Music in World Cultures: Test #2

Indonesia: Gamelan a set of Indonesian instruments built and tuned together

"Loud" gamelan set comprised of gongs+percussion. "Soft" gamelan set comprised of gongs + "soft" instruments: - idiophone (gambang) - chordophones (rebab; celempung); - aerophones (suling; voice) NOTE: "loud" and "soft" separate until 16th-17th centuries.

The Moldau-opening

.0- .25 flute duet monophonic(single line/melody)-two flutes take turns creating single line; flow of water .25 - .52 flutes+clarinets polyphony(independent melodies simultaneously)-contrary moving lines .55 onwards: strings (violas/cellos) polyphony(independent melodies simultaneously) 1:00 "folk" song above polyphony(independent melodies simultaneously)/flow of water

India: Ex. Within You Without You: examination

0:0 drone on tambura 0:06 dilruba 0:21 swarmandal 0:25 tabla tala tintal (16 beats): *1* 2 3 4 *5* 6 7 8 (9) 10 11 12 *13* 14 15 16 1:59 tabla stops; dilruba continues 2:05 tabla tala tintal (16 beats): *1* 2 3 4 *5* 6 7 8 (9) 10 11 12 *13* 14 15 16 2:32 tabla stops 2:37 change to tala jhaptal(10 beat cycle): *1* 2 3 *4* 5 (6) 7 *8* 9 10 3:41 mora/tihai 3:45 tabla stops 3:59 return to tala tintal *1* 2 3 4 *5* 6 7 8 (9) 10 11 12 *13* 14 15 16 4:45 tabla stops 4:52 return to tala tintal 5:14 tabla stops; dilruba continues; 5:20 dilruba stops; drone.

India: Ex. Raga Ahir bhairav

0:00 tambura plays drone(a single tone performed through a piece or large section of music while other musical lines move around this tone), melody(pattern of sound) 0:03 Alap=sarod plays pitches of raga ahir bhairav 1:48-2:06 jhala (dense/more frequent drone strings; improvisation relaxes at 2:06) 2:10 Gat=sarod plays composed piece 2:13 3X figure=mora/tihai 2:18 tabla plays tala tintal 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 (1) 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Clap Clap (Wave) Clap 4:19 mora/tihai 4:23 tabla stops 4:27 sarod stops; 4:30-4:32 drone of tambura

4 characteristics of diaspora

1) Dispersal of community and collective suffering 2) Troubled relationship between diasporic communities and their host societies 3) Strong sense of community which transcends national frontiers 4) Promotion of a return movement and (re)constitution of a national homeland. Music creates sense of belonging and remembrance of homeland during experience of diaspora.

India: Influences from 3 Main Empires

1) Indian Aryan 3000-1500 bcc= "Classical Indian culture" - Sanskrit language and literature Mahabarafa 100,000 couplets(7x length of Iliad and Odyssey combined) - Indo Aryan language foundation for European Indo-European languages 2) Muslim Mogul (Persian) in North India 12th c. ce. 3) British colony 19th c. (European traders late 15th c.) - Ex. East India Company - India independent 1947; Pakistan independent 1949 - India expressive arts combine Persian Muslin Arab and some European but still preserving own unique (Indian-classical related) music

India: Ex. Within You Without You

1) Texture: melody+drone+rhythm (tambura(Long-necked lute with four metal strings that are continually plucked in succession; main Indian drone instrument) drone sound). 2) "Indian" sounds in violins in ornaments, slides, glides. 3) Sitar as idealized acoustic/electric guitar; takes solo breaks. 4) Modified tala; tala techniques, played on tabla. - tala tintal (16 beats): *1* 2 3 4 *5* 6 7 8 (9) 10 11 12 *13* 14 15 16 & - jhaptal (10 beat cycle): *1* 2 3 *4* 5 (6) 7 *8* 9 10 presence of mora/tihai (3-fold improvisation) in middle inst. section. 5) Melodies from ragas(north indian groupings of certain pitches and intervals that move in characteristic patterns) NOT chord changes. combination of khamaj & kafi thats ragas. 6) One melody at a time, played in unison. Vocal line imitated by dilruba (N Indian melody inst.) 7) Text reflects Hindu philosophy. Search for spiritual truth which has to come from within; modeled on religious songs (bhajans).

Nationalism: Claim from historian Benedict Anderson:

1. nation, nation-ness and nationalism are a particular kind of cultural artifact and a form of consciousness (a way of understanding the world) 2. cultural practices that symbolize national identity arouse deep attachments to other unknown people as fellow citizens. *Music, language and other cultural practices inculcate(teach) feelings of nationalism*

Opera-high status and new audience class

18th c France - Alexandre-Jean-Joseph Le Riche de la Poupliniére (1693-1762) patron of composer Rameau, writer Voltaire "At [La Pouplinière's] chateau at Passy near Paris he maintained an orchestra of fourteen players, augmented by outside artists as needed; the weekly routine included a concert on Saturday, Mass in the private chapel with orchestra on Sunday morning, a large concert in the gallery of the chateau on Sunday afternoon, and a more intimate concert in the evening after supper-all this in addition to two or more concerts during the rest of the week. Altogether, La Pouplinière spent a sum equivalent to at least $50,000 annually on his musical interest, and many of the opera and most of the orchestral concerts of Paris were tried out before a select audience at the chateau before they were presented to the public" (Grout 1973: 412). During 19th c., opera in France increasingly popular among bourgeoisie and lower classes as entertainment AND display of status. "[The Theatre-Lyrique] is the gutter where all the donkeys of Paris defecate." (French composer Hector Berlioz, commenting on opera venue in working class area).

