Music Appreciation Final Exam

Symphonie Fantastique Part 2: _______________________ encounters loved one at a dance Loved one again represented by idee fixe

A ball

_____________ of La Boheme Rodolfo and Marcello are roomates and struggling artists Rodolfo and Mimi fall in love

Act 1

_________________ Of La Boheme Holiday street crowd near a cafe Musetta sends her rich protector away, then falls into Marcello's arms

Act 2

___________________ of La Boheme Mimi leaves Rodolfo; they reunite Rodolfo is concerned for Mimi's health

Act 3

__________________ of La Boheme Rodolfo and Marcello host a dinner Musetta interrupts party with news that Mimi has collapsed Everyone pawns goods for Mimi's medical care Mimi dies in Rodolfo's arms

Act 4

__________________________ Austrian composer and organist Used classical forms within expanded framework Simple, religious man with catholic beliefs Important church composer of late 19th century; composed three masses Nine symphonies designed in classical tradition; exceptional length and weighty orchestration mark them as romantic He idolized Richard Wagner Influenced later composers in Vienna, Particularly Mahler and Schoenberg

Anton Bruckner

_______________________ (1841-1904) Born in small Bohemian village near Prague Moved to Prague at age 16 to study music of the German classical tradition 1873: Public success with performance of Hymnus, a patriotic choral work 1877: Brahms persuaded a German music publisher to print his Moravian Duets and Slavonic Dances 1880s: Toured Europe, conducting his own works Professor of composition at Prague Conservatory 1892-1895: Artistic director of the National Conservatory in New York Introduced to African American spirituals, Native American melodies Urged American students to draw on those musical resources 1901: Appointed director of the Prague Conservatory 1904: Died at age 62

Antonin Dvorak

___________________ (1824-1884) regarded as founder of the Czech national school Merged Bohemian folk music with European music gifted pianist Progressive musical ideas and a spirit of nationalism Dreamed of Bohemia free from Austrian rule Produced ten operas, eight on patriotic themes Revolution of 1848 was a failure; long period of repression followed 1856: Traveled to Sweden; worked as teacher and conductor; returned six years later 1874: Suddenly became deaf Best known for symphonic poem cycle, Ma Vlast (My Country, 1879) "Vltava" ("The Moldau") from Ma Vlast celebrates Bohemian history and nature Continued to compose to the end of his life Died at age 60 Romantic program music composers influenced modern film composers

Bedrich Smetana

___________________ two most prominent romantic-era pianists and composers Chopin was born in Warsaw, Poland, 1810 Liszt was born in Hungary, 1811 Their personalities were polar opposites Liszt loved playing for large audiences Dramatized his playing: turned piano sideways so his hands could be seen memorized his music Chopin didn't like performing for large audiences; preferred intimacy of salon

Chopin and Liszt

______________________ German 1819-1896 Prominent as concert pianist, also composer One of the first women concert artists to tour internationally Composed lieder, piano music, and chamber music relationship with Robert began when he was a piano student of her father She became interpreter of Robert's music Relationship evolved into love and marriage, over the objections of her father She continued her performance career after Robert's death and died at age 76

Clara Schumann

________________________ Before nineteenth century, overtures introduced longer musical works In the romantic era, became a single-movement, self-contained concert piece Purposes of overtures: Festive Occasions: Beethoven's "Consecrations of the House" Evoke aspect of nature: Mendelssohn's "Hebrides Overture" Express mood or human condition: Brahm's "Tragic Overture"

Concert overtures

Symphonie Fantastique Part 5:__________________________- sees himself at sabbath amid ghosts, sorcerers, monsters for his funeral beloved appears again, but idee fixe has changed bells toll and medieval chant is played, "dies irae"

Dream of a Witches' Sabbath

________________________________________ ( A German Requiem), Op.45; Fourth movement, Johannes Brahms Massig Bewegt (somewhat agitated) Homophonic and polyphonic texture ABA'CA' (rondo-like) Text from Psalm 84

