music 2
(Q015) Why is Charles Ives's emergence as a major modernist composer in America surprising?
America did not have a rich tradition of classical music at the time, and Ives worked in isolation.
(Q005) Tchaikovsky's way of conveying the story of Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet was to
"tell" the story through the interaction and transformation of the themes in the piece.
(Q019) After 1935, Ruth Crawford worked tirelessly to collect, transcribe, arrange, and publish
American folk music.
(Q003) The first symphonic work composed by an American woman was the Gaelic Symphony by
Amy Beach.
(Q018) This excerpt is taken from the opening music of which piece?
Appalachian Spring
(Q007) Who was the leading expressionist composer in the period before World War I?
Arnold Schoenberg
(Q017) Who was an important nationalist composer from Bohemia?
Bedřich Smetana
Tchaikovsky's Russian friend, Rubinstein, loved his Piano Concerto No. 1 from the very first time he heard it and told him not to change a thing about it.
False
(Q012) Whose poetry did George Crumb set in the song cycle, Ancient Voices of Children?
Federico García Lorca
Which of the composers mentioned in this chapter had a significant influence on the revival of the music of J. S. Bach?
Felix Mendelssohn
(Q003) In what way did the orchestra's role greatly change in nineteenth-century opera?
The full orchestra's role expanded to accompany passages of recitative with active music that urged the singers on.
How does the ending of "Im wunderschönen Monat Mai" reflect the text?
The lack of a true cadence at the end reflects the singer's yearning.
(Q006) In this music from Reich's Music for 18 Musicians, what happens each time the vibraphone plays its cue?
The melodies and harmonies change.
Which describes the singing in this excerpt from Wagner's The Valkyrie?
It's more tuneful than recitative, but much less tuneful than an aria.
Which philosopher from the Enlightenment extolled ideals adopted by the Romantics?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who wrote the text that Schubert set in "Erlkönig"?
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
(Q016) Who was the intended soloist for Brahms' Violin Concerto in D?
Joseph Joachim
Who was Alban Berg? What is Berg's famous opera titled?
Schoenberg's student- the mot powerful exponent of expressionism in music Wozzeck
(Q016) Who was the leading composer in the ragtime style?
Scott Joplin
Who made ragtime famous ?
Scott Joplin
How did Berlioz share the story for his Fantastic Symphony?
He distributed a pamphlet at the premiere which described the program.
What separated Tchaikovsky from his Russian contemporaries?
His formal musical education
Which characters are singing in this excerpt from Wagner's The Valkyrie?
Siegmund and Sieglinde
(Q004) Which nineteenth-century composer wrote popular songs such as "Beautiful Dreamer," "Oh, Susanna!," and "Swanee River"?
Stephen Collins Foster
(Q020) What text did John Adams set for the aria "Batter My Heart?"
a seventeenth-century sonnet by John Donne
Which do you hear in this aria from Verdi's Rigoletto?
a short melodic motive that repeats in sequence (at different pitch levels)
(Q014) Music that lacks any feeling of having a central or home pitch is called
atonal
(Q016) What term, originally used in the military, refers to the forefront of an artistic movement?
avant-garde
A short piano piece that portrays a particular mood is called a
character piece
Which character is singing in this excerpt from Puccini's Madame Butterfly?
cho-cho-san
(Q014) Mahler's ambivalence toward the Romantic tradition is often expressed in his music through
exaggeration and distortion.
(Q004) As a very short but very concentrated, high-intensity piece of music, the fourth of Webern's Five Orchestral Pieces is an example of what tendency among avant-garde composers?
exploring perceptions of time
Who were the expressionist painters? What were they trying to do with expressionism?
express the most extreme human feelings by divorcing art from everyday literalness Vasily Kandinsky Picasso?
(Q004) Stravinsky's three ballets written for the Ballets Russes in Paris reveal his progressively abstract use of
folk tunes.
(Q020) How many symphonies did Brahms complete?
four
(Q018) How is Caroline Shaw's Partita constructed?
four movements, each with a Baroque title
(Q013) Berg's opera Wozzeck is based on
fragments of a play by Georg Büchner.
(Q019) What structure does Bernstein use for this part of the dance from West Side Story?
fugue
Where did Johannes Brahms spend most of his career?
germany lived with Robert and Clara Schumann
(Q007) Which modernist movement in painting attempted to capture the actual, perceived quality of light using patches of color?
impressionism
(Q017) What is one element of jazz that was limited in the emergence of big bands?
improvisation
(Q014) Instead of making his living as a composer, Charles Ives had a job
in business.
(Q004) What do you hear in between Sippie Wallace's lines in this excerpt from "If You Ever Been Down" Blues?
instrumental breaks in which the clarinet responds to the singer's melody
What in this excerpt indicates that this song by Robert Schumann is probably through-composed?
The second stanza begins with different music than that of the first stanza.
(Q006) What do you hear in this passage from Brahms's Violin Concerto in D?
The solo violin and orchestra play a lyrical tune.
Schubert wrote to satisfy his own personal needs and not a commission.
True
Who was Sergei Prokofiev? What country did he come from? What type of music did he compose that was quite revolutionary for his time?
Ukraine Alexander Nevsky Cantata ranks among the most monumental and innovative of early sound films. It is also propaganda.
(Q013) What do you hear in this excerpt of Still's Symphony?
a long, hymnlike melody in the strings, accompanied by low brasses and winds
(Q013) What can be heard in this excerpt from Mahler's Symphony No. 1?
a lyrical song theme featuring harp and flute
What is "Program Music"?
instrumental music written in association with a poem, a story, or some other literary source gained new importance as it answered the general romantic demand for transcending inter-art boundaries
(Q002) Ravel's Piano Concerto in G can be thought of as a tribute to
jazz
(Q008) Which style emerged in the 1960s as a reaction to the complexities and difficulty of much avant-garde music?
minimalism
(Q015) This excerpt from Reich's Music for 18 Musicians is a good example of what musical style?
minimalism
Define Modified Strophic form.
modest changes are introduced in the successive stanzas of a strophic form A A A'
What is musique concrete? What composer experimented with this new type of compositional style?
music composed with natural sounds recorded electronically Edgard Varese
(Q009) What did Wagner call the new style of opera that he developed?
music drama
(Q003) Which term refers to sounds recorded from real life and used in electronic music?
musique concrète
(Q003) The singing in this excerpt from Varèse's Poème électronique is a good example of the composer's use of
musique concrète.
(Q003) What developments led people of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to question their most basic assumptions about life?
new technologies and new theories from people such as Einstein, Darwin, and Freud
What is a "Nocturne"?
night pieces title for romantic miniatures compositions for pianos, etc
(Q002) In this passage from Duke Ellington's "Conga Brava" the rhythm section is
only percussion.
(Q010) One style feature of big-band jazz was
orchestration based on the contrast between brass and "reed" groups, with soloists cutting in and out of the full band.
(Q001) The "nocturnes" of Debussy's title Three Nocturnes refer to
paintings by the artist James McNeill Whistler.
(Q017) One of Debussy's most famous innovations is the use of
parallel chords.
What city, very friendly to piano virtuosos, composers, and other artists, was Chopin's home for most of his adult life?
paris
(Q006) In this passage from Debussy's Clouds, the tunes played by the flute and harp and then by the English horn are built on what scale(s)?
pentatonic and octatonic
(Q002) Clouds contains two scalar collections that Debussy used frequently (both of which were relatively new to Western art music), which are the
pentatonic and octatonic scales.
(Q012) The five-note scale that can be played using the black keys of a piano is called the
pentatonic scale.
