MUSIC 2252 Midterm 2
When and where did the Beats reemerge?
1960s in Greenwich Village
a style growing from the hippie scene in the mid-60s, connected with the use of LSD or 'acid'
Acid (psychedelic) rock
the music style that featured long blues-based improvisations, surrealist lyrics, loud volumes, and lavish light-shows, intended to evoke or support a drug-induced state
Acid (psychedelic) rock
What did some view as a part of a shared struggle for black self-determination and justice?
African states winning independence from colonial rule
Soul equated with:
African-American pride, rise of the term linked with Civil Rights Movement
When did disco become publicly embraced by straight, white Americans?
After the film Saturday Night Fever
marketing term to describe American stadium acts who catered to those in their 20s & 30s, rather than teens
Album Oriented Rock (AOR)
First successful publication of the Beat era, often referred to as the "Beat Manifesto"
Allen Ginsberg's Howl
became one fo the most influential books of the 20th century American poetry
Allen Ginsberg's Howl
Young southern blues-rock band with two guitar virtuoso and a highly expressive singer in organist
Allman Brother Band
Examples of groups during electric blues revival in the later 60s
Allman Brothers, Canned Heat, and Cream
Exemplified the church gospel tradition: Father was pastor of large church Detroit
Aretha Franklin
The Queen of Soul
Aretha Franklin
How did Ray Charles find commercial success?
As a kind of crossover artist-whites were essentially unfamiliar with the black gospel style, Charles' distinctive control in his singing made him acceptable to wide audiences
The 60s counterculture largely influenced by:
Beat writers
One of the great lyricist-songwriter duos
Bernie Taupin and Elton John
Founder of Motown record company
Berry Gordy
What was Davis' pioneering fusion album?
Bitches Brew
Singing in the intense, testifying style of the Holiness and Apostolic churches, with moans, grunts, and shouts
Black Gospel Tradition
the idea that black Americans should reject dominant (white) standards of beauty and culture and embrace their own
Black Pride
British metal band that represented the darker side of heavy metal
Black Sabbath
Who helped define heavy metal topics by moving away from love, sex, and masculinity and toward heavy metal topics of evil, war, and pain?
Black Sabbath
What group allowed jazz and rock to meet?
Blood, Sweat and Tears
What was the first blues-rock album to be dominated by the guitar?
Bluesbreakers- John Mayall with Eric Clapton
House Band for Stax Records
Booker T. and the MGs
Who was the house choreographer for Motown Records?
Cholly Atkins
demonstrated how pop could be about disengagement rather than sincerity
David Bowie
glam rock pioneer
David Bowie
mastermind at locating and collaborating with other creative genuises
David Bowie
Who started glam rock?
David Bowie and the New York Dolls
What three key figures in the 1970s tried to move rock away from a metal mainstream?
David Bowie, Iggy Pop, Lou Reed
Created a level of theatricality that was new to pop; opened mainstream pop to avant-garde ideas
Davie Bowie
Personas destroying the mythical status of the pop performer, showed that onstage persona or words sung didn't necessarily reflect the performer's real identity
Davie Bowie
Where and what was the original name of Motown Record Company?
Detroit and Tamla Records
a heady conjoining of 1960s sexual liberation with 1970s hedonism
Disco
#1 pop artist of the 70s, and The Schubert of our time
Elton John
How early years of classical training, work as a jobbing rocker, journeyman songwriting and performing in a local pub
Elton John
Keyboard-playing songwriter, with a dynamic, distinctly theatrical bent; his piano sound is essential to many songs
Elton John
Went to Royal Academy of Music as a young rock lover
Elton John
Formed in 1970, the trio progressive rock group released a top-ten live album Pictures at an Exhibition
Emerson, Lake and Palmer
British blues guitar "god"
Eric Clapton
Who was like a blues spokesman?
Eric Clapton; much of his recorded output covered songwriters' works
who often venerated what they imagined to be "Eastern" or Native American aesthetics as alternatives to corporate fashion?
Hippies
Who were some of the most famous songwriting and production talents for recording artists?