India: Indian Music in Western Europe

1930s Uday Shankar began touring in Western Europe with dance troupe 1950s Brother Ravi Shankar joined Uday with dance troupe Ravi then collaborated with Western Europe/US and influenced artists such as: - Yehudi Menuhin (concert violinist), French flutist Jean Pierre Rampal; US composer Philip Glass; jazz guitarist John McLaughlin. Pop music example: The Beatles George Harrison studied sitar with Ravi Shankar Adopted raga/tala system; Hindu philosophy into works: Within you without you; Norwegian Wood and other ex.

Indonesia: Indonesian Popular Music and Mass Media

1970s cassette technology introduced in many regions of world. In Indonesia, cassette technology supported growing pop movement. - Cassette technology invented 1960s for easy home recordings - This constituted a "revolution" in pop music in many parts of the world Great demand for cassettes; demand for artists to record music to sell. Synthesis between local styles, genres with W.-influenced pop. 1st major artist: Guruh Sukarno Putra; cassette "Guruh Gipsy" 1977. Guruh is youngest son of President and founder of Republic of Indonesia. Style of music called "heavy pop" ("pop berat") Draws on acid rock, heavy metal, Motown soul, local Indonesian elements. Use of piano, synthesizers, rock instruments +Javanese, Balinese, and Central Javanese instruments, melodies, textures.

Nationalism: Historical context for Western European Nationalism

1st "modern" nation states in Western Europe 1776 The United States (former British colony); 1789 French Republic declared The acceptance of these political bodies by individuals requires inculcation of national consciousness *Through national consciousness, people see themselves as belonging to a territory with others whom they have never seen, or never will see Under notion of a shared national identity.* "American" "French"; later Czech, Hungarian, Italian, German. Language and music used to create feelings of national identity.

Indonesia: How is a gendhing/gamelan piece structured by ensemble?

5 functions within cycle 1. Main melodic theme (balungan) (played by metal keyed idiophones: saron and slenthem). 2. Elaboration ("walking" improvised from balungan; played by smaller suspended gongs: bonang, gembang, gender) 3. Counter melody (NOTE: ONLY IN "SOFT" ENSEMBLES" played by rebab (bowed violin type), suling (end-blown flute type), voice. 4. Punctuation (beginning of cycles, subcycles; played by larger hanging and suspended gongs:, kempul, kempyang, kenong, ketuk; final climax w/ gong ageng) 5. Rhythm (rhythm patterns; played by various membranophones) Musical climax occurs at coincidence of all main gongs. Video ex. of Gamelan Degung from JVC series. NOTE all 5 functions. 1) Suling+gong+drum 2)bonang+gong+suling; then all 5 layers

The Birth of Bhangra & Raggamuffin

Adopted by 2nd-3rd generation N. Indians in Britain Colonization led to diaspora Immigration accelerated following WWII - Labor needed for reconstruction - recruited initially for textile, steel industries; - Later needed skilled workers and professionals, esp. doctors for National Health Services. Increasing number of immigrants led to gov't restrictions on migration in 1971. In 1997, Great Britain had nearly 1.5 mill Indians 840,000 Indians; 477,000 Pakistanis 163,000 Bangladeshis Immigrants from India viewed as "Black" racism, discrimination, exclusion.

Prokofiev and film "Alexander Nevsky"

Alexander Nevsky selected by Sergei Eisenstein as basis for film - Eisenstein also sought to regain favor with Soviet government Alexander Nevsky 13th c. Russian hero who defeated German Order of the Teutonic Knights Theme celebrates strength and heroism of the Russian people Music by Prokofiev intended to: - Display character of the Germans - Display character of Russians - Provide realistic portrayal of scenes (celebration; church procession) Although Soviet realism valued, Prokofiev used modern interpretation of historical styles, event portrayal to appeal to the contemporary ear. - "We decided not to reproduce [the music] as it sounded at the time of the Battle on the Ice 7 centuries ago but to adapt it to the modern ear. The same applies to the Russian music of the period; that too had to be given a modern ring" (Prokofiev).

Habanera rhythm

An eight beat pattern divided 3-3-2 influenced 19th century ragtime music. rhythm of contradanza in 1820s. i.e. Carmen

India: Historical Background

Approx 1 Billion people 15 Official languages used daily; most have own alphabet 850 languages used daily 8 major religions: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism & Zoroastrianism. One of the world's oldest civilizations in Indus valley (3000bc)

Georges Bizet

As a musician I tell you that if you were to suppress adultery, fanaticism, crime, evil, the supernatural, there would no longer be the means for writing one note. -- Bizet, letter to Edmond Galabert, 1866

Carmen's song: "Love is a rebellious bird" [L'amour est un oiseau rebelle] Melody in Carmen's song

Bizet built Carmen's melody through series of descending half steps Half steps considered to be "exotic", esp. "Oriental" Spain viewed as "Oriental" "Eastern" Also sounds "not logical", unpredictable, emotional. These elements together signify opposite of rational, logical, Western European/French.

Sergei Prokofiev and the Soviet State

Born Sontsovka, Bakhmutsk region Ukraine, 11/23 April 11/23 1891; died Moscow March 5, 1953.(61) Left Russia in 1918 after October Revolution 1917 - 2nd and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917 - Bolshevik Party+Left Socialist revolutionary Party seized power in Russia - Beginning of Soviet government. - Settled in US; toured US cities and Europe -- met Walt Disney; conductor Stowkowski who was working on Fantasia -- "Peter and the Wolf" intended for Fantasia II. Returned to Soviet Union 1936 Attempt to conform to Soviet government's guidelines re: socialist realism - Prior to return, began composing works with Soviet/Russian themes -- Four Marches op.69 for wind band (1935-37); Russian Overture op.72 inspired by folklore (1936); op.79 song cycle on patriotic texts (1939) and four patriotic cantatas; Songs of Our Times op.76); Zdravitsa ("Hail to Stalin") op.85 for Stalin's 60th birthday.