What were the minstrel shows? How did these exemplify stereotypes and racism?
performed by white actors in blackface, very popular in 19th century
Instrumental music that is associated with a poem, a story, or some other literary source or nonmusical idea is called
program music
What is early romantic program music?
program music is a term used for instrumental compositions associated with poems, stories, and the like Program music for orchestra grew up naturally in opera overtures, for even in the eighteenth century it was seen that an overture might gain special interest if it referred to moods or ideas in the opera to come by forecasting some of its themes.
Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony: "Episodes in the Life of an Artist" is an example of a
program symphony
(Q004) Modernism's response to the anxieties and uncertainties of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was to
question all the rules and assumptions surrounding the arts.
(Q009) The piano music in this excerpt from Berg's Wozzeck is reminiscent of what style of American music?
ragtime
Which of the following can be heard in this excerpt from Verdi's Rigoletto?
rich harmonies among the four voices and the orchestra
(Q007) What did John Adams call the opening (and returning) instrumental musical idea excerpted here from Doctor Atomic?
ritornello
(Q014) What is the name of the earliest rock'n'roll style, which blended white country music with black rhythm and blues?
rockabilly
(Q011) Like many writers, artists, and composers of the 1930s, Copland was attracted to a leftist philosophy, which insisted that art should
serve the people.
(Q017) The first movement of Ravel's Piano Concerto in G is a free adaptation of what traditional form?
sonata
A group of songs tied together by a common poetic theme or a story is known as a
song cycle
Which orchestral instruments are most prominent in this excerpt from Wagner's The Valkyrie?
strings
(Q016) This part of the coda of Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet features a transformation of which theme?
the Love theme
(Q016) At thirty, Caroline Shaw was the youngest composer to win
the Pulitzer Prize.
(Q015) What theme is heard in this excerpt from Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet?
the Vendetta theme
Which theme from Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony is heard here?
the idée fixe
When a song is composed with different music for each stanza, like Schubert's "Erlkönig," it is said to be
through-composed
(Q014) What solo instrument is playing the theme heard in this excerpt of Ravel's Piano Concerto?
trumpet
(Q017) What is the solo instrument heard here in León's Indígena?
trumpet
(Q016) What two instruments state the battle call in this excerpt from Prokofiev's Alexander Nevsky?
tuba and saxophone
(Q023) Composer George Rochberg (1918-2005) reacted to the second wave of the avant-garde by
turning away and writing pieces that recalled the music of the Romantics.
(Q014) What are the performing forces heard in this excerpt from Ligeti's Lux aeterna?
voices alone
(Q025) Berg maintained the sense of tension between scenes in Wozzeck by
writing continuous orchestral interludes during blackouts.
What Shakespeare play is it based on?
Romeo and Juliet
(Q004) The bel canto style emphasizes what?
beautiful singing
(Q011) New music that refers to styles older than modernism is sometimes called
postmodern
How many performers are there in a big band?
10-25
How many different characters can be heard in this excerpt from Rigoletto?
4
How many entries of the fugue subject does Berlioz include in this excerpt from the fifth movement of his Fantastic Symphony?
4
(Q024) Which one of these composers of art music also wrote music for film?
Aaron Copland
Which of the following is a ballet composed by Tchaikovsky?
All of the above, Sleeping Beauty The Nutcracker Swan Lake
Who were the impressionist painters?
Edouard Manet Claude Monet
Whose musical portrait is this from Schumann's Carnaval?
Florestan
(Q002) Which composer popularized the symphonic poem and inspired other composers to use this new genre?
Franz Liszt
(Q013) In the days of silent movies, how was film music handled?
Live musicians improvised music to go along with films, often basing their improvisations on well-known themes from Romantic symphonies and operas.
Where did Hector Berlioz go to school?
Paris Conservatory of Music
(Q019) George Gershwin and his brother, Ira, worked in a district of Manhattan known as
Tin Pan Alley.
(Q009) Aaron Copland's Appalachian Spring is
a ballet choreographed by Martha Graham.
(Q021) Tania León's Indígena was composed for what kind of group?
a chamber orchestra
What kind of piece is Felix Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night's Dream?
a concert overture
(Q019) The quality of the music in this excerpt might suggest
a solemn procession.
(Q008) The music in this passage from Copland's Appalachian Spring is reminiscent of what?
a square dance
(Q005) Which was a new and radical development in the visual arts in the early twentieth century?
abstract (nonrepresentational) painting
What percussion instrument is heard in this excerpt of the fifth movement of Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony?
bells
Who is Tania Leon? Where did she grow up and where did she study? She includes polyrhythms in her compositions... what are poly rhythms?
came to US as refugee from Cuba The effect is of joyous cacophony, with individual outcries and hints of organized drumming in complex, overlapping rhythms in African music
What is a program symphony?
entire symphonies with programs spelled out movement by movement, by Berlioz
For the plots of their operas, many Romantic composers drew from
novels and plays, especially Shakespeare's plays.
(Q001) In the 1850s, European literature and art began to turn toward
realism
In its early years, jazz was considered ...
sin
(Q009) Modest Musorgsky and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov were both part of the kuchka, which was
the nickname of a close group of Russian nationalist composers.
(Q016) In addition to the three instruments already playing, what other sound enters about halfway through this excerpt of "If You Ever Been Down" Blues?
the singer's voice, improvising without words
(Q013) This theme from George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue is inspired by dances from
Cuba
(Q022) Tania León's music reflects a global perspective, but she herself hails from
Cuba
"Die alten, bösen Lieder" comes from what larger work?
Dichterliebe
(Q025) Which piece is a good example of exoticism?
Dvořák's New World Symphony
(Q020) What solo instrument plays a prominent theme in the second half of this excerpt from Debussy's Clouds?
English horn
Where did Schoenberg develop his early career? (In what country)
Europe- Vienna
(Q006) Although Ruth Crawford collected and transcribed American folk songs, her own compositions show more interest in
European modernism.
i.e. from above know Copeland and his teacher Nadia Boulanger
For fifty years Boulanger was a revered teacher and mentor of composers . Boulanger encouraged Copland's interest in Stravinsky, whose avant-garde style influenced him greatly.
Which composer was also considered the greatest of the nineteenth-century piano virtuosos?
Franz Liszt
What composer is well known for composing Lieder?
Franz Schubert wrote close to 700 songs he was a wonderfully spontaneous melodist
(Q003) Debussy's musical style reflects the influence of
French symbolist poets and impressionist painters.
Which composer famously composed twenty-one nocturnes (night pieces)?
Frédéric Chopin
(Q019) Which group, better known for well-publicized proclamations than music, composed music with industrial noises?
Futurists
(Q020) Who was the soloist at the premiere of Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue?
George Gershwin
(Q022) Who were the two principal composers of early American musical comedy?
George Gershwin and Jerome Kern
What is a Lied?
German song, flourished in 19th century, most important miniature genres of romantic era (accompaniment, poetry, mood) accompaniment: always accompanied by piano alone, becomes more of a discreet partner to the singer poetry: text is usually a romantic poem of some merit, art of the lied depends on the sensitivity of the composers response to the poetic imagery and feeling mood: intimacy of expression that is captured. composers intended lieder for the intimacy of a living room
(Q002) In the nineteenth century, concert music in America was mainly
German.
What are themes "Romanticism" that are central to Romantic literature and Romantic music?
Glorification of love the cult of individual feeling- striving for a better, higher, ideal site of being supernatural "transcending the ordinary"
Who was the famous German poet that inspired Schubert and many other Romantics?
Goethe
(Q021) Ruth Crawford was the first woman to win a
Guggenheim Fellowship.