Holland-Dozier-Holland, Whitfield and Strong, and Ashford and Simpson
What event in Golden Gate Park, organized by Beat poet Allen Ginsburg, among others, attracts thousands of Hippies?
Human Be-In
The definitive nexus of glam and punk rock
Iggy Pop
This groups songs were as outpourings of adolescent alienation and self-loathing, expressed with a verbal economy like haiku and beat poetry
Iggy Pop and the Stooges
Who did Berry Gordy co-write with in the late 50s?
Jackie Wilson, Marv Johnson, and Barrett Strong
Godfather of Soul
James Brown
Who was emblematic of Black Pride movement emerging in the mid to late 60s in the US?
James Brown
Conveys extreme emotionalism, gives sense of almost giving up vocal control
Janis Joplin
modeled her style after blues and R&B singers like Bessie Smith & Otis Redding, unlike more folk-influenced vocal approach of other popular white female singers
Janis Joplin
First nationally successful band from San Francisco psychedelic scene
Jefferson Airplane
helped define "acid rock" style: loud, open & improvised forms, spacey, visionary lyrics, quasi-distorted sound
Jefferson Airplane
Who changed guitar playing forever?
Jimi Hendrix
Who helps the electric guitar come of age?
Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Pete Townshend, Jimmy Page, and Jeff Beck
Who was Miles Davis inspired by?
Jimi Hendrix. Makes increasing used of electric experimentation
Members of Led Zeppelin
Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones, and John Bonham
Who inspired the Grateful Dead?
Joan Baez, Dylan, and folk revival festival scene
Acclaimed both as a performer and as a songwriter. Rooted in folk music
Joni Mitchell
Who were some of the women singer-songwriters/folk-rockers?
Joni Mitchell, Emmylou Harris, Carly Simon
laid groundwork for area rock and pop-metal that dominated rock in the late 80s
KISS
modeled on NY Dolls image, relentless commercial promotion, they surpass NY Dolls in commercial success
KISS
Who helped reintroduce an LSD infused Beat counterculture to San Francisco?
Ken Kesey and his Merry Pranksters
Very influential British hard rock band and progenitors of heavy metal
Led Zeppelin
Who used the sledgehammer style of virtuosic guitar-focused rock?
Led Zeppelin
Who was Elton John influenced by?
Little Richard and Jerry Lee Lewis
became Motown's best selling male vocalist
Marvin Gaye
The Motown Artists Development Department was run by who?
Maxine Powell
Popular jazz rock artist
Miles Davis
American record company specializing in R&B and black soul music
Motown
Resulted when one smart American entrepreneur, Berry Gordy, addressed the baby-boomer popular music market while ignoring musical "color lines"
Motown
what was happening in American R&B and black American pop music while the rest of the world was succumbing to the Beatles and the Rolling Stones
Motown
adopted an extreme trashy transvestite style, like KISS would a few years later
NY Dolls
sound was a regression to early rock n roll simplicity, based on buzzsaw guitar tone and the lead singer's hoarse vocalizing
NY Dolls
Disco began as:
NYC subculture
Popular American Musicologist and pan-Africanist who was influential for West African popular music artists
Olly Wilson
How were Black Sabbath's lyrics delivered?
Osbourne's distinctive paranoid whine
Soul singer and songwriter, important figure at Stax Records
Otis Redding
Who were the members of Black Sabbath?
Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, and Bill Ward
the idea that black Americans and Africans share aspects of the same political and cultural identity
Pan-Africanism
What was Black Sabbath's most popular and influential record?
Paranoid
Far-reaching, fluctuating British band; moved from avant-garde psychedelia to quintessential album-oriented progressive rock
Pink Floyd
Examples of progressive rock groups
Pink Floyd, Genesis, Emerson Lake & Palmer
While jazzers looked to rock for a connection to a mass public, rockers begin to take inspiration from classical, jazz, and other "art" music to expanding rock's boundaries through new techniques and add prestige to the genre
Progressive rock
What song of Jimi Hendrix's changed how others thought the electric guitar could be played?