EIN DEUTSCHES REQUIEM

__________________ ("King Of The Elves") by Franz Schubert lied solo voice and piano fast tempo through-composed lied based on a dramatic poem by Goethe legend that anyone touched by the Elf King dies Father and son are traveling on horseback son sees the Elf King and is scared, asks father for help father dismisses son's fear and repeated pleas at the end of journey (and lied), son is dead in father's arms pitch range, dynamics, and style varied for dramatic effect piano introduction sets the mood with pounding of horse's hooves Soloist performs four roles narrator, medium range, steady father, low range son, high range, loud, terrified Elf King, high range, soft, gentle

ERLKONIG

________________________________ Opera was focus of 19th century Italian music Opera buffa and opera seria continued Influenced by French grand opera Emphasis on aria development Emergence of bel canto style: beautiful, pure tone and vocal agility Composers: Gioacchino Rossini 1816: Il Barbiere Siviglia (The Barber of Seville) 1817: La Cenerentola (Cinderella) Gaetano Donizeth 1832: The Elixir of Love Vincenzo Bellini 1831: Norma

Early Italian Opera

_______________________________ Symphonies of Franz Schubert had romantic, lyrical melodies but classical forms Schubert composed nine symphonies He never extended Symphony no. 8. the "Unfinished" (1822), beyond two movements; most popular today Not performed until 1865, forty-three years after Schubert's death

Early Romantic Era

Romantic Symphony Composers Almost all romantic-era composers were influenced by Beethoven's symphonic innovations and include _________________________________.

Early and Late Romantic Era

___________________ is from Norway

Edvard Grieg

Brahms, __________________________( A German Requiem) Composed over 11 year span One of Brahm's earliest works Seven movements Chorus and orchestra present in all movements Minimal soprano and baritone solo parts Uses German texts from Lutheran Bible rather than traditional liturgical, Latin text Traditional text focuses on souls of the dead: Give them eternal rest, O lord! Brahms' text focuses on consolation of the living: Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted

Ein Deutsches Requiem

___________________________ Musical life not so public as brother Felix's General feeling of the time was that woman of high and economic status should not write music for sale or perform for the general public 1829: Married Wilhelm Hensel, a liberal-minded court painter Wilhelm encouraged her to play piano, write music, and perform After her father's death, published some of her work 1838: Performed Felix's Piano Concerto no. 1 Continued family tradition of planning and playing in concerts in Mendelssohn home Performed in public occasionally as pianist and directed local choral group Known for lieder compositions and choral works in Gartenlieder Composed solo piano music, chamber works, a cantata, and an oratorio Died in 1847 of a stroke at age 41

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

________________________ Born in Hamburg, Germany to wealthy Jewish family Grandfather Moses Mendelssohn was a philosopher He and his brother and sisters were brought up as Christians Mother taught him and his sister Fanny piano Family moved to Berlin in 1812; he studied music with Carl Zelter Mother organized chamber music concerts at home His and Fanny's compositions performed at home Debuted as concert Pianist at age 9 By 1821, he had composed trios, quartets, sonatas, and operettas Mastered violin and viola by teens He returned to Berlin in 1833 Was turned down for permanent position as town musical director and conductor at Dusseldorf 1835: Accepted offer to become conductor of Gewandhaus Orchestra in Leipzig Hired Clara Schumann to play more than twenty concerts with Gewandhaus Orchestra 1837: Married Cecile Jeanrenaud, daughter of French Protestant clergyman 1841: Moved to Berlin and took charge of the Academy of Arts 1843: Opened Leipzig conservatory with Robert and Clara Schumann on faculty Health began to deteriorate; sudden death of sister Fanny was a major shock Died in Leipzig of a stroke at age 38 Prolific composer known for: Violin Concerto in E minor Incidental music for a Midsummer Night's Dream Symphony no. 3 ("Italian") and Symphony no. 4 ("Scottish") Oratorios St. Paul and Elijah Wide-scale revival of Bach's music