(Q010) What can be heard in the last line Wozzeck sings in this excerpt?
He sings the same rhythm as the piano at the end of the excerpt.
(Q021) How did Mahler feel about writing programmatic symphonies?
He was ambivalent about distributing programs to audiences.
Who composed Symphonie fantastique (Fantastic Symphony)?
Hector Berlioz
(Q005) As American modernism began to take off in the 1920s, which composer formed the New Music Society of San Francisco?
Henry Cowell
Whose leitmotiv is heard in this excerpt from Wagner's The Valkyrie?
Hunding
(Q019) The syncopated accents in this passage from Bartók's Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta seem to refer back to the music of which composer?
Igor Stravinsky
(Q010) Copland's set of twenty Variations for piano (1930) reflects the chief modernist influence on his early work, namely
Igor Stravinsky.
(Q022) Which children's song is quoted in Mahler's Symphony No. 1, third movement?
"Frère Jacques"
(Q023) What intriguing thing did Debussy hear at a world's fair in Paris in 1889?
Indonesian gamelan music
What does the orchestra do in this excerpt from Rigoletto?
It closely follows and supports the melodies in the voices.
What does the orchestra do in this excerpt from Madame Butterfly?
It closely follows the melody of the voice
(Q017) Where does the term partita originate?
It is a term from the 1600s, referring to a single section in a set of variations.
(Q002) The first phase of avant-garde modernism peaked during what time?
1890-1920, the years leading up to and immediately after World War I
How many movements did Berlioz include in his Fantastic Symphony?
5
What story is told in Schubert's "Erlkönig"?
A child, being carried by his father on horseback through the night, claims to see and hear a demon beckoning him, and by the time they reach home the boy is dead.
(Q011) What can be heard in this excerpt from Ives's "The Rockstrewn Hills Join in the People's Outdoor Meeting"?
A church hymn emerges from cacophony.
Be able to identify Erlkonig by listening to it. What is the story about?
A father rides furiously through the night with a child who is presumably running a high fever, for he claims to see and hear a malevolent demon. The Erlking first beckons the child, then cajoles him, then threatens and assaults him. The father—uncomprehending, even impatient—tries to quiet the boy, but by the time they reach home the boy is dead.
Who composed Appalachian Spring? What country did he come from? Who was his teacher at the conservatory in Paris?
Aaron Copland, America americas leading composer became more traditional, adopted a nationalist agenda
(Q012) The Second Viennese School was made up of Schoenberg and the two composers who were quickest to adopt his serialism,
Alban Berg and Anton Webern.
(Q011) Which composer invented serialism?
Arnold Schoenberg
(Q015) Which composer famously spoke of "the emancipation of dissonance," meaning freedom from the need to resolve to a consonant chord?
Arnold Schoenberg
What happens to Berlioz's idée fixe over the course of the Fantastic Symphony?
Berlioz subjects it to thematic transformation
Who was Leonard Bernstein? What famous musical did he compose?
Bernstein was one of the most brilliant and versatile musicians ever to come out of America Composer of classical symphonies and hit musicals, internationally acclaimed conductor, pianist, author, and mastermind of wonderful shows in the early days of television, he won Grammys, Emmys, and a Tony. wrote west side story
(Q015) Which songwriter and record producer is known for creating the Motown style?
Berry Gordy Jr.
(Q003) Which of these composers studied and collected Hungarian folk music and successfully integrated it into classical music?
Béla Bartók
(Q025) What American composer was a notable experimenter in new sound materials?
Charles Ives
Who were Charlie Parker and Miles Davis? What instruments did each play?
Charlie Parker was bebop greatest genius miles Davis played trumpet miles one of the most innovative figures in the whole history of jazz
(Q020) The tradition of writing piano preludes that do not introduce anything else reaches back to
Chopin and the Romantic period.
(Q011) The major works of Johannes Brahms tend toward
Classical genres and forms.
What does the orchestra do in this excerpt from Wagner's The Valkyrie?
It plays a leitmotiv—in this case, the Love motives
What does the orchestra do in this excerpt from Rigoletto?
It plays simple, playful accompaniment.
(Q014) One of the foremost composers of opera and concert music in the United States today is
John Adams.
Which statement describes the relationship between composers and concert audiences in the nineteenth century?
Composers wanted to create innovative music, but audiences tended to prefer music they already knew and liked.
Where did Charles Ives spend his career? What types of music did Ives combine in his compositions?
Connecticut folk songs, popular songs, gospel hymns, ragtime
(Q019) Musorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition began life as a set of piano pieces; what other famous composer orchestrated these piano miniatures?
Maurice Ravel
(Q025) Which important composer in Hollywood wrote the scores for Gone with the Wind and King Kong?
Max Steiner
What is the story behind Pictures at an Exhibition? Who composed it?
Modest Musorgsky memorial exhibit of pictures by a friend of Musorgsky who had recently died, Russian painter viktor Hartmann
(Q024) What about Alban Berg's opera Wozzeckcan be called Wagnerian?
Musical continuity is carried by the orchestra, which features leitmotivs.
(Q023) Which remarkable teacher taught Aaron Copland and many other famous twentieth-century composers?
Nadia Boulanger
(Q006) After World War I, Stravinsky began to model his music on pre-Romantic composers such as Bach and Mozart in a style sometimes called
Neoclassicism
(Q001) Maurice Ravel's style incorporates elements of
Neoclassicism, impressionism, and exoticism.
(Q009) The first important center of jazz was
New Orleans.
Who was William Grant Still? Where did he spend his career? What types of music did he compose?
New York City concert music, opera, and ballet solo songs with pianos orchestral works, ballets and operas
Who is Caroline Shaw? What "instrument" does she largely use in her compositions?
New York based signer, violinist, composer her voice
(Q018) Musorgsky's compositions were improved by the help of what other member of the kuchka?
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Where did he spend his career?
Paris at 21 where he found ready acceptance from society people and from other artists and intellectuals, such as the novelist Honoré de Balzac and the painter Eugène Delacroix
(Q005) This excerpt is from which work?
Reich, Music for 18 Musicians
The Dies irae in the fifth movement of Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony is a Gregorian chant that was used in
Requiem Masses, or Masses for the Dead
(Q012) Film composers' matching of musical themes to situations on-screen is much like the leitmotiv technique of which composer?
Richard Wagner
"Eusebius" and "Florestan," two characters featured in Carnaval, were the alter egos of the composer
Robert Schumann
What composer used his talent for writing to found a magazine promoting new music and new composers in the Romantic period?
Robert Schumann
(Q013) As a young man, Brahms became a close friend and protégé of
Robert and Clara Schumann.
(Q019) Debussy won a prestigious fellowship to study in
Rome
(Q018) Folk melodies from what country appear in this final piece from Musorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition?
Russia
Who was considered the master of ragtime music?
Scott Joplin
To what playwright's works did the Romantics turn to justify moving past the current artistic rules and restrictions in art?
Shakespeare
(Q023) What is the underlying source material of the musical West Side Story?
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Which is true of Clara Schumann?
She was a virtuoso pianist and a sought-after piano teacher.
(Q002) In what style is the soprano singing in this excerpt of Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire?
Sprechstimme
(Q009) The soprano in Pierrot lunaire performs in a style that is in between song and speech, an invention of Schoenberg's called
Sprechstimme.
What work by Beethoven provides examples of thematic unity and thematic transformation?
Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67
(Q008) The excerpt heard here is from which work?
Tchaikovsky's Overture-Fantasy Romeo and Juliet
(Q006) Which describes the plot of Rigoletto?
The Duke seduces Gilda, the daughter of his court jester. Her father hires an assassin to kill the Duke, but Gilda tragically is killed instead.