Purple Haze
After lead singer's death, many of their songs out-survived just about any other pop rock music of the 70s
Queen
Cueing into exaggerations of vaudeville, music hall, progressive rock & heavy metal
Queen
aligned glam stage theatrics with the riffs, extreme amplification, & powerful instrumentation of heavy metal's sonic theatrics
Queen
Charles developed an eclectic style, combining:
R&B, soul, country, jazz, Tin Pan Alley, Blues
Fostered "a crossover between gospel music & rhythm patterns of blues"
Ray Charles
Innovative singer, pianist & bandleader
Ray Charles
The Genius of Soul
Ray Charles
Main names in soul music:
Ray Charles, Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Aretha Franklin, and James Brown
Who had remarkable flexibility, conveyed wide range of emotion with control of volume, timbre and dissonance?
Robert Plant
Gordy ordered a poppier re-recording of what song?
Shop Around
What was Motown's first million-selling record?
Shop Around by the Miracles
Who did James Brown's later Funk style influence in the late 60s?
Sly and the Family Stone, Temptations and Miles Davis
What were the two southern studios?
Stax and Fame
Who started experimenting with more ambitious musical forms and with the synthesizer and widened his lyrical themes to racial problems and spiritual questions?
Stevie Wonder
first signed to Motown as a child prodigy
Stevie Wonder
Icon of disco-era gaudiness and debauchery
Studio 54 in midtown Manhattan
What song mixes har rock with psychedelia and centers on a simplistic guitar riff?
Sunshine of Your Love by Cream
inspired, surreal, post-Whitemanesque babble
The Beat Writers
What made Pink Floyd popular in the US?
The Dark Side of the Moon
This song shows influences of Dylan and the Beatles and is thought by many in the soul music industry to be too pop-oriented
The Dock of the Bay
Atmospheric but austere music, despairing and defiant lyrics focusing on sex and death
The Doors
The darker side of psychedelic rock: poetics of existential angst, aligned more with the 60s counterculture's hedonism & self-indulgence than with its ideas of peace
The Doors
Band composed of Greenwich Village Beat poets, DIY, anti-commercial, garage-band aesthetics, proto-punk, but with hope for political change
The Fugs
The first local hit by Grateful Dead, classic early San Francisco psychedelia
The Golden Road
Which band exemplified the communal idea, recordings don't reflect the live experience, improvised & open-ended performances?
The Grateful Dead
Who were some of the first psychedelic bands and where did they come from?
The Grateful Dead & Jefferson Airplane from San Francisco
The people who most visibly and drastically rejected the bourgeois lifestyle promoted in the 50s
The Hippies
American glam-rock, proto-punk band; combined glam with a garage band DIY style
The New York Dolls
NY band presenting a darker side to 60s hedonism, an antithesis to Californian ethos of love & peace
The Velvet Underground
Who was managed by Andy Warhol who introduced them to singer Nico and added them to his mixed-media event?
The Velvet Underground
What band had songs about drugs, sadomasochism, and sublimation are remarkable for their subjects, but also as vibrant pieces of pop music
The Velvet Underground and Nico
What were some of the groups that introduced heavy metal?
The Who, Cream, and the Jimi Hendrix Experience
What types of songs did Aretha Franklin mostly record while at Columbia Records?
Tin Pan Alley and showtunes
One of rock's definitive improvisational cyclical feel enabled by the odd 11/8 time signature and the double drummer rhythm in the intro
Whipping Post by Allman Brother Band
A kind of 3-day musical commune; "3 Days of Peace and Music"
Woodstock
British art-rock band, commercially very successful between 1970 and 1977; known for its complicated arrangements, instrumental virtuosity & ambitious scope
Yes
What album demonstrated a typical glam rock tendency toward musical brevity and simplicity; emphasizing short, well-constructed, hook-based songs in opposition to the lengthy meanderings of progressive rock
Ziggy Stardust by David Bowie
What were the three main personas of David Bowie?
