N210/220 HESI
A client has a history of falling while playing football and now reports pain in the nose and difficulty breathing. What condition may the client have? Crepitus Sinusitis Fracture of nose Upper respiratory tract information
Fracture of nose Fractures of the nose often result from injuries received during falls, sports activities, car crashes, or physical assaults. Nose fractures may lead to difficulty in breathing. Crepitus is crackling of the skin on palpitation. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the tissues lining the sinuses. In an upper respiratory tract infection, a stuffy nose and itching results in difficulty breathing. However, pain may not be present.
During chest examination in a healthy client, the APN percusses and hears a low-pitched sound over the lungs. Which sound should the nurse document in the medical record? Dull Flat Tympany Resonance
Resonance Resonance is a low-pitched sound heard over the lungs during percussion in healthy individuals. dull: if sounds are of medium-intensity pitch and duration; heard over areas of mixed, solid, and lung tissue. flat sound: Soft high-pitched sounds of short duration heard over very dense tissue where air is not present tympany: Sounds with drum-like, loud, or empty quality heard over a gas-filled stomach or intestines
Which assessment finding is considered the earliest sign of decreased tissue oxygenation? Cyanosis Cool, clammy skin unexplained restlessness retraction of interspaces on inspiration
unexplained restlessness Unexplained restlessness is considered the earliest sign of decreased oxygenation. The other assessment findings, such as cyanosis, cool, clammy skin, and retraction of interspaces on inspiration, are considered late signs of decreased oxygenation.
Which would the nurse consider to be a potential respiratory system-related complication of surgery? Atelectasis Hyperthermia Wound dehiscence Hypovolemic shock
Atelectasis Atelectasis is a potential complication of the respiratory system that can occur after surgery. Hyperthermia is a potential neuromuscular complication. Wound dehiscence is a potential skin complication. Hypovolemic shock is a cardiovascular complication that can occur after surgery.
Which parameter describes the maximum volume of air that the lungs can contain? Vital capacity Total lung capacity Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity
Total lung capacity Total lung capacity is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can contain. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration. Inspiratory capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after maximum expiration. Functional residual capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal exhalation.
What is the normal value of inspiratory reserve volume? 0.5 L 1.0 L 1.5 L 3.0 L
3.0 L The normal value of inspiratory reserve volume is 3.0 L. The normal value of tidal volume is 0.5 L. The normal value of expiratory reserve volume is 1.0 L. The normal value of residual volume is 1.5 L.
The nurse places a pulse oximetry probe on the finger and toe of a client with a respiratory disorder to determine the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO 2) . Which other parameter can be determined using this technique? Arterial oxygen saturation partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood
Arterial oxygen saturation Arterial oxygen saturation can be monitored noninvasively and continuously using pulse oximetry via a pulmonary artery catheter. Analysis of arterial blood gases includes the measurements of partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide. A mixed venous blood gas sample is used in the analysis of partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood.
A client who is receiving peritoneal dialysis reports severe respiratory difficulty. What immediate action should the nurse implement? Auscultate lungs Obtain arterial blood gases notify healthcare provider Apply pressure to the abdomen
Auscultate lungs Always assess the client first to determine if the lung sounds are indicative of fluid overload. When respiratory distress occurs, possibly from pressure of the dialysate on the diaphragm, respiratory status and vital signs should be assessed. The healthcare provider should be notified and arterial blood gases should be obtained after immediate action is taken. Never apply pressure to the abdomen, as that could worsen the respiratory status.
A nurse teaches a client how to perform diaphragmatic breathing. Which instruction should the nurse provide? Taking rapid, deep breaths Breathe with hands on the hips Expand abdomen on inhalation Perform exercises leaning forward while in a sitting position
Expand abdomen on inhalation Expanding the abdomen on inhalation aids descent of the diaphragm so that more air can enter and fill the lungs. Rapid breathing promotes respiratory alkalosis; diaphragmatic breathing includes slow deep breathing. The hands should be placed lightly on the abdomen to verify abdominal excursion. Diaphragmatic breathing may be performed in any position, but the best is supine; leaning forward may prevent the client from moving the abdomen properly.
Which disorder would the nurse state is related to the tonsils? Rhinitis Sinusitis Pharyngitis Pneumonia
Pharyngitis Pharyngitis, or sore throat, is a common inflammation of the pharyngeal mucous membranes that often occurs with rhinitis and sinusitis. Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. It is a common problem of the nose and often involves the sinuses. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes or of one or more of the sinuses and is usually associated with rhinitis. Rhinitis and sinusitis are disorders related to the nose and sinuses. Pneumonia is excess fluid in the lungs resulting from an inflammatory process.
A client is discharged from the hospital after receiving a lung transplant. Which medical device should the client use to monitor his or her lung function at home? oximetry spirometry capnography ventilation-perfusion
spirometry A spirometer is a hand-held device that can be used at home. A client blows forcefully and quickly into the device after taking a deep breath. This device is used to diagnose early lung transplant rejections or infections and helps to monitor lung function. Oximetry is used for the intermittent monitoring of arterial or venous oxygen saturation. Capnography helps to assess the level of CO 2 in exhaled air; this device graphically displays the amount of partial pressure of CO 2. Ventilation-perfusion is used to assess the ventilation and perfusion of the lungs.
