Music Appreciation - Middle Ages and Renaissance (Test 1)

Trombone

"sackbutt"; cylindrical bore and slide changes pitch

Liber Usualis

"usual book"; book of all known chants; can be found and downloaded from the internet

Josquin Desprez

(1440-1521); Renaissance master - internationally known; wrote masses, motets, and secular pieces

Council of Trent

(1545-1563); response to Martin Luther's reformation actions; RCC wanted to return to the spiritual development of its members by purging abuses and laxaties in the church

Who was Pope Gregory the Great?

(590-640); he organized all of the chants into books; he didn't actually introduce or create the chants

Mezzo Soprano

1/2 soprano and 1/2 alto

Baritone

1/2 tenor and 1/2 bass

Viola

1/3 larger than violin; alto clef

Palestrina repertoire

105 masses; 300 motets; 140 madrigals

Renaissance Period

1450-1600; Golden Age of A'Cappella

Stradivarius

1600s-1700s; Antonio Stradivarius

Teleharmonium

1905; Thaddeus Cahill; 200 tons; played music over phone lines

RCA Mark II

1957; able to program and record; used code and punching cards; composer - Milton Babbitt

Middle Ages

400 - 1450; early years known as "Dark Ages"

When were bells and organs introduced to medieval music?

After 1000

Theremin

Big Bang Theory

Gloria

Glory to God in the highest...

Who made pop culture music more prevalent?

Guillaume de Machaut - "Le Livre Dou Voir Dit"

The first known woman composer with a large repertoire was

Hildegard von Bingen (born 1098).

Sancrus

Holy, holy, holy

Credo

I believe in one God...

Who wrote 'Ave Maria'?

Josquin Desprez; motet

The first known composer of chants was

Kassia of Constantinople.

Ordinary

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sancrus, Agnus Dei

Agnus Dei

Lamb of God who takes away sins

Chant is always in

Latin.

Hammond B-3 Organ

Lauren Hammond; 1936; Leslie speaker rotates as played

The first composers known by name are

Leonin and Perotin (cathedral of Notre Dame; used triple meter).

Kyrie

Lord have mercy

Neums

Middle Age noteheads

Why was medieval music mostly vocal?

Music was mostly controlled by the church at this time and instruments had been associated with Greek and Roman gods.

Social Classes of Middle Ages

Nobility, peasants, and clergy

What is a polyphonic sacred work that is not a mass?

a motet

Organum

a plainchant melody with at least one added voice to enhance the harmony, developed in the Middle Ages

Palestrina

appointed choir director of Sistine Chapel; relieved of duty because of marriage; reinstated at St. Peter's Cathedral; polyphonic texts in native tongue; music is conservative and reflects Council of Trent

Tremolo

bow back and forth quickly

Castrato

castrated boys; Baroque; Farinelli

What is "genre"?

categories of repertoire in music

Who employed musicians during the Renaissance Period?

church, aristocracy, and wealthy merchants

Ionisation

composition by Edgar Varies; premiered in Carnegie in 1933

French Horn

conical bore and rotary valves

Tuba

conical bore; sometimes rotary valves and sometimes piston valves

What are some functions of music in society?

continuity and stability, entertainment, emotional expression, aesthetic enjoyment, communication, symbolic representation, physical response, enforcing conformity, validation of social institutions, integration of society

Parallel organum

copy notes of chant directly

Florid/Notre Dame organum

crazy part and a whole note part (tenoring)

Trumpets

cylindrical bore and piston valves

What is a cadence?

ending of a musical phrase

Guillaume de Machaut

first polyphonic Mass Ordinary; four parts - no chant; possibly composed for King Charles V coronation

Nematic Chant

generally 2-4 notes per syllable

Middle Age polyphony contained

harmonies on a fourth or fifth.

Coloratura

high soprano; elaborate ornamentations and runs; usually sings above high C

Soprano

highest female voice

Tenor

highest male voice

Counter Tenor

highest male voice; replaced castratos; different timbre than tenors

Violin

highest string; bow

Melismatic Chant

long groups of notes for one syllable

Contralto

lowest female in opera; runs and voice flexibility; F below middle C and top of staff

Alto

lowest female voice

Bass

lowest male voice

Bassoon

lowest woodwind; double reed; conical bore

Estampie

medieval instrumental dance; single melodic line without instrument specifications; also during Renaissance period

What is a homophonic texture?

melody and an accompaniment

Vibraphone

metal marimba

Middle Age music was based upon

modes (Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian).

Characteristics of Renaissance Music

multiple harmonies that make sense; mutliple notes in one syllable prominent then fades; beat still flowing; more parts were written

What did the Council of Trent decide?

music had been corrupted by secular singers; certain instruments were objectionable; secular melodies were bad; irreverent attitude of the church musicians; Latin texts were not understandable

Every educated man was trained in

music.

Word Painting

musical representation of poetic images

Characteristics of Gregorian Chant

no beat; runs (many notes on one syllable); not many pauses; always in Latin; no instruments (maybe a drone); no harmony; monophonic

Piccolo/Small Flute

no reed; "small flute"; early were wood

Double Bass

no standard size; deepest string instruments

Saxophone

not heard in orchestra (except in Ravel's "Bolero"); single reed

Drone

one drawn out note underneath the chant

Syllabic Chant

one note per syllable

Timpani

only pitched drum; originally small - now large

Contrary organum

opposite direction

Mass

ordinary and proper

Cello

originally 'violincello'

What are the properties of sound?

pitch, volume, timbre, duration

Pizzicuto

plucking strings

Popular texture during the Renaissance

polyphonic

Motets

polyphonic sacred work set to sacred Latin text other than the Ordinary

In the later Middle Ages

polyphony appeared.

Serpent

precursor to tuba; invented by Guillaume in 1590

What are the elements of music?

rhythm, melody, harmony, timbre, form, orchestration

Oblique organum

same note

Oboe

shawm or haubois; double reed; 45 keys and African blackwood; conical bore

Clarinet

single reed; cylindrical bore

Proper

texts and readings based off of church calendars

Palestrina's most famous work is

the Pope Marcellus Mass.

The most educated class of the Middle Ages was

the clergy.

The only place were woman were taught music was

the nunnery.

Who wrote Middle Age music?

the priests and the nuns; mostly anonymous

The most important pitch in music is the

tonic.

Organum Duplum

two independent melodies (900-1200)

Music is a

unique human behavior.

Middle age pop culture music?

very little before the 1700s; music was mostly aristocratic.

Marimba

xylophone