Ziggy Stardust, Aladdin Sane, The Thin White Duke
What was the "power trio"?
a format change where the rhythm guitarist is replaced by turning up the bass, close-miking the drums, and adding signal-distortion effects to the lead guitar
A label name encompasses:
a free combination of musical styles that's designed to appeal to everyone
What kind of style did Eric Clapton move toward with Cream?
a style that came to influence hard rock and progressive rock
What were some important characteristics of Black Sabbath's Paranoid album?
against war and flower power, music often slow and based on straightforward melodic blues riffs with heavy and distorted guitar sound
What was reflected in the (white) electric blues revival?
aggressive protest of the period. rejecting the airier sounds of folk rock and many Haight-Ashbury psychedelic bands in favor of heavier blues-based music
Late 60s saw the rise of progressive rock label that depended on:
album sales rather than single sales
Themes of Black Sabbath's Iron Man?
alienation, unfeeling, non-humanity. Recorded through a metal fan
What allowed a variety of sounds that earlier would have been called "noise"?
amplified electric guitar and recording studio
Blood, Sweat and Tears had elements of
big band jazz, psychedelia, jazz improvisation, but with a rock backbeat and pop/rock chord progressions and singing
In contrast to peace & love messages of psychedelic rock, Iggy Pop's lyrics are:
bleak and perverse in their challenge to the status quo, and his music raucous and amateruish
What was Led Zeppelin inspired by?
blues and British Isles folk music, traditional Arabic and Indian music
Where did Clapton's guitar style derive from?
blues phrases heard in Freddie King, Muddy Waters,
What did the Allman Brother Band's Live at Fillmore Easy album do?
breakthrough live two-album set showing their intensity, and their blending of blues roots with jazz-influenced improv. Displayed their way of opening up songs into 20 minute jams
What genre was pioneer by Bob Dylan and the Band
country rock
What were the themes of Pink Floyd?
dark, dystopian of war, madness, greed, psychological isolation
a dance style dominating popular music in the late 70s, adopting basic elements from funk and the sweet sounds popularized by Motown, with added Latin elements
disco
What were most of Led Zeppelin's songs based on?
distinctive angular riffs composed mainly by Page. often involve metrical complexities
What two things were manipulated as part of the new sound that came with guitar's evolution?
distortion and feedback
Where does basic heavy metal vocabulary come from?
electric blues, plus extended soloing from the jazz tradition
What was Led Zeppelin's base line often mirrored by?
electric guitar, sometimes distorted, playing an octave higher
After Cream, what was Clapton's guitar preference?
from a Gibson to a Fender
Disco catered mostly to
gay african americans and latinos where DJs mixed Philly sound with pounding backing beats
Gave a voice to gay identities at the same time heavy metal & hard rock were defining a new kind of musical machismo
glam rock
a rejection of hard rock's authenticity cult & machismo
glam rock
less a musical style than a highly theatrical and gender-bending mode of presentation
glam rock
Musically, these artists emphasized short, well-constructed, hook-based songs in opposition to the lengthy meanderings of progressive rock
glam rockers
Sweet soul idiom
great hooklines combined with a vibrant rhythm section, establishing a wonderful dance groove
How was heavy metal in the 1960s and 1970s made possible?
guitar innnovations
What was Joni Mitchell's style?
harmonic skill, a visual imagination, sense of place and landscape, and deep and personal lyrics that explore the self
What had distorted guitar "power chords", heavy riffs, wailing vocals and virtuosic solos by guitarists and drummers?
heavy metal
What was a powered-up and extremely loud urban blues genre?
heavy metal
a subgenre of hard rock
heavy metal
What was a sledgehammer style of virtuosic guitar-focused rock?
heavy textures and extremely loud
What were the themes of heavy metal lyrics?
hedonistic subject matter, anger/aggression channeled in a controlled manner, inversion of mainstream symbolism, fan appeal, power
In imitation of heavy metal, the 1970s Bowie counterpointed:
his vocal presence with the up-front lead guitar of Mick Ronson
Who and when was the new genre/style of heavy metal codified?
in the 1970s by Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Deep Purple
Other progressive rock groups took from classical and art music the idea of:
intense consideration of musical form and composition
When did British hard rock and Jimi Hendrix develop a more distorted guitar sound and heavier drums and bass that started separating heavy metal from other blues-based rock?
late 1960s
When did guitar's rapid evolution begin?
late 40s
When was the electric blues revival?
later 60s
What were the components of the power trio?
lead guitar, loud drums, and bass
What was Jimi Hendrix's unmistakable sound like?