Felix Mendelssohn

______________ (1811-1886) 1811: born in Hungary 1827: Moved to Paris 1830s: Liaision with Marie d' Agoult (Daniel Stern): 3 children, daughter Cosima married composer Richard Wagner 1848: Moved to Germany, assumed position of music director at court in Weimar 1861: Moved to Rome to pursue religious training, given honorary title of abbe; composed religious works died in 1886 at age 74

Franz Liszt

______________________ developed symphonic poem, or tone poem Ignored tradition of organizing symphonies in movements avoided sonata form in first movements unified works with single theme or melody Les PreLudes (1853), a single movement work based on poem Composed twelve symphonic poems

Franz Liszt

Other program music composers are __________________________.

Franz Liszt and Richard Strauss

__________________(1797-1828) born and lived in Vienna area unsystematic musical training -violin lessons from father -piano lessons from older brother -imperial court chapel choir member -school orchestra violinist, conductor composed first symphony in 1813 trained to be a primary school teacher and taught briefly at father's school left teaching to make a living composing and taking music students adult life marked by ill health and poverty, including a serious illness in 1822 requiring a hospital stay Died in 1828 and was buried near beethoven as he wished

Franz Schubert

__________________(1810-1849) 1810: Born in Poland Father French, mother Polish He gave a Public concert at age 7 By age 15, he had published compositions Performance in Paris in 1831 was so well received that he remained there Relationship with author George Sand (Aurore Dudevant) helped introduce him to the intellectual elite of Paris Developed tuberculosis; died in 1849

Frederic Chopin

Dvorak, Symphony no. 9, _____________________ Composed in 1893 while he was in the United States Elements of African American and Native American music evident in this work Syncopated rhythms imply Czech and American folk music Symphony no. 9 is cyclical (unified work with recurring themes) Similar to recurring rhythmic motive in Beethoven's Fifth Symphony

From The New World

_____________________________, Symphony no.9 In E Minor, Fourth Movement By Dvorak Symphony Allegro con fuoco (fast, with fire) Sonata form Quadruple meter Symphony orchestra Notice the triplets (three notes per beat) in the bridge at the end of Theme 1 from the exposition

From The New World

__________________________________(1858-1924) Born and lived in Italy, died in Belgium Descended from five generations of musicians Began with organ compositions Studied at Milan Conservatory Interested in realism (verismo) and exotic settings Composed rich melodies Died at age 65

Giacomo Puccini

_________________(1813-1901) Born to a poor family Lived in Italy Early training with local church organist Town sent him to Milan Conservatory, but he was rejected; studied privately instead Involved in politics throughout his life Died at age 87

Giuseppe Verdi

______________________ crowd scenes, ballets, large choruses, elaborate scenery Giacomo Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots

Grand Opera

French Opera Styles are ______________________________________.

Grand Opera, Opera Comique, Lyric Opera, and Naturalism

_________________________ Austrian conductor and composer Nine symphonies follow classical outline First symphony charted experiences of human soul Died at age 50; tenth symphony unfinished Remembered for song cycle "Kindertotenlieder" ("Songs on the Death of Children"), 1902 Themes from his vocal songs are often echoed in his symphonic works

Gustav Mahler

______________(1803-1869) 1803, born; grew up in small French town -father sent him to medical school in Paris -quit medicine to become a composer 1830, won the Prix de Rome, composition prize offered at the Paris Conservatory -wrote Symphonie fantastique for Harriet Smithson 1832, Symphonie fantastique performed in Paris with Smithson in audience 1833, Married Smithson but marriage did not last Meanwhile, he had difficulty getting works performed: -wrote musical criticism to support family -wrote autobiography -conducted works throughout Europe -Overlooked for various honors and conducting posts - recognized as gifted orchestrator 1843, Wrote Treatise on Instrumentation and Orchestration 1852, Became librarian of Paris Conservatory 1868, died at age 65