How was the Romantic orchestra different from the Classical orchestra?
The Romantic orchestra expanded, adding more performers and more instruments.
Which instrument did Gottschalk imitate in his famous piano piece?
The banjo
This stanza of "Erlkönig" includes dialogue between two characters. How does the music indicate which character is speaking
The boy's voice uses higher pitches, and the father's voice uses lower pitches.
(Q010) What can be heard in this excerpt from West Side Story?
The brass instruments play the main melody, and the reeds and vibraphone perform quick breaks at the end of each line.
Which is true about this third stanza of Clara Schumann's "Der Mond kommt still gegangen"?
The melody reaches a climax on a long high note and a new harmony.
(Q012) How does Crawford manipulate dynamics in this excerpt from her Prelude?
The music gradually gets louder.
(Q009) What do you hear in this passage from León's Indígena?
The music maintains a regular beat for a while, but then the beat disappears into quiet chords and buzzing sounds.
Which of the following can be heard in this excerpt from Puccini's Madame Butterfly?
The orchestra plays an intensified version of the singer's melody, emphasizing the emotion of the scene.
In these excerpts from the opening of Nocturne in F-sharp Major, Chopin presents the atheme and then repeats it. What is the relationship between the two?
The repeat is a highly ornamented version of the original.
Which statement describes the rhythmic character of this excerpt from Robert Schumann's "Eusebius"?
The rhythm is blurred with the use of rubato.
(Q001) What happens about halfway through this excerpt from Duke Ellington's "Conga Brava"?
The rhythm switches from a Latin beat to a backbeat duple meter.
(Q005) What do you hear in this passage from Brahms's Violin Concerto in D?
The solo violin plays an ascending scale, then the orchestra plays a descending scale.
(Q008) What do you hear in this excerpt from Ives's "The Rockstrewn Hills Join in the People's Outdoor Meeting"?
The strings play a fragment of a tune that is interrupted by the brass section. Then the woodwinds play the same fragment but are also interrupted.
(Q023) What is the most accurate description of Pierrot lunaire?
There is hardly a hint of tonality.
What happened to melodies in the Romantic period?
They became more irregular in rhythm and phrase structure, making them seem spontaneous.
What is true of the conductors that emerged in the Romantic period?
They stood in front of the orchestra and conducted with a baton.
How did Romantic composers feel about conventional, standardized forms in music?
They wanted each work of art to express individuality, so they did not feel the need to follow closely any standardized forms.
(Q019) What is the likely origin of the (non-percussion) sounds heard in this excerpt from Varèse's Poème électronique?
They were generated electronically from scratch.
What role did the Romantics play in the revolutionary atmosphere of the nineteenth century?
They were rebels against the established political and social order.
Which is true of Romantic composers?
They worked to break down barriers of harmony, form, and genre.
What city and its countryside was influential to young Romantics like Schubert and his friends?
Vienna
(Q007) Which composer complained that opera had degenerated into a concert in costume when it should be serious drama?
Wagner
(Q008) Which composer's operas and anti-Semitic writings were later taken up by the Nazis in the twentieth century?
Wagner
Which of the following is cited as an example of grandiose composition?
Wagner's The Nibelung's Ring
(Q010) What is Gesamtkunstwerk?
Wagner's term for "the total work of art," in which music, drama, poetry, philosophy, acting, and stage design all have an equal part
Where are the roots of jazz "deeply entrenched"?
West Africa
(Q007) Which composer was part of the cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance?
William Grant Still
(Q018) Who are the three characters heard in this excerpt from Wozzeck?
Wozzeck, the Captain, the Doctor
Were halls built to accommodate symphony concerts an expression of civic pride? 219
Yes
What does Liszt achieve in this excerpt from Wild Hunt?
a "three-hand" effect
(Q015) The aria "Batter My Heart" from Doctor Atomic recalls the form of
a Baroque da capo aria.
(Q013) Tania León's work Indígena is a musical depiction of
a Latin American Carnival celebration.
(Q021) "Conga Brava" by Duke Ellington and Juan Tizol draws upon
a dance of Afro-Cuban origin.
(Q018) What kind of instrument joins the soloist at the end of this excerpt of León's Indígena, signaling the entrance of the ensemble?
a drum
(Q017) This excerpt from Musorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition features a musical representation of
a folk-art nutcracker.
(Q024) What Baroque organizing principle did Leonard Bernstein use in "Cool" from West Side Story?
a fugue
What is chromaticism?
a musical style that makes frequent use of all twelve notes of the chromatic scale
(Q015) The third movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 1 is
a parody of a funeral march.
What can be heard in this excerpt from Verdi's Rigoletto?
a passage of recitative
(Q005) Varèse's Poème électronique was first presented at
a pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair.
What is the genre of Liszt's Wild Hunt?
a piano miniature
(Q004) In addition to being a prolific composer and a fine pianist, Bartók was also
a prominent music educator at the Budapest Academy of Music.
(Q018) Stravinsky's first ballet for the Ballets Russes, The Firebird, is the story of
a romantic fairy tale about a magical creature.
(Q001) Which of the following were growing tendencies among composers after World War II, in the second phase of experimental modernism?
a tendency to construct music in highly intellectual ways and an almost contradictory tendency to give up control and leave some aspects of the music to chance
(Q015) What is the film Alexander Nevsky about?
a thirteenth-century Russian hero who united Russian forces against invading Germans
(Q011) The method of composition known as serialism relies on what?
a twelve-tone system, in which twelve pitches are used in an ordered sequence, not in relation to a central pitch
(Q016) Schoenberg called "Night" a passacaglia, referring to
a type of ostinato piece from the Baroque period.
(Q001) In music, what do the terms modernism and modernist refer to?
a variety of twentieth-century approaches that share a special self-consciousness
(Q010) At this point in Alexander Nevsky, what does Prokofiev use to depict the German army moving forward?
accelerating eighth notes in the strings
(Q006) During his career as a composer, Tchaikovsky
achieved international fame and even toured the United States as a conductor.
(Q002) What element in the opening of Pictures at an Exhibition helps to depict the composer walking through an art gallery?
alternating meters that create an unpredictable emphasis in the beat
What is call and response?
an African American church music, a lead singer announces an opening phrase, and the chorus utters a short, simple reply
(Q024) What was the inspiration for "The Great Gate at Kiev" from Musorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition?
an architectural design by Viktor Hartmann
What is unique about this symphony?
an autobiographical fantasy of the most lurid sort
(Q001) What jazz device does Ravel use in this passage from his Piano Concerto in G?
an instrumental break with the E-flat clarinet and trumpet interrupting the piano
(Q005) In this excerpt from Ruth Crawford's Prelude for Piano No. 6, what do you hear in the high range?
an ostinato
(Q018) This repeated motive in the trumpet in Davis's Bitches Brew can be called
an ostinato.
