Musculoskeletal System Level 1

Which hormone aids in regulating intestinal calcium and phosphorous absorption? A. Insulin B. Thyroxine C. Glucocorticoids D. Parathyroid hormone

D. Parathyroid hormone Adrenal glucocorticoids aid in regulating intestinal calcium and phosphorous absorption by increasing or decreasing protein metabolism. Insulin acts together with growth hormone to build and maintain healthy bone tissue. Thyroxine increases the rate of protein synthesis in all types of tissues. Parathyroid hormone secretion increases in response to decreased serum calcium concentration and stimulates the bones to promote osteoclastic activity.

Which joint in the client's body is an example of a gliding joint? A.Wrist B.Elbow C.Shoulder D.Sacroiliac

D.Sacroiliac The sacroiliac joint connects the sacrum with the pelvis. It is a type of gliding joint, because one surface of the bone moves over another surface. The wrist joint is an example of a condyloid joint. The elbow joint is an example of a hinge joint. The shoulder joint is an example of a ball-and-socket joint.

Which physiologic changes of the musculoskeletal system are related to aging? Select all that apply. A. Slowed movement B. Cartilage degeneration C. Increased bone density D. Increased range of motion E. Increased bone prominence

A,B,E The physiologic changes of the musculoskeletal system related to aging are slowed movements, cartilage degeneration, increased bone prominence, decreased bone density, and decreased range of motion.

Which radiographic test is used to view the entire skeleton? A. Bone scan B. Gallium and thallium scan C. Computed tomography (CT) D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

A. Bone scan A bone scan is a radionuclide test in which radioactive material is injected so that the client's entire skeleton can be viewed. Gallium and thallium scans are similar to bone scans but are more specific and sensitive in detecting bone disorders. A CT scan is used to detect musculoskeletal problems, primarily in the vertebral column and joints. An MRI scan is used to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders.

A client who has paraplegia often loses calcium from the skeletal system. The nurse concludes that what factor contributes to calcium loss in this client? A. Decreased activity B. Inadequate fluid intake C. Decreased calcium intake D. Inadequate kidney function

A. Decreased activity The bones respond to the stress of activity (walking, running, etc.) by laying down new bone substance along the lines of stress. Inactivity leads to reduced bone deposition and actual bone decalcification. Fluid intake has no effect on bone decalcification. Calcium intake does not alter bone demineralization in clients with paraplegia. Kidney function may be altered as bone decalcification occurs and stones are formed in the kidneys, but this is not the cause of demineralization.

Which principle should the nurse consider when assisting a client with crutches to learn the four-point gait? A.Elbows should be kept in rigid extension. B.Most of the weight should be supported by axillae. C.The client must be able to bear weight on both legs. D.The affected extremity should be kept off the ground.

C.The client must be able to bear weight on both legs. In the four-point gait, the client brings the left crutch forward first, followed by the right foot; then the right crutch is brought forward, followed by the left foot. Thus, both legs must be able to bear some weight. Although the arms are extended to allow the hands to bear weight, the elbows are not maintained in this position. Pressure on the axillae may damage nerves in the area. Both extremities must be able to bear weight.