Music Appreciation - Middle Ages and Renaissance (Test 1)
Trombone
"sackbutt"; cylindrical bore and slide changes pitch
Liber Usualis
"usual book"; book of all known chants; can be found and downloaded from the internet
Josquin Desprez
(1440-1521); Renaissance master - internationally known; wrote masses, motets, and secular pieces
Council of Trent
(1545-1563); response to Martin Luther's reformation actions; RCC wanted to return to the spiritual development of its members by purging abuses and laxaties in the church
Who was Pope Gregory the Great?
(590-640); he organized all of the chants into books; he didn't actually introduce or create the chants
Mezzo Soprano
1/2 soprano and 1/2 alto
Baritone
1/2 tenor and 1/2 bass
Viola
1/3 larger than violin; alto clef
Palestrina repertoire
105 masses; 300 motets; 140 madrigals
Renaissance Period
1450-1600; Golden Age of A'Cappella
Stradivarius
1600s-1700s; Antonio Stradivarius
Teleharmonium
1905; Thaddeus Cahill; 200 tons; played music over phone lines
RCA Mark II
1957; able to program and record; used code and punching cards; composer - Milton Babbitt
Middle Ages
400 - 1450; early years known as "Dark Ages"
When were bells and organs introduced to medieval music?
After 1000
Theremin
Big Bang Theory
Gloria
Glory to God in the highest...
Who made pop culture music more prevalent?
Guillaume de Machaut - "Le Livre Dou Voir Dit"
The first known woman composer with a large repertoire was
Hildegard von Bingen (born 1098).
Sancrus
Holy, holy, holy
Credo
I believe in one God...
Who wrote 'Ave Maria'?
Josquin Desprez; motet
The first known composer of chants was
Kassia of Constantinople.
Ordinary
Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sancrus, Agnus Dei
Agnus Dei
Lamb of God who takes away sins
Chant is always in
Latin.
Hammond B-3 Organ
Lauren Hammond; 1936; Leslie speaker rotates as played
The first composers known by name are
Leonin and Perotin (cathedral of Notre Dame; used triple meter).
Kyrie
Lord have mercy
Neums
Middle Age noteheads
Why was medieval music mostly vocal?
Music was mostly controlled by the church at this time and instruments had been associated with Greek and Roman gods.
Social Classes of Middle Ages
Nobility, peasants, and clergy
What is a polyphonic sacred work that is not a mass?
a motet
Organum
a plainchant melody with at least one added voice to enhance the harmony, developed in the Middle Ages
Palestrina
appointed choir director of Sistine Chapel; relieved of duty because of marriage; reinstated at St. Peter's Cathedral; polyphonic texts in native tongue; music is conservative and reflects Council of Trent
Tremolo
bow back and forth quickly
Castrato
castrated boys; Baroque; Farinelli
What is "genre"?
categories of repertoire in music
Who employed musicians during the Renaissance Period?
church, aristocracy, and wealthy merchants
Ionisation
composition by Edgar Varies; premiered in Carnegie in 1933
French Horn
conical bore and rotary valves
Tuba
conical bore; sometimes rotary valves and sometimes piston valves
What are some functions of music in society?
continuity and stability, entertainment, emotional expression, aesthetic enjoyment, communication, symbolic representation, physical response, enforcing conformity, validation of social institutions, integration of society
Parallel organum
copy notes of chant directly
Florid/Notre Dame organum
crazy part and a whole note part (tenoring)
Trumpets
cylindrical bore and piston valves
What is a cadence?
ending of a musical phrase
Guillaume de Machaut
first polyphonic Mass Ordinary; four parts - no chant; possibly composed for King Charles V coronation
Nematic Chant
generally 2-4 notes per syllable
Middle Age polyphony contained
harmonies on a fourth or fifth.
Coloratura
high soprano; elaborate ornamentations and runs; usually sings above high C
Soprano
highest female voice
Tenor
highest male voice
Counter Tenor
highest male voice; replaced castratos; different timbre than tenors
Violin
highest string; bow
Melismatic Chant
long groups of notes for one syllable
Contralto
lowest female in opera; runs and voice flexibility; F below middle C and top of staff
Alto
lowest female voice
Bass
lowest male voice
Bassoon
lowest woodwind; double reed; conical bore
Estampie
medieval instrumental dance; single melodic line without instrument specifications; also during Renaissance period
What is a homophonic texture?
melody and an accompaniment
Vibraphone
metal marimba
Middle Age music was based upon
modes (Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian).
Characteristics of Renaissance Music
multiple harmonies that make sense; mutliple notes in one syllable prominent then fades; beat still flowing; more parts were written
What did the Council of Trent decide?
music had been corrupted by secular singers; certain instruments were objectionable; secular melodies were bad; irreverent attitude of the church musicians; Latin texts were not understandable
Every educated man was trained in
music.
Word Painting
musical representation of poetic images
Characteristics of Gregorian Chant
no beat; runs (many notes on one syllable); not many pauses; always in Latin; no instruments (maybe a drone); no harmony; monophonic
Piccolo/Small Flute
no reed; "small flute"; early were wood
Double Bass
no standard size; deepest string instruments
Saxophone
not heard in orchestra (except in Ravel's "Bolero"); single reed
Drone
one drawn out note underneath the chant
Syllabic Chant
one note per syllable
Timpani
only pitched drum; originally small - now large
Contrary organum
opposite direction
Mass
ordinary and proper
Cello
originally 'violincello'
What are the properties of sound?
pitch, volume, timbre, duration
Pizzicuto
plucking strings
Popular texture during the Renaissance
polyphonic
Motets
polyphonic sacred work set to sacred Latin text other than the Ordinary
In the later Middle Ages
polyphony appeared.
Serpent
precursor to tuba; invented by Guillaume in 1590
What are the elements of music?
rhythm, melody, harmony, timbre, form, orchestration
Oblique organum
same note
Oboe
shawm or haubois; double reed; 45 keys and African blackwood; conical bore
Clarinet
single reed; cylindrical bore
Proper
texts and readings based off of church calendars
Palestrina's most famous work is
the Pope Marcellus Mass.
The most educated class of the Middle Ages was
the clergy.
The only place were woman were taught music was
the nunnery.
Who wrote Middle Age music?
the priests and the nuns; mostly anonymous
The most important pitch in music is the
tonic.
Organum Duplum
two independent melodies (900-1200)
Music is a
unique human behavior.
Middle age pop culture music?
very little before the 1700s; music was mostly aristocratic.
Marimba
xylophone