Opera as a form of Western classical music

Classical or art music traditions: musical practices of elite aristocratic, political, or religious groups, usually codified in notation or other form, and accorded higher prestige or value.

national consciousness

Def: the awareness or belief of people that they belong to a nation

Carmen, class and gender

Definition from Karl Marx: economic class Defined by one's relationship to the means of production Bourgeoisie (landlord or capitalist class): those who control a factor in production. 19th c-rise of petite-bourgeoisie (shop owners, tradesmen, bankers, etc.) Proletariat: those groups of people who have nothing to sell except their labor. Class: the characters in "Carmen" represent the proletariat (tobacco workers, bull fighters) Increasing number of mid-level bourgeoisie attending opera in 19th France Opera signified "high status" in French society Reviewers panned "Carmen" as immoral, inappropriate. Yet "Carmen" performances spread to other European cities, reaching Australia by 1883 to middle class audiences. Carmen remains one of the most performed operas.

Indian music as classical/art music

Definition of classical music from syllabus - "Musical practices of elite aristocratic, political, or religious groups usually codified in notation or other form." -according higher prestige or value than other types of music. Carries prestige, elitist element, usually original, has lasting qualities How do these ideas of classical music apply to Indian music? - Patronage(support/encouragement) by elite - Patrons were members of hereditary rulers families - Today, participation in Indian music=education, elite knowledge - 2 areas that codify Indian art music -- 1) Theoretical doctrines in written documents --- Treatise such as Natya Sastra from 2nd c bce-5th c ce ---- Unity of theatre, dance and music; idea of artistic complex. -- 2) Disciplined oral tradition of performance --- Involves extensive study with guru --- Guru: one who removes darkness

Indonesia: Component of music culture: spirituality

Each gamelan has proper name and distinct identity. - UT's gamelan has a name: Majestic One "Kyahi Rosowibowo" Each instrument in the gamelan is guided by spirits. These beliefs influence treatment of gamelan instruments. Spiritual power of gamelan in performance. Placement of the instruments according to 4 cardinal directions. Largest gong "Gong Ageng" = main spirit of the entire gamelan. Process of forging gongs involves special training; ritual purification.

History of habañera dance rhythm:

European (French, English, Spanish) and African elements Developed in Cuba late 1700s and early 1800s, adopted in Cuba by all strata of society couple dance; stately steps but movements of arms, hips, head considered "sensual" by Europeans Adopted by Western European art music composers as an "exotic" dance form in 19th century. Bizet adopted Cuban composer Sebastián Iradier's composition, El arreglito for Carmen's song

Island Records formed by Chris Blackwell

First recorded r 'n b 1950s Reggae recordings in 1960s for Jamaican immigrants in Great Britain Bob Marley and the Wailers signed on in 1972 Resulted in international dissemination of reggae Adoption of reggae by white bands Police; The Clash

Indonesia: Gamelan Javanese/Balinese court tradition

Gamelan denotes "ensemble." - A set of instruments built and tuned together. - Each gamelan has its own unique identity. Ensemble comprised primarily of metal and wood idiophones, membranophones. Gamelans originally associated with court. Note: UT's gamelan room called "Gamelan Kraton"=means gamelan of the court (NOT same as the name of this gamelan) Hypothesis: What is the relationship be/ music and class? Indonesian "classical" music Originated as court music tradition. Court traditions estab. with Indian and Islamic influences. Art/classical music definition (see syllabus): "Musical practices of elite aristocratic, political, or religious groups usually codified in notation or other form, and accorded higher prestige or value." Gamelan court music now performed by rural communities, state ensembles. Most villages have own gamelan.

Bhangra from India to Britain

Genre originally from farming communities of Punjab (NW) Indian area divided in 1947 between newly-independent India(Sikh) and newly-created Pakistan(Muslim) Bhangra from bhang= "hemp"; dance music in celebration of end of harvest. Music performed by double-headed dhol, wooden barrel-shaped drum, played with thick stick and thin wand. Approx. 1800s bhangra became entertainment music, substituting dholak Late 1970s bhangra adopted as popular music genre in Great Britain Ex. of wedding dhol-Great Britain

1st ex.of Reggae 1968 Toots and the Maytals "Do the Reggay"

Genre's inception marked by song+use of term "reggae" Features: Pulse slowed down New regular two-chord guitar pattern with counter accents to the bass and drum rhythms 1 *2* 3 *4* Chords of the guitar and keyboard meshed so that their accents took on pulse-like meter This became characteristic of reggae

Music as signifying the exotic "other" - Bizet's Carmen

Georges Bizet French composer, writing for French public Opera "Carmen" takes place in Spain (an "exotic" land) Spain imagined as "Oriental" "Eastern" culture Main male character is Basque (ethnic/linguistic minority in Spain and France) but in dominant social class (officer). Main character is female protagonist (the "other" to males) She is also Gitano/Tsigane ("Gypsy") which also signifies "other" Possible origins-several different groups from N. India Migration to Spain ca. 15th c. Due to position as outsiders subjected to discrimination, persecution, slavery. Western Europeans became fascinated by Roma 18th c. Research on language, culture; also fictional representations Merimee's novel, "Carmen", based on fictional story about a famous murder, but did not involve a Gitano ("Gypsy") woman.