Hector Berlioz

__________________ is from Finland

Jean Sibelius

_______________________(1833-1897) Born in Germany; lived in Vienna Father was his first music teacher Played piano in taverns as teenager Toured Europe as an accompanist Met Liszt and Schumann Schumann wrote article to help Brahm's career Organized and conducted choirs Well known and well liked Fame grew after death

Johannes Brahms

______________________________________ ("IF YOU LOVE FOR BEAUTY"S SAKE") by Clara Schumann solo voice with piano accompaniment primarily strophic form composed for Robert's 31st birthday

LEIBST DU UM SCHONHEIT

Puccini's __________________ Setting: Artists' district in Paris, Christmas Eve Primary characters Rodolfo, poet Marcello, painter Mimi, neighbor, suffering from tuberculosis Musetta, Marcello's former girlfriend Plot: 4 Acts

La Boheme

________________ Piano Music 3 sonatas Fantasy in C Minor Concerto in A Minor Symphonic e'tudes (study pieces)

Large Works

Brahms' ____________________________________ include Cantata: Rinaldo Chorus and Orchestra: "Schicksalslied" ("Song of Destiny") "Trumphlied" ("Song of triumph") Requiem: Ein Deutches Requiem ( A german requiem)

Large scale choral works

___________________ Late 19th century realism movement in Italian literature penetrated opera Movement called verismo (realism) Bizet's Carmen was model Composers: Ruggiero Leoncavallo 1892: I Pagliacci Pietro Mascagni 1890: Cavalleria Rusticana Giacomo Puccini 1904: Madame Butterfly

Later Italian Opera

___________________________________ Johannes Brahms was admired by contemporaries, but disagreed with romantic notion that music should be united with other arts Brahms looked to Beethoven and the classical era. finding new ideas to express in traditional forms Brahms's four symphonies rank with Beethoven's as masterworks of the symphonic repertoire

Later Romantic Era

_________________________ Developed from serious opera comique plots Compromise of grand opera spectacle and opera comique lightness Based on romantic drama or fantasy Gounod, Faust

Lyric Opera

___________________ is from Spain

Manuel de Falla

Symphonie Fantastique Part 4:_______________________ dreams he has killed his beloved condemned to death and led to scaffold idee fixe appears again like a last thought of love

March to the Scaffold

Examples of Religious text settings are _____________________.

Mass, Te Deum, Stabat Mater texts and Verdi, Requiem

Examples of oratorio are _________________________.

Mendelssohn, Elijah and Liszt, Legend of St. Elizabeth

___________________ Marriage of Figaro Aristocrats and servants Structured arias depict plot and characters

Mozart

Chopin's _______________ known for solo piano music used rhythms from Polish dances: mazurka, polonaise composed etudes (study pieces) Two piano concertos A few chamber works for piano and other instruments Some songs based on Polish poems with piano accompaniment

Music

Dvorak's ____________ versatile composer Concertos for violin, cello, and piano 14 string quartets 4 oratorios 5 symphonic poems 4 piano trios and 2 quintets 11 operas and 9 symphonies Many other works

Music

Liszt's ____________ piano music includes brilliant showpieces requiring extreme virtuosity -Transcendental Etudes -Hungarian Rhapsodies -Liebestraum (Loves Dream) works for piano and orchestra -Hungarian Fantasia -Totentanz (Dance of Death) developed new genre called symphonic poem, or tone poem -single movement work that tells a story Best known is Les PreLudes

Music

Schubert's __________ Prolific, composed about one thousand works between 1811 and 1828 Nine symphonies fifty chamber works and piano sonatas several short piano pieces operas and operettas six masses and other religious works approximately 100 choral works best remembered for 600+ lieder two song cycles (sets of related lieder)

Music

________________, OP. 9, NO. 2 By Frederic Chopin Composed in 1830-1831 Solo piano music Andante tempo Three themes that are repeated and embellished this is a "night piece" and is gentle and reflective

NOCTURNE

______________________ is a musical expression intended to emphasize character and interests of a nation strongly evident in the romantic era Expressions could be historical, patriotic, or might use folk music.