(Q014) In this passage from "Out of Nowhere," the instruments of the rhythm section playing with the piano soloist are
bass and drums
(Q016) What low instruments enter after the voices in this excerpt from Reich's Music for 18 Musicians?
bass clarinets
(Q007) Which instrument is prominent along with the strings in this excerpt from Still's Symphony?
bassoon
(Q014) What instruments play the main motive in this excerpt of The Rite of Spring?
bassoons and contrabassoons
Know about Franz Schubert
began following his fathers steps as a schoolteacher but gave up to devote to music part of Schubertians- young artists, writers, musicians and music lovers his great symphonies, sonatas, and chamber music were overshadowed died in a typhoid fever at 31
(Q012) What is the forceful singing style heard in this excerpt from Shaw's Sarabande called?
belting
(Q009) The orchestration in this excerpt from West Side Story is reminiscent of what jazz style?
big-band swing
What are "the blues"?
black folk song whose subject is loneliness, trouble, and unhappiness of every shade
Wagner's concept of Gesamtkunstwerk reflects what practice in the Romantic period?
blending different art forms together
(Q002) The theme played by the piano in this passage is reminiscent of what?
blues
(Q006) The theme heard in this excerpt from Still's Afro-American Symphony derives from what kind of music?
blues
(Q008) A melody that consists of three four-measure phrases with a stanza in a a b form is typical of
blues
(Q008) The melodies and harmonies in Still's Afro-American Symphony tend to be built from which scale?
blues scale
Which of the following did the Romantics especially enjoy utilizing in the arts?
blurred, vague, and ambiguous effects
Who is Gustav Mahler? How does his music represent Romantic nostalgia?
born in Bohemia- one of the greatest conductors of his day, also very effective musical administrator writing huge program symphonies and symphonies with solo and choral singing he thought of the symphony as a mode of expression universal and encompassing—"like a world" in itself, as he once put it. This idea connects him clearly enough to the most visionary of earlier Romantics
Where was Frederic Chopin born? What instrument did he play?
born in Warsaw, capital of poland piano
Who is Igor Stravinsky? Where was he born? What was he trying to accomplish with The Rite of Spring? How would you describe this piece?
born in russia. composed three famous ballet scores for the Russian ballet. the firebird, peturshka, and the rite of spring rite of spring: boldly and brutally imagined the fertility cults of prehistoric Slavic tribes. Here Russian folk music, broken down into repeated, fragmentary motives, is treated as the source of primitive rhythmic and sexual energy, rather than picture-postcard charm. ceremonial choice of a virgin for sacrifice
Members of what musical instrument family play the Sieglinde motive in between statements by the voices?
brass
(Q007) Jazz performers elaborate around a song, adding ornaments and newly contrived interludes called
breaks
What section is this from Chopin's Nocturne?
c
(Q005) The first performance of The Rite of Spring
caused a riot in the audience.
(Q024) Music in which composers have left certain elements of performance indeterminate may be classified as
chance music.
What does "the emancipation of dissonance" mean?
chords that sound tense and need to resolve to consonant one Schoenberg: emancipation from that need to resolve. dissonance was to be freed from the rule that says it must always be followed by the appropriate consonanse
(Q011) What solo instrument begins this excerpt from Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue?
clarinet
(Q008) What is exoticism in music?
composers' use of other nations' folk music styles; for example, a Russian composer writing Italian music
(Q007) What is nationalism in music?
composers' use of their own nation's folk music in concert pieces, songs, or operas
Who was George Gershwin? What type of piece is Rhapsody in Blue?
concert hall music "Rhapsody" is a term with ancient Greek roots—a rhapsoidos was a singer of epic stories, like Homer—that came into vogue in the nineteenth century to name musical works exhibiting freedom of form and expressive flights of fancy.
(Q023) In addition to being a composer, Mahler was a very successful
conductor
What is symbolism?
consciously unrealistic movement emphasized suggestion rather than precise reference
(Q017) What musical device is Berg using in this excerpt from Wozzeck?
crescendo
(Q012) What can be heard in this excerpt from Mahler's Symphony No. 1?
dance band phrases featuring oboes and syncopated plucked string accompaniment
Who was Bela Bartok? How does his music represent nationalism?
deep commitment to folk music, professional involvement He published many folk-song and folk-dance arrangements, and his other compositions are saturated with folk rhythms, modes, and melodic turns.
(Q020) At the beginning of this excerpt from Ligeti's Lux aeterna, the voices form a
dense mix of pitches.
(Q003) Which term describes the repeated chord that begins this passage from Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring?
dissonant
(Q001) Which describes the piano music that begins this excerpt of Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire?
dissonant and atonal
(Q011) How would you describe the music in this excerpt from Crawford's Prelude?
dissonant, with little sense of a tonal center
(Q022) In defiance of a decadent European culture, Les fauves ("the wild beasts") emphasized
distorted images bordering on the grotesque.
(Q006) Which instruments that were more typical of rock than of jazz can be heard in this passage from Bitches Brew?
electric guitar, electric bass, and electric keyboards
What are the style features of Romantic music? 220
every genuine artist was elected to have a personal style, some artists carried this motion very far, cultivating styles that were highly personal and even eccentric technical considerations concerning melody, harmony, rhythmic freedom, tone color, and, perhaps especially, form. one common interest was to sound different from everybody else
Tchaikovsky believed a symphony should ...
express those things for which there are not words but which need to be expressed.
(Q008) Which modernist movement in the arts sought to express the most extreme human feelings in nonliteral ways?
expressionism
(Q021) The painter Vasily Kandinsky was associated with what German movement in the arts?
expressionism
(Q019) Caroline Shaw's primary compositional interest has been in exploring
extended techniques for the human voice.
What is Sprechstimme?
extreme example of the avant-garde composers' search for new expressive means
(Q008) Which are emotional themes associated with expressionist music?
extreme states such as hysteria, nightmares, and insanity
Which instruments play the two versions of the theme heard in this excerpt from Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony?
first tubas and bassoons, then horns and trombones
(Q012) In Bitches Brew, Miles Davis blended jazz with rock in a new style that came to be called
fusion jazz.
What is a concert overture?
genre resembling an opera overture, but without any following opera- never intended for the theater Schumann wrote an overture to Hermann und Dorothea, by Goethe, which is not a play but an epic poem. Berlioz wrote overtures to literary works of various kinds: plays (Shakespeare's King Lear), long poems (The Corsair by Byron, a special hero for the Romantics), and novels (Waverley by Walter Scott). most popular overtures are by Felix Mendelssohn (Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream)
Who were the main consumers of Schubert's music?
gifted amateur musicians
(Q012) What is the musical term for the long, rising slide heard in this excerpt from Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue?
glissando
What term might we use to describe the Romantic tendency towards increased performing forces, more movements, and a longer time span for musical pieces?
grandiose
Rubato was practiced in the service of
greater individual expressivity
What is a song cycle?
group of songs associated by a common poetic theme or an actual story The advantage of the song cycle was that it extended the rather fragile expression of the lied into a larger, more comprehensive, and hence more impressive unit.
(Q014) What string instrument is heard prominently at the beginning of this excerpt from Mahler's Symphony No. 1?
harp
FOURTH MOVEMENT: March to the Scaffold (Allegretto non troppo)
he dreams he has killed his beloved, that he is condemned to death and led to execution. a march accompanies the procession, now gloomy and wild, now brilliant and grand. finally the idee fixe appears for a moment, to be cut off by the fall of the ax
(Q004) What creates the irregular rhythm of this passage from Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring?
heavy accents on unexpected beats
(Q020) Debussy is often called an impressionist in music because
his fragmentary motives and flashes of tone color seemed to recall impressionist painting techniques.