Language and Identity: Johann Gottfried Herder's model

German scholar Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) believed that the soul of a people is most readily perceived in its popular music. Herder part of a circle of writers and scholars studied music, stories of local people "Folk song" (volkslied) from Herder late 18th century. Herder applied this term, "folk song" to songs he heard during his travels through Europe. Transcribed and published songs in 1778 (Voices of the People in Song) and 1779 (Folk Songs). Other scholars following Herder studied tales and songs of rural and town areas in order to determine their national character. Set model for using "folk songs" as basis for nationalist classical compositions

Indonesia: Forging gongs for a gamelan

Gongs made of bronze (10 parts copper+3 parts tin) Forging required ritual preparation Fasting, meditation, auspicious days, taking on mythical persona Forging gong ageng requires 5 smiths at once to pound metal from disk to gong shape. As many as 13 men over 3 days labor to make 1 gong. Tuning occurs through final set of cold hammering strokes.

Carmen: Habanera rhythm

Habañera performed by low bass before she begins singing=exotic dance sound NOTE: While Carmen's melody is high pitched, habanera pattern low pitched

Indonesia: Slendro (5-note) and Pelog (7 note) tuning Cyclical image of gendhing

Hypothesis: what is the relationship between music and time? Javanese musical cycles Cyclicity is central to gamelan music (gendhing=piece) structure. Musical climax at end of cycle when all gongs play together. Gongan: basic unit of melody Beginning of gongan marked by stroke on gong ageng or siyem (G) Gongans structured in increments of 2 beats Gongans range from 8 beats (sampak) to 1024 beats (minggah) Kenongan: subcycle - played by and named after kenong (N)= "nong" - kenong from word "to strike, coincide, come together" COINCIDENCE Demo w/ class - 8 beat cycle of slendro (5 note) scale NOTE: 2 tuning systems pelog: 7 note scale; slendro: 5 note scale)

Carmen: view

If music is a system of sonic signs and musical sounds encode culturally-specific meanings. AND IF such culturally-specific meanings express people's identity Musical sonic signs can also signify identity by signifying what is NOT part of one's identity. People explore/feel their identities through engagement with "foreign", "exotic", "different". The Opera "Carmen", as a musical performance of differences through gender and class.

Nationalism: Meaning in W.European Classical Music

If music is a system of sonic signs, musical sounds encode culturally-specific meanings. Many states use music to inculcate(teach) a sense of nationalism or national consciousness. Classical or art music traditions: musical practices of elite aristocratic, political, or religious groups, usually codified in notation or other form, and accorded higher prestige or value. *As an elite music system, classical music used in 19thc. Western Europe for national consciousness.*

Nation state, politics and control over culture

If nationalism/national consciousness are not "natural" innate feelings, they must be inculcated(taught). State agencies (government institutions) often seek to shape cultural practices in order to inculcate(teach) national consciousness. Music is an important arena for national consciousness. "Nationalism is not simply the struggle about imagined communities; it is much more fundamentally a struggle for control over defining communities-and particularly a struggle for control over the imagination about community" (Beissinger 1998: 175). Leon Schlesinger-Warner Brothers "Any Bonds Today?" 1942 - patriotic, not nationalistic

Ex. from video of "Carmen" 1984 "Love is a rebellious bird" - habanera Julia Migenes-Johnson; Placido Domingo dir. Francesco Rossi

In addition to musical features, note opposition in dress; movements - Men: uniforms; still; watching/spectators - Women: in various stages of un-dress; moving; objects of gaze - "Flamenco" style hand gestures=Spanish "gitano"

India: Pop music inside India: Indian Film Music

Indian music films constitute major portion of popular music. Largest film industry in world w/ approx. 800 films/year. - Over 100 million people go to the cinema every week. - compare to US: approx. 100 films/year. Film industry center in Bombay/Mumbai="Bollywood." Film plots usually melodramatic (star-crossed lovers, love triangles, crooked politicians, w/ comedy bits, etc).

The development of pop bhangra

Indian youth excluded from British discos; caught be/ 2 worlds Ex. Trailer from "East is East" 1999 Organized own discos called "dayers" - Held during day to avoid problems with parents - In rented school halls, garages, back of pubs - Beat of folk bhangra mixed with elements from disco and soul - Addition of synthesizer; drum kit Texts generally apolitical, emphasize love and dance; tracks introduced to encourage genders to dance together By 1997, bhangra had own chart, newspaper Bhangra included all former Indians, various relig. communities - Sikhs; Jains; Muslim; Hindus; Christians

Indonesia: "Indonesia is Free" by Guruh Gypsy Mixture of Indonesian (Javanese; Balinese) + Western/US Rock

Indonesian elements: synthesizer imitates fast interlocking patterns of Balinese music gong pattern in background chords, bass as punctuation sectional structure with rapid, sudden shifts cyclical structure of melody esp. 1:00-1:45; this modeled on Balinese gamelan with rapid, interlocking parts Javanese pelog-like gapped scale Western: Acid rock idioms rock instrumentation Western European melodic line in unison with ensemble

Features of 19th c classical music with "national" themes

Influenced by and/or use of local language Melodies derived from folk songs and dances taken directly or used as model Themes from local stories, myths, people Local places - Natural geographical locales; historical sites of political struggles Local events - real and mythical Local religious themes - Czech composer Janecek: Glagolitic mass in Old Church Slavonic - Russian composer Rimsky-Korsakov's Russian Easter Overture Local written literature - English Falstaff [Shakespeare] by Edgar Elgar -- Spanish composer Manual de Falla---set opera to Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes' "Don Quixote"