Nationalism

___________________ Operas based on realistic, often poor characters Bizet, Carmen (opera comique with naturalistic plot)

Naturalism

_________________________________ ("Oh, Earth, Goodbye") from Verdi's Aida opera aria, duet, trio, and chorus Three soloists, chorus, and orchestra Aida, Radames, and Amneris as soloists The chorus represents priests and priestesses

O Terra, Addio

________________________ Some spoken dialogue rather than recitative Simpler plot and music than grand opera Some serious plots Bizet, Carmen

Opera comique

Verdi's __________________ 1839: Oberto, first opera at age 26 -instant success 1842: Nabucco -brought international fame -based on book of Daniel; story of exiled jews in Babylon -parallel with desire for freedom from Austrian rule 1851-1853: Rigoletto, Il Travatore, La Traviata -culmination of first creative period 1859-1871: un Ballo in Maschera, Don Carlos, Aida -height of second creative period 1872-1887: composed none 1887 and 1893: Otello and Falstaff -operas based on Shakespeare

Operas

Choral Genres are ____________________________.

Oratorio, Choruses in programmatic symphonic works, and religious text settings

Berlioz ______________________________ Romeo and Juliette (dramatic symphony) (1839) King Lear Overture (1831) Waverly Overture (ca. 1827) Rob Roy Overture (1831) Harold en Italie (1834)

Other program music

______________________ is from Italy

Ottorino Respighi

____________________ Born in Votkinsk, Russia Early musical training from French governess Moved to St. Petersburg, age 10 Became a government clerk Accepted into St. Petersburg conservatory and studied composition under Anton Rubenstein Graduated in 1865 Won a gold medal for cantata based on Schiller's Hymn to Joy Became harmony professor at Moscow Conservatory Made frequent trips abroad First Russian composer to gain international reputation Blended western European and Russian music Romeo and Juliet: One of the most popular concert overtures He acquired benefactress, Nadezhda von Meck, who commissioned several works at large fees and paid him a fixed annuity He focused on composition 13 year relationship was carried on entirely by letters He married Antonina Milyukova, who threatened suicide if he did not marry her Marriage failed in part because of his homosexuality, he attemped suicide After legal separation, he embarked on a trip to Italy, Paris, and Vienna Tendency toward depression, but remained productive 1880s: Height of career; symphonies and ballets performed across Europe Von Meck withdrew support, for reasons unknown He now could afford financial loss and continued work Early 1890s: concert tours in America, Poland, and Germany Died at age 53, nine days after conducting premiere of sixth symphony

Peter Illyich Tchaikovsky

Robert Schumann's __________________ character pieces (short) one mood, emotion, or idea romantic titles "Butterflies", "Carnaval"

Piano Music

Verdi Aida _____________ Aida and Amonasro are held by Egyptians, but no one knows their royal status Aida is slave of Amneris; Aida and Radames fall in love Pharaoh announces that Amneris and Radames are to wed Amonasro convinces Aida to obtain military secret from Radames Amneris accuses Radames of treason; Pharaoh sentences him to death Aida hides in the tomb where Radames will be buried alive and dies with him

Plot

________________ La Boheme Starving artists and death from tuberculosis Impact of verismo evident with realistic plot

Puccini

________________________ Operas First opera, Le Villi, successful Third opera, Manon Lescaut, immense triumph Fourth opera, La Boheme, brought worldwide fame Favorite opera, Madame Butterfly (1904), public failure initially but popular today La Fanciulla del West (The Girl of the Golden West) produced in New York, 1910 Final opera, Turandot, incomplete at death

Puccini's

______________ is from England.

Ralph Vaughn Williams and Edward Elgar

Symphonie Fantastique Part 1 :_____________________ recalls soul sickness, passion, depression before meeting beloved idee fixe represents first meeting Movement ends with tenderness and religious consolation

Reveries, Passion

_______________________- most of his tone poems written in nineteenth century Also sprach Zarathustra: philosophic program Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche (Till Eulenspiegels Merry Pranks): comic program Don Quixote: comic program

Richard Strauss

_________________ German, 1810-1856 Prominent as composer, also pianist best known for lieder and song cycles composed orchestral works, string quartets, and solo piano pieces He helped Clara with orchestration of her piano concerto both musicians professionally active with large family (8 children) He suffered from depression; attempted suicide, was placed in an asylum, and died at age 46.