According to the video, what was the main source of music for nineteenth-century Russia.
home music-making
(Q013) Besides traditional singing, what other vocal technique does Shaw use in this excerpt from Sarabande?
humming
The single theme used to represent the musician's beloved in all the movements of the Fantastic Symphony is called the
idée fixe
What does the term Avante-garde mean? How does this apply to music?
it has long been embraced by radical artists and thinkers to denote the forefront of their activity anti-traditionalism
What is bebop?
jazz style, just trumpet and saxophone, with a rhythm section including piano. Bebop was a determined return to improvisation, then—but improvisation at a new level of technical virtuosity
(Q009) The symbolists were fascinated with the music dramas of Richard Wagner because of his use of
leitmotivs
Schubert's "Erlkönig" is a fine example of a
lied
What Romantic genre is a type of German song, usually written with the text of a Romantic poem and almost always accompanied by piano alone?
lied
Which of these instruments is heard in this brief excerpt from the fourth of Webern's Five Orchestral Pieces?
mandolin
(Q010) The first phase of avant-garde modernist composers, in the period before World War I, focused on experimentation with which aspect(s) of music?
melody, harmony, and tonality
What does John Adams compose? What type of piece is Doctor Atomic? What is the work about?
minimalistic operas ingredients of opera—arias, recitatives, choruses—a meditation on the ethics of unleashing such weapons in the world opera is set in the days leading up to the test explosion of an atomic bomb in the New Mexican desert in July 1945
(Q018) What ideal was espoused by artists in the late 1920s which emphasized technique over emotional expression?
objectivity
(Q015) How would you describe the rhythmic accents in this excerpt of Ravel's Piano Concerto?
often syncopated
Who was Ruth Crawford Seeger? Where did she spend her career? What other composer from the modern period of music did she emulate in her compositions?
one of the earliest American avant-garde modernists spent her career in Chicago, studied in Berlin and Paris Henry Cowell Charles Seeger Bela Bartok Alban Beg
The highest artistic goal of the Romantic movement was
personal emotional expression.
Chopin composed primarily for
piano
Who was Duke Ellington? What instrument did he play? How does Conga Brava represent Latin America music?
piano characteristic beat of Latin American music is appropriated by jazz, though only the beginning of this unusual tune—the a a section of the a a b form—has a Latin beat
(Q015) What three instruments can be heard during the introduction of "If You Ever Been Down" Blues?
piano, trumpet, and clarinet
(Q004) What do you hear in the first few seconds of this excerpt from Bartók's Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta?
pizzicato strings
(Q010) What did Schoenberg use for the text of Pierrot lunaire?
poems by the symbolist poet Albert Giraud
(Q020) How would you describe the texture in this excerpt from West Side Story?
polyphonic
(Q006) What is the name for the style of piano playing developed by black musicians that involves the left hand playing strictly on the beat while the right hand syncopates the rhythm?
ragtime
(Q013) Which of the following was not a feature of operetta?
recitative
What was an important vehicle for the spread of jazz?
records (and record players)
(Q018) The fourth movement of William Grant Still's Afro-American Symphony is a free adaptation of what traditional form?
rondo
(Q012) The third movement of Brahms's Violin Concerto in D is written in
rondo form.
The technique of improvising rhythmically, "stealing" time from the beat or allowing the meter to waver, is called
rubato (or tempo rubato)
(Q013) Stravinsky derives the main motive in this excerpt of The Rite of Spring from the folk music of what country?
russia
(Q008) Which instrument plays the solo heard in this passage from "Out of Nowhere"?
saxophone
What is a blues scale?
scale used in jazz and blues, relates styles that differs in several pitches from the diatonic scale
What composer was associated with the expressionists?
schoenberg
What are miniatures?
short pieces of music usually written for piano, or piano and voice
(Q009) What characterizes minimalist music?
simple melodies, motives, and harmonies, repeated many, many times
(Q007) What do the performers do in John Cage's famous work 4'33"?
sit silently on the stage for 4 minutes and 33 seconds
(Q006) What are the performing forces in Ligeti's composition Lux aeterna?
sixteen solo singers and a chorus
(Q011) What is common in the bebop style?
small combos and an emphasis on improvisation
(Q001) What instruments do you hear in this opening from Musorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition?
solo trumpet, answered by the brass section
(Q018) One of George Gershwin's early jobs was as a
song "plugger."
How did he compose music? What was he doing with Pierrot lunaire?
song cycle Pierrot is the eternal sad clown, and perhaps represents also the alienated artist we hear about his obsession with the moon, his amorous frustrations, his nightmarish hallucinations, his nasty pranks, and his adventures. wrote music that utterly lacks the tunes we might expect to ind in a set of songs
Schumann's Dichterliebe is an example of a
song cycle.
What did Schubert compose?
song cycles: Die schöne Müllerin, Winterreise, and Schwanengesang lieders: "The Erlking," "Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel," "Hedgerose," "Death and the Maiden," "The Trout symphonies: the Unfinished—Schubert completed only two movements and sketches for a scherzo—and the Great Symphony in C Majo
(Q021) What are the performing forces for Schoenberg's song cycle, Pierrot lunaire?
soprano and five instrumentalists playing eight instruments
(Q020) What are the performing forces for Schoenberg's expressionist work, Erwartung?
soprano and orchestra
(Q002) For some composers in the late twentieth century, the orchestra seemed stiff and antiquated, and so they
sought new sound materials such as "nonmusical" noises.
(Q005) A religious folk song that develops outside an established church is known as a
spiritual.
(Q017) What were the notable features in the visual art of Piet Mondrian?
straight lines and right angles with juxtaposed blocks of color
When a song is composed with the same music for each stanza of the text, it is said to be
strophic
(Q006) What was the name of the modernist movement in poetry that wanted words to perform their signifying functions freely, without being limited to exact definitions or having to fit into phrases and sentences?
symbolism
(Q003) Which term refers to an orchestral composition in one movement that has a program and a free musical form?
symphonic poem
(Q004) Although Tchaikovsky called his Romeo and Juliet an "overture-fantasy," it is an example of a
symphonic poem.
(Q025) In the 1960s, various electronic instruments were developed that featured sound-producing modules connected by "patch cords" that created complex sounds. These instruments were known as
synthesizers
(Q022) In calling "Night" from Pierrot lunaire a passacaglia, Schoenberg is looking back to which period?
the Baroque
(Q025) Which musical group's arrival in New York marks the beginning of the so-called "British Invasion?"
the Beatles
Which character is singing in this excerpt from Rigoletto?
the Duke
(Q016) What instrument introduces the haunting motive found in Debussy' Clouds?
the English horn
(Q010) What theme is heard in this excerpt from Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet?
the Love theme
(Q020) Brahms transforms the opening theme of the third movement of the Violin Concerto in D by changing the meter and giving it a more marchlike quality. This section, heard here, is
the coda.
(Q010) What is depicted in the first number, "Promenade," from Musorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition?
the composer strolling around a picture gallery
(Q010) The repeating motives in the instruments and the static, almost unchanging harmonies in this excerpt from Adams's "Batter My Heart" suggest
the composer's use of minimalist procedures.
SECOND MOVEMENT: A Ball (Allegro non troppo)
the dance is a waltz, the most popular ballroom dance of the nineteenth century. the idee fixe transformed into a lilting triple meter, first appears in the position of the trio (B IN THE A B A FORM) then returns in a coda. "he encounters his beloved at a ball, in the midst of a noisy, brilliant party."
(Q015) The gradual descending pitch levels in this excerpt of Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire reflect what?
the descent of the swarm of ominous insects mentioned in the poetry
Cho-Cho-San sings this song in response to what?
the doubts of her maid
(Q009) What are the main performing forces in this excerpt from Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet?
the full orchestra
(Q010) Steve Reich likened the role of the vibraphone in Music for 18 Musicians to the role of the drummers who direct
the gamelans of Indonesia.
(Q002) One of the important Romantic themes that made the nineteenth century the golden age of opera was
the idea that music was the most profound of all the arts.