Get up, Stand up by Bob Marley

Instrumentation/voice: male voices (triadic harmony in the chorus+male solo); bass guitar, electric guitar, percussion, keyboards Rhythm: in 44/duple emph on 2&4; syncopation(accent on weak beat) Form: strophic sung by soloist (same melody, different lines/lyrics) & refrain Texture: homophony(singing different pitches that move together); polyrhythm(two or more rhythms or metrical patterns sounding simultaneously); polyphonic(independent melodies simultaneously) overlapping melodic lines solo voice; call and response bet/ soloist and choir Elements in text: protest; empowerment; encourage; Christianity-Rasta; Jah; self-identification; We; references getting high, altered state but action; English

programmatic

Introductory poem that sets the tone--shows the plan of the rest. E.g. first poem by Sulpicia.

Jamaica: "Land of Reggae"

Jamaica first colonized by Christopher Columbus 1494 British Commonwealth took over Jamaica 1670 West Africans brought as slaves to work sugar plantations - Slavery abolished 1838 - African descendents still lowest eco class - 1991 census 2.3 mill total; 2.08 mill Blacks; .2%Whites; 9% mixed; Indian; Chinese Jamaica independent after 1962 Music played an important role - securing a distinct post-colonial identity - Protest of current conditions - Expressed in genres such as mento, ska, rock steady, reggae (1968) - important in elections in Jamaica Jamaican and other W. Indies immigrants moved to Great Britain=musical exchange. music spread.

Musical influences US Rhythm 'n blues + Jamaican Mento

Jamaican Mento "Folk" rural form; orig. not commercially popular Became popular again after Jamaica's independence 1962 Mento=from "from old Spanish "mentar" to mention"---satirical text; "to diss" Fast 4 beat meter; accented strumming on 1 *2* 3 *4*

Indonesia: Development of Indonesian pop music: Importance of local musical styles

Krakatau founded in 1980s. Synthesis of fusion jazz with Sundanese gamelan. Modified Western rock instruments to play Indonesian tuning - Keyboard programmed to play Sundanese slendro and pelog scales. - Use of fretless bass to play slendro and pelog scales.

Historical Political Background

Link between political rule, language, literature, and power Habsburg/AustroHungarian Empire controlled Bohemia 1526-1867 Majority of Slavic-speaking people: lower classes; middle class German minority/lang ruled Habsberg Empire; most aristocracy; admin officials, merchants Habsberg rulers Maria Theresa and Joseph II allowed Czech to be used in public affairs at the local level, while maintaining German for higher administrative use. By mid 18c, Czech began to emerge as a symbolic language of unity: - establishment of the Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom (1818) as a center for Czech scholarship. - 1827 the museum began publication of a journal that became the first continuous voice of Czech nationalism. - In 1830 the museum absorbed the Matice Ceska, a society of Czech intellectuals published scholarly and popular books. - school textbooks, agricultural manuals and religious works published in Czech. - The museum established contacts with other Slavic peoples and to make Prague the intellectual and scholarly capital of the Slavs. This revival supported conceptual link between nation and language; Fostered unity in rising up against the German-speaking Habsberg rulers. 1848 series of peasant revolts throughout Europe: France, Vienna, [Buda]Pest, Prague Austrian gov't reestablished control over Bohemia

Indonesia: Gamelan gendhing (piece) Bubaran "Kembang Pacar"

Loud ensemble piece. Pelog 7-note scale system. Structured in cycles of 4; 8; 16; 32 beats. Piece for dispersal; heard at end of concert.

patriotism

Love for one's country

Ma Vlast/My Fatherland Musical features that signify homeland

Melody/instrumentation/rhythm Melody: Flow of water represented by repeated 4-note phrases in melody. ; smooth connection be/notes; regular ascending and descending patterns signify ebb and flow melody: vertical succession of pitches and rhythms that produce a recognizable, distinctive, and prominent pattern of sound. Melody #2 @ 1:00 "folk-like theme" - became popular and now sung throughout Czech Republic "as a folk tune" Change in instrumentation @ 2:40 use of horns to signify hunt (=rural/countryside activity); accented, staccato/separated notes Changes in rhythm: "River" as smooth series of 16th/quick notes throughout BUT @ 3:50 accented rhythmic pulse signifies dance meter at a peasant wedding celebration. rhythm- duple

India: Slumdog Millionaire 2008 novel by Vikas Swarup; movie producer Danny Boyle

Movie won 8 Oscars at 2009 Academy Awards Composer A(llah) R(akha) Rahman won Golden Globe Award; 2 Oscars for orig. score and orig. song Over 100 million records of his film scores/soundtracks worldwide Over 200 million cassettes Music synthesizes Indian elements with pop elements from various European, Latin Am & Middle Eastern traditions

Meaningful use of musical accompaniment

Music NOT used throughout, but to underline particular moments. Instruments placed closer/further away from mikes to create certain effects. Use of homophonic(singing different pitches that move together) chorale to evoke sounds of peasants, collectivity, unity Homophony: from Gk. homophonia: "sounding alike"(Multi-voiced music in which all melodic parts move together at more or less the same pace and rhythm.) NOT based on actual rural/folk melodies, but composed to SOUND like rural/folk songs Use of bells to evoke sounds of church; home Use of wind instruments to evoke sounds of celebration. Difference between music used in film and composed score (on cd) Stalin asked to view film before it was finished; this unfinished ex. was shown to the public. Ex. from 1938 film, "Alexander Nevsky" "Arise ye Russian People"

India: Sample Quiz Questions-India

Musical styles in Indian cine/film music are most accurately described as which of the following? a. It is always performed in a concert hall. b. It has a long classical tradition. c. It draws on Indian folk, Western European, and other musical traditions. d. It is not treated as a musical commodity. e. It is only listened to and performed in India. ANSWER: c. It draws on Indian folk, Western European, and other musical traditions. Which of the following is NOT a feature of North Indian classical music? a. It is a part of an artistic complex called sangeet. b. It uses melodic modes. c. It uses rhythmic modes. d. It uses triadic harmony. e. It intertwines composition and improvisation. ANSWER: d. It uses triadic harmony.

