle cells B. a total lack of ATP in the body C. the all-or-none law D. the inability of the muscle to contract even if it is being stimulated E. the inability to generate sufficient quantities of ATP due to feedback regulation of synthesis

D. the inability of the muscle to contract even if it is being stimulated (like when you are lifting weights at the gym and go to the point of fatique)

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding muscle attachments and body movements? a. When the foot is dorsiflexed, the foot is flat on the ground. b. The point of attachment of a muscle to the immovable, or less movable, bone is called the origin c. Abduction is movement away from the body, which occurs in the coronal plane. D. Flexion is a movement that generally occurs in the sagittal plane and decreases the angle of the joint, bringing the two bones closer together. e. In circumduction of the arm, the distal end of the limb describes a cone.

a. When the foot is dorsiflexed, the foot is flat on the ground.

Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the cell is called: a. action potential b. sodium potential c. potassium diffusion d. resting membrane potential

a. action potential

The muscle that facilitates flexion of the forearm is the _______. a. biceps brachii b. biceps femoris c. rectus femoris d. buccinator e. triceps brachii

a. biceps brachii

Although ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction, _______ must also be present for muscle fibers to slide properly during contraction. a. calcium b. zinc c. copper d. choline

a. calcium

muscle shortening to move the load (weight) a. concentric contraction b. eccentric contraction c. isometric d. isotonic

a. concentric contraction

when myosin heads form "blank", they link the thick and thin filaments together during contraction. a. cross bridges b. H Zones C. ATP d. sarcolemma

a. cross bridges

Gross Anatomy: ____ encloses each muscle fiber. between the fiber tubes. in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles a. endomysium b. perimysium c. epimysium d. fascia

a. endomysium

Gross Anatomy: ____ is the connective tissue that covers the entire muscle. blends into tendons or aponoroses. for skeletal muscles only. a. epimysium b. endomysium c. perimysium d. fascia

a. epimysium (so epic it covers the whole muscle)

Contraction and movement of muscle is due to: a. microfilaments b. muscle fibers c. collagen d. aponeourosis

a. microfilaments

One motor unit and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it intervates. a. motor neuron b. motor unit

a. motor unit

The anatomical term for a muscle cell, in skeletal and smooth muscle tissues, is _______. a. muscle fiber b. myofilament c. sarcomere d. sarcolemma

a. muscle fiber

Referring to the muscle attachment to bones, the _______ is the immovable attachment site. a. origin b. insertion c. midline d. extension

a. origin

What is the consequence of a few NA+ diffusing down concentration gradient making the inside of the cell have a positive charge, compared the the outside? Na+ cell entry. a. repolarization b. depolarization c. resting membrane potential

depolarization since inside of cell is now "positive" charge it is depolarizing, less likely to "argue" and "polarize" the group lol.

Which of the following statements describes a tetanic contraction? a. Tetanic contraction of muscles refers to a disease that causes total, sustained contraction of muscles. b. Tetanic contraction is normal and desirable. c. When a muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen and the contractions are completely smooth and sustained, the muscle is said to be in tetanus or in tetanic contraction. d. Tetanic contractions of muscles are smooth and prolonged muscle contractions, which can be slight or vigorous depending on what work has to be done. e. Answer #3 and #4 are correct.

e. Answer #3 and #4 are correct. Remember tetanus in the ******** is too tight and is not good.

An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as ________. muscular dystrophy torticollis cystic fibrosis myasthenia gravis

muscular dystrophy

Amelie, a 29-year-old woman, complained to her doctor of being constantly fatigued and having difficulty swallowing. Her speech is slurred and her eyelids are droopy. Amelie most likely has __________. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy myasthenia gravis tetanus torticollis

myasthenia gravis