What is the central stylistic characteristic of the first phase of twentieth-century avant-garde music?
the joint emancipation of melody, harmony, and tonality
Who were the Russian Kuchka (how many people were in this and who were they)?
the mighty five group of 5 Russian nationalist composers included one trained musician: Mily Balakirev Alexander Borodin: chemist Cesar Cio: engineer Nikolai Rimsky-Koraskob: navy man Modest Musorgsky: officer in Russian imperial guard
(Q014) Tan Dun's score for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon mixes instruments from the Western orchestra with instruments from
the orchestra of Beijing opera.
Which theme from Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony is heard here?
the plainchant Dies irae
In Schubert's piece "The Erlkönig," what does the accompaniment sound like or represent?
the pounding of the horse's hooves
What happens to tone color in the Romantic period?
the sheer sensuous quality of sound assumed major artistic importance on a level with rhythm, melody and musical form all instruments went through major technical developments, mainly piano, orchestra expanded new combinations of instruments that were now investigated. composers learned to mix instrumental colors orchestra became important in opera
(Q004) In this passage from Ligeti's Lux aeterna,
the sound "contracts" upward to a single pitch.
What do the insistent triplets in the right hand of the piano accompaniment in "Erlkönig" represent?
the sounds of a horse's hooves
Romantic music and literature often showed a fascination with
the supernatural and the macabre.
How did Schoenberg influence serialism? What is a twelve tone system?
the technique of composing with a series method of composing with the twelve tones solely in relation to one another, chromatic scale
(Q017) What does the ominous three-note motive in this excerpt from Prokofiev's Alexander Nevskysignify?
the threat of the advancing army
Orchestration is
the use and combinations of orchestral instruments chosen by a composer.
(Q022) From the mid-1930s on, Béla Bartók incorporated established forms into his music because
the use of forms made his music easier to follow for listeners.
(Q016) In the first movement of Ravel's Piano Concerto in G, what aspect recalls early jazz?
the use of short instrumental interludes called "breaks"
In Wild Hunt, Liszt presents a new version of the first theme, which is radically altered in some ways. This is an example of
thematic transformation
The Romantic variation-like procedure whereby short themes are freely and unpredictably varied is called
thematic transformation.
Romantic composers often maintained some of the same thematic material over the course of a long, multimovement work, using the principle of
thematic unity
(Q011) What two instruments are featured in this excerpt from Mahler's Symphony No. 1?
timpani and double bass
(Q007) What is the meter of this passage from Brahms's Violin Concert in D?
triple meter
(Q017) What is the solo instrument featured in this excerpt of "Conga Brava" (after the short piano introduction)?
trombone
(Q005) Who composed the opera Rigoletto?
verdi
(Q001) Music that develops naturally outside of the concert tradition can be called
vernacular music.
What would be a good way to describe the piano style heard in Liszt's Wild Hunt?
virtuosic
(Q011) What are the performing forces heard in this excerpt from Shaw's Sarabande?
voices alone
(Q012) What kind of scale do you hear at the end of this excerpt from Ives's "The Rockstrewn Hills Join in the People's Outdoor Meeting"?
whole tone
(Q013) The six-note scale that divides an octave into six equal parts is called the
whole-tone scale.
(Q009) Which instrument family dominates this variation of the song "Simple Gifts" from Copland's Appalachian Spring?
woodwinds
(Q019) What musical instrument family dominates this excerpt from Debussy's Clouds?
woodwinds
(Q020) What instrument—entering near the end of this excerpt from Bartók's Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta—helps to punctuate the percussive accents?
xylophone
Who was Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky? What types of music did he compose? Where was he born?
(1840-1893) born in Russian countryside, moved to St Petersburg at 8 he composed six symphonies, eleven operas, symphonic poems, chamber music, songs, and some of the most famous of all ballet scores: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker. of all 19th century Russian composers, he could claim the most success in concert halls around the world.
When did Jazz develop? What are features of jazz? i.e. syncopation, breaks, improvisation? etc.
1910 improvisation: They add ornaments and newly contrived interludes, called breaks syncopation: ccurs when some of the accents in music are moved away from the main beats, the beats that are normally accented beat syncopation: derived from African drumming, accents are moved just a fraction of a beat ahead of the metrical points
How does Claude Debussy change music that he composed for orchestra, for example with tone color? Where did he go to school?
Debussy's tone colors avoid the heavy sonorities that were usual in late Romantic music, merging instead into subtle, mysterious shades of sound. His melodies and motives are usually fragmentary and tentative, his harmonies sound strangely vague, and the tonality of his music is often clouded. his orchestra is more often a single, delicately pulsing totality to which individual instruments contribute momentary glares of color School: Paris Conservatory of Music
What are each movement of Symphonie fantastique about? FIRST MOVEMENT
First (Reveries, Passions): starts with short, quiet run in, suggesting that the music has grown up imperceptibly out of silence. Then the "soul-sickness" mentioned in the program is depicted by a halting, passionate melody. A faster section begins with the idée fixe (a fixed idea, an obsession), and the music picks up energy. follows sonata form loosely. the idée fixe is the main theme, a second theme is simply a derivative of the first. strokes in this movement run counter to classical principles- for example, the arresting up-and-down chromatic scale that arrives in the development section without any connection to anything else. the recapitulation is extended in a very un classical fashion. near the end, beginning a long coda, the idee fixe returns loudly at a faster tempo, at the very end, slower music depicts the programs religious consolations "first he recalls the soul-sickness, the aimless passions, the baseless depressions and the elations that he felt before first seeing his loved one; then the volcanic love that she instantly inspired in him; his jealous furies; his return to tenderness; his religious consolations"
THIRD MOVEMENT: Scene in the Country (Adagio)
He hears two Shepards piping in dialogue. The pastoral duet, the location, the light rustling of trees stirred gently by the wind, some newly conceived grounds for hope- all this gives him a feeling of unaccustomed calm. but she appears again, what if she is deceiving him?
Who was George Ligeti? How did he notate music?
What remain are "sound complexes" that slowly change with time, blocks of sound that can be experienced better than they can be described. pitch time graph, indicated melodies by lines
What type of music was Sippie Wallace known for? What instrument does Louis Armstrong play?
blues trumpet
Who was Maurice Ravel? Where did he grow up? In what ways does his music represent modern genres?
born in south of France, later attracted to Paris. From the very start, his music was marked by refinement, hyper-elegance, and a certain crispness; musicians admire him for his superb workmanship and high style. he favored clarity, precision, and instant communication, qualities he found in earlier musical forms and styles
Who was Martha Graham? What did Aaron Copeland compose for her to dance to?
choreographed and danced to the ballet Appalachian Spring, towering figure in American modern dance
What is a symphonic poem?
composed in the 1850s by Franz Liszt one-movement orchestral composition with a program, in a free musical form
What happens to form in the Romantic period?
composers could seem particularly free and spontaneous in the area of musical form broke classical norms, wanted each work of art to express its individuality in its form as well its style even when followed forms such as sonata form or rondo, they tended to use them so loosely that it was a matter of opinion whether they were doing so at all themes and sections tend to blend into one another problem of how to create the impression of spontaneous form while at the same time giving the listener some means of following the music
What was concert life like by the 19th century? P. 219
concert hall and opera house dominated the presentation of music every town had its symphony association, organized by merchants, government officials, lawyers, and other members of the middle class. halls built to accommodate symphony concerts were expressions of civic pride even intimate, domestic musical genres, designed for the studio, were presented on the concert stage concerts of lieder and string quartets became common, though they were never as important as orchestral concerts improved transportation brought musicians on tour to such remote areas
What is Chance Music? What composer experimented with this type of composing? (Known as the "Father of Chance Music") How did he compose using this style? What happens in 4'33" ?