India: Structure of North Indian Classical performance: Ex. Raga Ahir bhairav

Name designates partic. raga ("color"; atmosphere"= melodic mode) Raga Ahir bhairav=early morning raga C Db E F G A Bb C (W European pitch names) sa reb ga ma pa dha nib sa (Indian pitch names) Includes rules for emphasis, movement - When ascending/going up the scale, pa/G is to be avoided. Drone on Sa/C and pa/G Performance structured around improvisation on raga Performance of one raga= one hour or longer

Reggae in diaspora: Apache Indian

Name from reggae artist, Supercat, "The Wild Apache" Forged new style, "bhangramuffin" = bhangra+"raga" (rap+reggae) Elements from N. Indian bhangra +dhol + harmonium Reggae beat + reggae melodic patterns Rap style of delivery Elements of soul, disco from bhangra synthesis in Britain Language uses "patwa": Punjabi+English+Jamaican accented English Sings about themes pertinent to Indian youth Topics include AIDS ("Aids Warning"), alcoholism ("Drink Problem"); problem of fitting in ("Fix up") arranged marriages ("Arranged Marriage").

Indonesia: Indonesian pop: Dangdut

Name from sound of hand drums Founded by Rhoma Irama 1970s Sought modern sound for Indonesian youth Expressive of youth issues, values - Romantic love, parties - Also critical of government; society -- Corruption; greed - Used to spread messages about Islam - Western rock (electric guitar; trap set; electric bass; triadic harmony) - + "Eastern" sounds -- Indonesian (ornamented vocal and melody lines) -- Indian film music

India: Features of North & South Indian classical music

North and South traditions united pre 17th c ce. North: Hindustani (Hindu languages) + Persian-Moghul influences 17th c. South: Karnatika (Dravidian languages); older musical traditions.

Colonialism

One nation or territory taking control of another nation or territory either through the use of force or by acquisition. colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the new arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Colonialism=un/equal exchanges of music (instruments, genres, styles)

What is Opera?

Opera is a drama set to music to be sung with instr. acc. by singers in costume Instrumental music and song are integral to the narrative Opera origins- end 17th Italy; spread to France, Germany Compositions and staging supported by aristocracy Opera is viewed as classical elite tradition-part of system of musical prestige Attendance signified elite status

India: Structure of North Indian Classical performance

Performance: improvisation within structure Melody must conform to rules of raga Alap-jor/jhala-gat/entrance of the tala (rhythmic mode) - Alap: free-meter exploration of raga(improvised; rules) - Jor/jhala: regular alternation between melodic pitches and drone strings(improvised; rules) - Gat: composed melodic piece with regular tala (composed; interpreted differently) signalled by entrance of tala Mora/tihai: 3X repetition of melody (improvised, but expected) Tala=rhythmic mode; Tintal in 16 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 (1) 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Clap Clap (Wave) Clap Subdivisions and improvisation within tintal 4 possible pitches on low drum(bayan); 9 on high (tabla)=13 total

Film click-track from Walt Disney

Prokofiev and Eisenstein intentional use and timing of music through use of click-track. Click-track: sequence of visual representations of audio cues, used to synchronize sounds to moving images. 1st used in early sound movies, with clicks on film to indicate to musicians when to play. Eisenstein and Prokofiev likely to have learned click track from Disney Prokofiev visited Walt Disney's studio on February 28, 1938; composed Peter and the Wolf as cartoon piece "I have composed this with the hope that I would get to see you and that you would make a cartoon with my music." Eisenstein used click-track to coordinate images, narrative plot and music

Reggae and Rastafari Spiritualism

Rastafarians adopted reggae Rasta faith-earlry 20th c. Belief in Jah(God) Jamaica, represented majority of impoverished people Inspiration from Marcus Garvey (viewed as a prophet) - Emperor of Ethiopia, (Ras Tafari) viewed as reincarnate Christ Viewed Ethiopia as promised land Belief that Blacks are related to the Israelites, sent by Jah into slavery under the white race. Babylon: code word for Jamaica, in which Blacks suffer under whites Ethiopia=homeland of return, heaven on earth(response to diaspora) Marijuana, or ganja as sacrament Dreadlocks (uncombed, coiled hair) = lion of Judah Colors: yellow, red, green, black (sunshine, bloodshed, jungle, people) Most vegetarian, organic diet.