Robert Schumann

Other Romantic Piano Music is __________________________.

Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann, and Large works

__________________________________ steady growth of virtuoso technique, especially on piano and violin Concerto for solo instrument and orchestra lent itself to displays of technical skill Johannes Brahms Felix Mendelssohn Niccolo Paganni Robert Schumann Peter Illyich Tchaikovsky

Romantic Concerto Composers

_____________________________ Diversity of compositions A cappella works for small groups Works for chorus and full orchestras Choral festivals popular Virtually all major composers contributed to choral literature Compositions for large choirs were typical Berlioz's Te Deum: Two choirs of 100 singers each Berlioz's Requiem: 210 singers

Romantic choral tradition

____________________________________ Overture Composed in 1870, revised in 1881 Based on Shakespeare's play Represents essence of play; not intended to be performed with play Combines program music with sonata form Audience should know the play to appreciate the music Characters represented in Overture: Romeo Montague Juliet Capulet Friar Laurence Program Elements: foreboding music at beginning sets tragic mood Love theme is beautiful and gentle Feud theme sounds like a street fight Feud and love themes compete in coda Funeral march near the end

Romeo and Juliet

___________________________________________________________ By Tchaikovsky concert overture slow introduction, then faster with some vibration Sonata form with introduction Quadruple meter Symphony Orchestra

Romeo and Juliet Overture

Symphonie Fantastique Part 3: _______________ hears two shepherds piping melodies to each other across field loved one appears again (idee fixe); he fears she might be deceiving him

Scene in the Country

Examples of choruses in programmatic symphonic works are _________________________.

Schumann, Scenes from Faust and Berlioz, Romeo and Juliet

Verdi's Aida _______________: Ancient Egypt, war against Ethiopia Primary characters Aida: Ethiopian princess Amonasro: Ethiopian King Pharaoh: Egyptian ruler Radames: Egyptian military captain Amneris: Egyptian princess

Setting

___________________________ ("YES, THEY CALL ME MIMI") From Pucinni's La Boheme Aria Soprano soloist (Mimi) and Orchestra Rubato to fit music to the text Mimi describes herself to Rodolfo. Mimi's text depicts her as innocent and fragile as she describes her love of springtime

Si, MI Chiamano Mimi

Brahms' symphonies are regarded as second only to Beethoven's and include ____________________________

Small scale and large scale choral works

Berlioz's ________________________________________ Program symphony in five movements Based on personal experience of meeting and falling in love with Harriet Smithson Young musician poisons himself with opium in lovesick despair Narcotic too weak to kill him; he plunges into deep slumber with strange visions Sensations, emotions, and memories are transformed into musical thoughts and images Loved one becomes a melody, an idee fixe (fixed idea) The idee fixe occurs in each movement, like the motive that unifies Beethoven's Fifth Symphony Berlioz changes the idee fixe in each movement a technique known as thematic transformation Berlioz wrote for a larger orchestra than normal to portray multiple images and emotions

Symphonie Fantastique

______________________________, fifth movement, " DREAM OF A WITCHES' SABBATH" By Hector Berlioz Program Symphony Larghetto-allegro No major sections repeat Symphony orchestra sextuple meter the artist and his love are dead in this movement

Symphonie Fantastique

____________________________, Third movement by Mahler Symphony composed in 1888 Solemn tempo, measured, not hurried Sectional form, first theme returns near the end Quadruple meter Symphony orchestra

Symphony no. 1 In D Minor

__________________________, Fourth Movement By Brahms Symphony Allegro energico e passionate ABA'- Coda, based on a chaconne Triple meter Symphony orchestra Listen to the opening chaconne theme and the first three variations