great variety of music in which certain elements specified by the composer in more conventional music are left to chance. John Cage The basic message that Cage conveyed is that we should open our ears to every possible kind of sound and every possible sound conjunction. In this too he was following in the footsteps of Ives sit silently on the stage for 4 min 33 seconds
FIFTH MOVEMENT: dream of a witches' sabbath (larghetto-allegro)
he finds himself at a witches sabbath. unearthly sounds, groans, shrieks of laughter, distant cries echoed by other cries. the beloved's melody is heard, but it has lost its character of nobility and timidity. it is she who comes to the sabbath! at her arrival, a roar of joy. she joins the devilish orgies. a funeral knell; burlesque of the Dies irae
Give examples of works that exemplify exoticism in music
hearing folk music of other nations at concerts and the opera French composers wrote Spanish music (Carmen) Russians wrote Italian music (Tchaikovsky's orchestra piece Capriccio Italien) Czechs wrote American music (Antonín Dvořák's famous New World Symphony, with its reference to spirituals)
Who was Franz Liszt? What instrument did he play? What country was he from? What was he known for?
learned music on Hungarian estate of Esterhazy, where Haydn once served met Beethoven at age 11 later settled in Paris, home of Chopin no one had heard such virtuosity, drew crowds and cultivated a lifestyle to match became conductor and director of theater at Weimar in Germany, where there was a court that supported the arts in the old eighteenth-century matter. there he wrote his most radical and influential music strong advocate of music of Richard Wagner had three careers: first as a fantastic piano virtuoso, left a mass of fiercely difficult piano music. second at Weimar, focused on orchestral music: program symphonies and symphonic poems. third, in his later years, Liszt turned to religion, composing sacred music as well as some experimental piano pieces.
Romanticism and Revolt
many musicians associated themselves with liberation politics, starting with Beethoven and his Bonaparte symphony Liszt: half-communistic, half-religious movement that took hold in French intellectual circles Richard Wagner: thrown out of Germany in 1849 for inflammatory speeches Giuseppe Verdi: became an acronym for the Italian liberation movement
What is minimalism? Who is a minimalist composer? What piece did he compose that exemplifies minimalism?
many repetitions of simple music fragments minimalist music features very simple melodies, motives, and harmonies repeated many, many times Steve Reich music for 18 musicians
What did Schumann compose?
miniatures for piano: Scenes from Childhood, Album for the Young, Papillons (Butterflies), and Carnaval lieder and song cycles: woman's life and love, dichterliebe Piano Fantasy (a free sonata); Piano Concerto and a concerto for cello; four symphonies An opera, Genoveva; incidental music to Byron's Manfred and Goethe's Faust; choral works
Who is Clara Wieck Schumann?
oldest child of highly ambitious music teacher by 15, widely known as prodigy married Robert Schumann, she was a much better pianist Roberts depression made pursuing her career difficult fell in love with his 22 yr old protege Johannes Brahms common nineteenth century view that women couldn't make important music after husbands death, established herself as one of Europes leading pianists became major force in late 19th century music
What instrument did she play? What did she compose?
piano, miniatures for piano: Romances and Soirées musicales (Musical Evenings); songs piano concerto and trio for piano, violin and celle piano variations on a theme by Robert Schulman Der Mond kommt still gegangen "the moon has risen softly" 1843
Shakespeare
poetry became more musical, paintings and musical works were given poetic titles, and poetry, drama, music, and stagecraft all merged in Wagner's unique and enormously influential "total artwork," or Gesamtkunstwerk. the boundless quality of music that gave it its special prestige and status. music could express inner experience more deeply than the other arts because musicians imagination was not tied down to the meaning of words or to the representation of things. this led philosophers to incorporate music at the heart of their views
What is a Spiritual? What choir made these famous performing them around the U.S.? (Their picture is in your textbook on p. 372)
religious folk music that came into being outside an established church Fisk Singers
Artistic Barriers
romantics search for higher experience and more intense expression provoked a reaction against the restraints of artistic form and genre. against the rules they cited works of Shakespeare composers worked to break down Barries or harmony and form, experimenting with chords or chord progressions that had previously been forbidden Robert Schumann went further, treating the form so freely in his piano sonatas that he finally labeled the last (and greatest) of them "Fantasy." It was a proclamation of his spontaneity on the one hand, and insurance against accusations of rule-breaking on the other.
Define a "Character Piece"?
short piano piece that portrays a particular mood this is as true of the brilliant virtuoso works as of the simple ones. Each conveys an intense, distinct emotion, often hinted at by an imaginative title supplied by the composer. can be compared to the lied, though without its poem
William Billings wrote "fuging tunes"? What are these?
simple pieces based on hymns with a little counterpoint added in sound enthusiastic, rough and gutsy
In what piece did he incorporate the childrens' song "Frere Jacques"?
slow movement of his Symphony No. 1 distorts the familiar tune by playing it in the minor mode at a slow tempo
Know About Robert Schumann
started studying piano at age 6 started career of piano virtuoso, had to give it up after injuring his fingers great flair for literature founded a magazine at 23 called Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (The New Music Journal, still being published) chumann's piano works—among his most important music—are mostly "character pieces," often with imaginative titles, are arranged in loosely organized sets, with titles such as Butterflies, Scenes from Childhood, and Carnaval. turned to larger works: concertos, symphonies, chamber music, choral music and one opera suffered from mood swings, got worse as he got older, tried to drown himself in a river and then was put in an asylum, died two years later
The Cult of Individual Feeling
striving for a better, higher, ideal state of being emotional expression became the highest artistic goal Bohemians- proclaimed romantic love, led irregular lives, and wore odd clothes jean-jacques rousseau: provided the ideal of individual, political, freedom and fulfillment
What is an overture-fantasy?
substantial pieces in one movement, with free forms adopting some features from sonata form, rondo form, and others
Music and the Supernatural
supernatural- often linked to the bizarre or macabre composers cultivated strange harmonies and sinister orchestral sounds still used today for special effects on videos and movies
Who is Felix Mendelssohn? What type of music did he compose? How was he related to Fanny Mendelssohn?
the only great composer to come from an upper class family felix (1809-1847) and his older sister fanny (1805-1847) were brought up by music and every advantage that came with a life of privilege by 15, was conducting the family orchestra in his own music went on to have stellar career not only as an enormously successful composer but also as a pianist, organist, conductor, educator, and even musicologist his conducting of Bach's St Matthew Passion was a landmark in the revival of early music always keeps a firm foundation of classical technique, unlike Schumann or Chopin most significant fields of activity was the concert overture In his lifetime he was admired even more for his oratorios St. Paul and Elijah, and for popular sets of piano miniatures he called Songs Without Words. His Violin Concerto and Italian Symphony are special favorites.
What is the principle of thematic unity?
themes from one movement may come back quite clearly in other movements (Beethovens fifth symphony, when scherzo theme returns in last movement) new versions of a single theme may be used at important points in the music, either later in the same movement or in later. the theme is much more fragmentary than a tune, and the new versions of the theme appear at irregular intervals in the midst of other, unrelated music themes that are clearly different nonetheless exhibit mysterious inner similarities, that seem to help unify the music
Define Atonal
tonality: feeling of centrality, focus or homing toward a particular pitch that we get from simple tunes. As melody grew more complex and harmony grew more dissonant, tonality grew more indistinct. Finally, some music reached a point at which no tonal center could be detected at all. This is atonal music.
In what ways did Brahms look back to classicism?
traditional genres such as string quartets and other chambers music works, symphonies and concertos found fresh life in classical forms- sonata, theme and variations, and rondo. made no special effort to pioneer new harmonies or tone colors he could not find it in himself to copy or continue the ways of the early romantics