Technology and the development of Reggae

Reggae created due to lack of access to US rhythm 'n blues 1950s mobile sound systems+dj talk over tracks This developed into "toasting" Local discs produced for this kind of sound system Started through 45 rpm records, then through "dub" and "versions" New forms of reggae through "dub" (1973); "versions" (ragga; 1980s)]

Social Aspects of Reggae

Reggae linked to marginalized communities, ghettos, oppression: post-1962 independence period eco social problems Rural-urban migrations; high unemployment. Reggae used for dissatisfaction, critiques. Reggae bands also used by political leaders Political leaders sought support through political favors, distributing arms, patronage, protection for local leaders (14:30) Reggae incorporated into spiritual path through links to Rastafarianism

India: Examples of musical instruments

Sarod (Arab Muslim), Punjabi Dhol, Sitar (Persian Muslim), Tabla (word table comes from Arabic), Tambura (comes from Greek); European violin, harmonium, clarinet; electric guitar, saxophone All performed according to Indian musical raga system, timbre (sound quality, what makes it different), texture, ornamentation(embellishment or decoration of the melody)

Smetana's music and language

Smetana member of Concordia, a group of Prague artists estab. 1846 Also member of Umělecka Beseda (Artistic Society) founded to promote Czech artistic culture. Wrote pieces for revolutionary groups in 1848 - Marches for military band and piano Composed unison march with piano "Pisen svobody" (Song of Freedom) with a Czech text; intended to be anthem for citizen's army Composed polkas and Czech style-dances Composed Czech language operas "The Bartered Bride" and "Dalibor" Decision to dedicate self fully to Czech music during musical gathering in Weimar, 1857 Excerpt from VJ Novotny's memoirs

"The Hunt"

Smooth ascent and descent of melody in strings 2:40 Horns and trumpets play separated, accented notes imitating signaling patterns Signifies water flowing past a pastoral hunting scene NOTE: horn used in classical music to signify hunt since 1600s

India: India/Western Europe Exchanges

So far, we have discussed US/Western European music adopted into other musical cultures: Acculturation/hybridity: term for process of contact and adoption. Ex: Cuban habanera; reggae; bhangramuffin. Note: Western European/US communities have also adopted and been influenced by music from other culture areas. Indian philosophy culture has had impact on Western Europe & US. Philosopher Henry David Thoreau's transcendentalism movement 1830s adopted Indian philosophy. Thoreau's thesis of civil disobedience (1849) adopted in turn by Gandhi. Gandhi's ahimsa (non-violence) used as means for civil disobedience. "Quit India" (swaraj) campaign led to independence movement Ghandi's approach adopted by Martin Luther King.

Indonesia: general background

Striking diversity in Indonesia - "Indonesia" made up of 13,000 islands - Over 300 distinct ethnic groups. 3 main religious/cultural influences: Islam/Hinduism/Buddhism/Christianity 1st c. Indian Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism from India - traders arrived from India beginning c. 1stc. CE - 15th c Islam via Muslim traders. By late 20th c., 85% of population Muslim Elite court tradition from Indian courts; Islamic courts. - European Christian colonialists, partic. Dutch 17th century -- Dutch United East India Company -- 1799 Dutch government took over East India co interests Independent Republic of Indonesia 1949

"Peasant Wedding"

Strings play "water" figure 3:50 String change to accented, rhythmic pulses Stylized version of peasant/rural "folk" dance. Possibly based on schottische couple dance

India: Bhajan- Hindu Hymn

Structure is participatory - Anyone can lead - Simple vocal melodies=allow participation - Simple tala patterns [here, 4 & beat patterns] - Choral response includes audience Musical features: - Solo voice answered by chorus - Call and response-antiphonal (anti=against; phony=sound)(musical texture in which voices and/or instruments are separated in space, and perform in call-and-response format;) - Drone=harmonium (also plays melody) - Rhythm tabla(The principal percussion instrument in North Indian music); simple talas (here, 4 and 8 beat) Bhajan are sung by Hindu and Hari Krishna sects - India, Napal, Tamil communities in Sri Lanka, South America, Caribbean - This ex. from Trinidad

Indonesia: Javanese Temporal Cycles Beliefs about time/temporal and musical structure

Structure of music based on cycles. - How many beats? Cycles? in Bubaran Kembang Pacar? - How are cycles marked at the end? Cyclical: musical structure based on overlapping cycles. Musical climax: coincidence of main gongs at END. Compare to North and South Indian classical: Where is climax in tihai? =Coincidence structures Javanese social time. This is possibly from Hindu-Buddhist conception of time.

Indonesia: Synthesis of fusion jazz with Sundanese gamelan Krakatau founded in 1980s This ex. of ethnofusion from 1990s

Sundanese/Indonesian A section opens with bonang for punctuation Ostinato in simulated pelog Suling sound, but played in keyboard (melody) in pelog Contrasting section with saron in slendro B Section with rebab in pelog (soft music) Tuning slightly out of tune to produce shimmering effect.

Ma Vlast/My Fatherland composed 1875-1879

Symphonic poem symbolizing Czech geographical sites Symphonic poem: W. European classical orchestral form in which a poem or program provides a narrative or illustrative basis. Ma vlast/Fatherland is cycle/group of 6 symphonic poem Celebrates sites and events of Czech homeland Each movement has programmatic title 1st mvt: Vyšehrad, rocky area in Prague w/ mythic associations 2nd mvt: Moldau: Bohemian/Czech river that runs thru Prague.

Plot of Carmen

Takes place in Seville, Spain Basque soldier Don Jose betrothed to Micaela, a girl from his hometown Carmen, a Gitano woman who works in a cigarette factory, flirts with Don Jose She is jailed for fighting, but Don Jose lets her escape. Don Jose ends up in jail Victorious bullfighter Escamillo falls in love with Carmen Don Jose escapes to mountains with smugglers, fights w/ Escamillo Micaela tries to convince Don Jose to return with her to hometown Don Jose returns to town square to proclaim love for Carmen Don Jose sees Carmen and Escamillo together Carmen tells Don Jose she no longer loves him Don Jose stabs Carmen on stage; Don Jose confesses his crime. Letter by novelist Mérimée to the Countess of Montijo, "Carmen" was inspired by a story she told him on his visit to Spain in 1830. He said, "It was about that ruffian from Málaga who had killed his mistress, who consecrated herself exclusively to the public. [...] As I have been studying the Gypsies for some time, I have made my heroine a Gypsy."