Symphony no. 4

____________________ by 1800, both high and low notes added; 88 keys. as in today's pianos felt hammers replaced leather ones; provided greater depth of tone cast iron frames developed; helped increase volume standard size took up too much room in parlor of middle class home upright pianos developed around 1840 increased demand for pianos and piano music

The 19th Century piano

Russia and "________________" Peter the Great (1672-1725) forced Western ideas on Russians During early 1800s, demand for "Russian" music to be played in Russia Mikhail Ginka composed the opera A Life for the Tsar(1836) using Russian folk music During late 1800s, group of five Russian composers felt that Western musical influences should be abandoned. Three of "_______" are considered significant: Alexander Borodin (1833-1887) Opera: Prince Igor Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) Tone poem: Scheherazade Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881) Solo piano work: Pictures at an exhibition; Opera: Boris Godunov

The Five

"____________________" by Smetana Symphonic poem allegro commodo non agitato Through-composed (one returning theme for the river) Duple meter; sextuple for river Symphony orchestra

The Moldau

______________________________ Some romantic composers expanded on classical era traditions Other romantic composers abandoned classical traditions Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique broke classical traditions

The Romantic Symphony

__________________ is informal concerts in homes where piano was now a common instrument, Industrial Revolution created large Middle class, family members and children performed, some upper class families hired musicians, often followed by desserts, coffee and tea, and conversation, included solo piano works and art songs, and is an example of a romantic song

The Salon

Beethoven's ______________________ Musical setting of a poem for solo voice and accompaniment In Germany and Austria became known by German word for songs lied (lieder) Strophic form: all strophes(verses) sung to same music Through composed form: each verse sung to new music Modified strophic form: varies repeated melodies with new melodies for verses.

Three Style Periods

_________________ Etude NO.10 In F Minor By Franz Liszt composed in 1851; solo piano music Allegro agitato molto (fast and very agitated) Three themes; duple meter Liszt dedicated this piece to his teacher, Carl Czerny. It has extreme ranges and dynamics, and is difficult to play.

Transcendental

_______________ operas -Italian -real-life characters - melody depicts story -singing dominate

Verdi's

___________________ Plot used for 1998 musical of Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice Aida the musical begins and ends in a museum, with most of the action in Ancient Egypt

Verdi's Aida

Mendelssohn's _____________________________ (op.64) Mendelssohn composed this concerto for his friend Ferdinand David Appointed David as concertmaster of Gwendhaus Orchestra in 1836 Began concerto in 1838, finished in 1844 First performance was a success; still popular today Retains fast-slow-fast movement structure of classical concerto solo bassoon holds note between first and second movement to connect them Soloist introduces theme instead of orchestra Mendelssohn wrote out the cadenza

Violin Concerto in E Minor

____________________________________________ First Movement, by Felix Mendelssohn Concerto Allegro molto appassionato (fast and quite passionate) Double-exposition sonata form Duple meter Solo violin and small orchestra

Violin Concerto in E Minor OP.64

________________("DEDICATION") by Robert Schumann solo voice with piano accompaniment ternary form composed as a love song for his new wife, Clara at the end of the song, Schumann quotes the melody to "Ave Maria" ("Hail Mary") as an expression of his devotion.

WIDMUNG

_________________ operas -German -Mythological Characters -Orchestration depicts story -Orchestra sometimes overshadows singers

Wagner's

Clara Schumann's _______________ multimovement sonatas chamber works with piano songs for voice and piano focused on performance

piano music

_________________ depicts or portrays nonmusical ideas: incidents, images, objects, nature. Romantic composers planned the music around the program story may be told through concert program or recording insert Hector Berlioz: early romantic program music composer

program music

Brahms' _____________________________ include a capella: motets canons part songs psalm settings with instrumental accompaniment: Liebeslieder Waltzer (Lovesong Waltzes), for vocal quartet or SATB chorus and piano

small scale choral works