loud, sustained, and full-textured
What was an important aspect of heavy metal?
loudness using Marshall amps
When did glam rock become generally indistinguishable from mainstream teenage pop?
mid 70s
What were some elements of Eric Clapton's characteristic style?
more lead melody than rhythm, technical precision, no guitar effects, distinctive "woman tone"
Gordy used the business/production model of:
musical "assembly line"
What did the British Invasion and guitar-based bands effect in the sound of rock in the late 60s to early 70s?
musicians who'd listened closely to both white and black American popular music finish the job of bringing American blues into rock and roll mainstream in the US
experimental, often thematic approaches in progressive rock enabled by:
new studio sophistication and a general shift from working-class, dancing market to a student, listening market
In the 1970s, how did groups find commercial success?
pop oriented, depoliticized jazz rock music
After WWII, jazz had moved away from:
popular styles toward a more esoteric style known as bebop, then later toward less structured avant-garde and free jazz
What were the musical characteristics of heavy metal?
power trio plus vocalist, thick sound, vocals guttural and blues based, intricate solos and riffs
What did Jimi Hendrix's stage theatrics inspire?
progressive artists fo the time included guitar-burning routines, ramming/impaling amplifiers, phallic routines with the guitar
the style that emerged with brilliant colors & hallucinogenic images was called:
psychedelic
Gordy's musical program was a response to
racist portrayals of African Americans as lazy, less intelligent, less capable than whites
Characteristics of disco music
regular bass drum accents on every beat, orchestral instruments and synthesizers, backup sings, Latin percussion, heavily processed vocals, simple lyrics
What was Miles Davis known for?
relaxed, cool playing
What marked the beginning of the Gay Pride and Gay Rights Movement?
riots against police raids at Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village
What became the most important medium for defining the new hippie aesthetic?
rock music
What were some unique qualities of David Bowie's voice?
sang from everywhere in his body, powerful vibrato-rich open-throated singing style, openly English sound without the American drawls
What were some modifications made to the guitar?
solid body and whammy bar
Reacting against rock as a countercultural form in the 1960s,
some rock groups turned jazz and classical styles to legitimize rock as a kind of serious art form
black popular music of the 60s using elements of gospel music & blues
soul
a subgenre of country rock, blues-and country- based styles, typically aggressive in sound, centered on electric guitars and vocals
southern rock
What did Aretha Franklin's vocal techniques show?
spiritual ecstasy, intensity and devotion in a secular context
What group did Eric Clapton help form?
supergroup Cream
Disco grew out of 1970s lushly orchestrated:
sweet soul music of Philadelphia international records and gay dance club subcultures in NYC
What are some characteristics of country rock?
tended toward more personal sentimentality, nostalgic depictions of simple rural life, pleasing heterogeneous mix of acoustic guitar, electric guitar and piano
Heavy metal was based on
the amplified rock "power trio"
Gaye's recordings demonstrated:
the changes in black American music from raw R&B, through sophisticated soul to the political awareness of the early 70s, and then personal and sexual politics
Soul was a secularization of:
the style fo the sung sermon
In 1971, Pink Floyd's bassist suggested an album that dealt with:
things that "make people mad", thematizing the pressures faced by the band and mental problems suffered by former band member Syd Barrett
Gordy himself trained all early Motown songwriters and producer to:
try and reach black and white audiences
Some characteristics of progressive rock bands:
usually shunned the three minute pop single format, cultivated art music connections, integrated free jazz techniques, and displayed showy, quasi-mystical qualities in lyrics
Early 1970s Pink Floyd had a lot of:
very polished concept albums
Motown modeled Spector's
wall of sound
Woodstock came to symbolize:
what was right and good about the hippie movement
What was southern rock in cultural terms?
white musicians reclaiming electric blues, and a reconciliation of southern regional pride with progressive racial views
In the late 1960s and early 70s bring a new wave of what?
women singer songwriters who bring a fresh, confessional sensibility to rock and pop
What were some of Hendrix's guitar innovations?
wrist vibrato, playing with teeth, nonstandard tunings, virtuoso volume and tone control effects, pitch bends, huge range of feedback techniques