India: Both North and South Indian Traditions Share:

Texture based on drone(a single tone performed through a piece or large section of music while other musical lines move around this tone), melody(pattern of sound), rhythmic modes(the organization of a particular subset of pulses into regularly occurring patterns) Melody organized according to raga system of melodic modes Rhythm organized according to tala system of rhythmic modes Composition/improvisation intertwined - Composition/composed music: relative fixedness of a work/performance (passed down by the generations through gurus) - Improvisation: music which is relatively non-composed or not predetermined ahead of time, and is to some degree created during the moment of performance -- there are conventions and emic rules that guide improvisation.

diaspora

The dispersion of a people from their original homeland, and the community formed by such a community. For such communities, music is an important means for people to remember the homeland and maintain ties with others.

Soviet political control over artistic production, performances

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created out of Russia (former Empire) to become the world's largest country. USSR ruled over diverse linguistic/ethnic groups - more than 100 distinct groups. political system was thus authoritarian and highly centralized Philosophical goal through Marxism: "to create the new man" - This was achieved through shaping cultural, linguistic practices Union of Composers estab. 1932; supervised new works and performances under Stalin's direction Composers viewed as "culture-workers" thus were expected to serve the collective. - "All great masters, all great composers of the past (of all peoples, without esxception) proceded from this [folk music]. And, on the contrary, those who were locked in the narrow world of shallow, subjective feelings, and who tried to "create [music] out of their own selves"- eventually found they had departed from the culture of the people. Their false creations were rejected by the people, because the people will not tolerate a fraud" (Ghorgiy Khubov, 1938). Ideal of cultural works "Socialist realism" to appeal to the working class.

India: Title track: "Jai Ho" by A.R.Rahman

Used under credits at end; Bollywood dance number 5:45 Musical features: Opening/theme similar to Western Classical composition - Symphony #40 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Lyrics: solo male, then solo female voice - Text mostly in Hindi - Use of "rap-like" response from female chorus (Spanish) - "Baile baile" ("Dance, dance) Mixture of electronic/studio instruments + orchestra - Synthesizer; voice modifiers (techno) - large orchestra; strings

Symphonic poem

W. European classical orchestral form in which a poem or program provides a narrative or illustrative basis.

Quiz question

We get 2 and 4 in reggae from electric guitar... in the Me Wan Gal song. Apache Indian+Desmond Decker "Israelites" 2006

Set Setup

Western European Classical Music: - Music and National Identity(2-20) - Music and Politics; Resistance(21-26) - W. European Opera-Class and gender identity(27-40) Reggae and Diaspora(#41-56) Traditional and Popular Music of India(#57-74) Indonesia(#75-92)

Indonesia: Begadang II by Rhoma Irama

Western European/US ensemble Electric guitar; bass; drums/trap Indonesian: Main melody pelog-like scale Western European Call and response be/ - voice and guitar Electric guitar solo Strophic structure rather than cyclical But electric guitar+ Flute (Indonesian-style counter melody) Western European for Indonesian voices Song text expresses lower-class youth culture - Staying up; dancing; - lack of money

Possible quiz question:

What is musical climax in N Indian classical concert?

Sample Exam Questions more

Which of the following is the most correct for beliefs about the gamelan? a. Each gamelan has a spirit that must be respected and honored. b. Each gamelan has instruments that can be played or exchanged with instruments in other gamelan ensembles. c. Gamelan performances are believed to be events, not "concerts." d. A and c. e. B and c. Answer: A and c are both correct; b is not correct as instruments of the gamelan are forged, tuned, and decorated together and cannot be played with instruments from other gamelans. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Indonesian popular music? It was first supported by commercial cassette technology. It has been influenced by Indian film music. It uses only indigenous Indonesian musical elements. Song texts deal with political and social protest. It uses Western pop, rock and jazz elements. Answer: It uses only indigenous Indonesian musical elements is NOT correct.

Ostinato

a short, repeated melodic or rhythmic pattern which occurs throughout a piece or section of a piece

Ex. of music and national identity: Bedrich Smetana

born Litomyšl, Bohemia March 2, 1824 died Prague, May 12, 1884(60 years of age) Smetana recognized as 1st Czech nationalist composer Wrote operas, instrumental works that established model for Czech nationalist style. Why is this important? Smetana performed+composed at a time when "Bohemia" was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire There was no "Czech" nation until 1918.

Indonesia: Contexts of music culture: gamelan performance as event

even contemp. type of "concert" is social event; people talk, visit Bubaran "kembang pancar" is "goodbye" piece; signals end of musical event; "concert" events: 1) generally for ritual day or social communal event - life cycle ritual: birth, circumcision; wedding - important occasions: harvest, new business 2) informal gatherings to listen to gamelan NOTE: Still social event 3) accompany dance 4) accompany shadow puppet theatre wayang kulit Gamelan performance conceived as EVENT, not "concert."

Click-Track

sequence of visual representations of audio cues, used to synchronize sounds to moving images. 1st used in early sound movies, with clicks on film to indicate to musicians when to play.

quiz question!

what are the associations with tango? HOW did those associations come into being?