What is the normal value of functional residual capacity? 2.5 L 3.5 L 4.5 L 6.0 L
2.5 L normal value of functional residual capacity: 2.5 L. normal value of inspiratory capacity: 3.5 L. normal value of vital capacity: 4.5 L. normal value of total lung capacity: 6.0 L.
Which sounds are described as abnormal extra breath sounds to include crackles, rhonchi, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs? Vesicular Bronchial Adventitious Bronchovesicular
Adventitious sounds Adventitious sounds are described as abnormal extra breath sounds to include crackles, rhonchi, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs. Vesicular sounds are relatively soft, low-pitched, gentle, rustling sounds. Bronchial sounds are louder and higher pitched and resemble air blowing through a hollow pipe. Bronchovesicular sounds have a medium pitch and intensity and are heard over the main stem bronchi on either side of the sternum and posteriorly between the scapulae.
During the first 36 hours after the insertion of chest tubes, when assessing the function of a three-chamber, closed-chest drainage system, the nurse identifies that the water in the underwater seal tube is not fluctuating. What initial action should the nurse take? Take the client's vital signs Inform healthcare provider Turn client to the unaffected side Check tube to ensure that it is not kinked
Check the tube to ensure that it is not kinked Once the drainage tube is patent, the fluctuation in the water column will resume; a lack of fluctuation because of lung reexpansion is unlikely 36 hours after a traumatic open chest injury. Taking the client's vital signs may be done eventually but is not the priority at this time. Informing the healthcare provider is unnecessary at this time; the chest tube is occluded, and nursing interventions should be attempted first. Turning the client to the unaffected side will compromise aeration of the unaffected lung.
Which surgical procedure is appropriate for the removal of a vocal cord due to laryngeal cancer? Cordectomy Tracheotomy Total laryngectomy Oropharyngeal resections
Cordectomy cordectomy: a surgical procedure performed in clients with laryngeal cancer; this surgery involves the removal of a vocal cord. tracheotomy: a surgical incision in the trachea for the purpose of establishing an airway. total laryngectomy: a surgical procedure in which the entire larynx, hyoid bone, strap muscles, and one or two tracheal rings are removed. A nodal neck dissection is also done in a total laryngectomy if the nodes are involved. oropharyngeal resection: a surgical procedure performed to treat cancer of the oropharynx.
Thick mucous gland secretions, elevated sweat electrolytes, meconium ileus, and difficulty maintaining and gaining weight are associated with which autosomal recessive disorder? Cerebral palsy Cystic fibrosis Muscular dystrophy Multiple sclerosis
Cystic fibrosis The early symptom of cystic fibrosis is meconium ileus, which is impacted stool in the newborn. Thick mucous secretions, salty sweat, and difficulty gaining weight because of high caloric demands are characteristics of the condition. Cerebral palsy is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain. Muscular dystrophy is a muscular disorder. Multiple sclerosis is a condition with progressive disintegration of the myelin sheath.
A client with asthma is being taught how to use a peak flow meter to monitor how well the asthma is being controlled. What should the nurse instruct the client to do? Perform procedure once in the morning and once at night Move trunk to an upright position and then exhale while bending over Inhale completely and then blow out as hard and as fast as possible through mouthpiece Place mouthpiece between lips and in front of the teeth before starting the procedure
Inhale completely and then blow out as hard and as fast as possible through mouthpiece A peak flow meter measures the peak expiratory flow rate, the maximum flow of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second; this monitors the pulmonary status of a client with asthma. The peak flow measurement should be done daily in the morning before the administration of medication or when experiencing dyspnea. The client should be standing. Placing the mouthpiece between the lips and in front of the teeth before starting the procedure will interfere with an accurate test; the mouthpiece should be in the mouth between the teeth with the lips creating a seal around the mouthpiece.
Which statement appropriately describes tidal volume? It is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration additional air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation additional air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation
It is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath. Residual volume is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration. Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation. Expiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation.
A nurse teaches a client with a diagnosis of emphysema about the importance of preventing infections. What information is most significant to include? Purpose of bronchodilators Importance of meticulous oral hygiene Technique used in pursed-lip breathing Methods used to maintain a dust-free environment
Methods used to maintain a dust-free environment Microorganisms in the mouth are transferred easily to the tracheobronchial tree and are a source of potential infection; meticulous oral hygiene is essential to reduce the risk of respiratory infection. Bronchodilators will not prevent infection; they dilate the bronchi. Pursed-lip breathing will not prevent infection; it promotes gas exchange in the alveoli and facilitates more effective exhalation. It is impossible to maintain a dust-free environment.
Which diagnostic test is being performed in this figure? Pic: oximeter on finger
Pulse oximetry A pulse oximeter uses a wave of infrared light via a sensor placed on the client's finger, toe, nose, earlobe, or forehead to identify hemoglobin saturation with oxygen. In this figure, the instrument is attached to the client's finger. Capnometry and capnography are methods that measure the amount of carbon dioxide present in exhaled air, an indirect measurement of arterial carbon dioxide levels. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) assess lung function and breathing problems. In this procedure, the client is asked to breathe only through the mouth, and a nose clip may be used to prevent air from escaping through the nose.
A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a blood pH of 7.25 and PCO 2 of 60 mm Hg. These blood gases require nursing attention because they indicate which condition? Metabolic acidosis M alkalosis Respiratory acidosis R alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis The normal blood pH range is 7.35 to 7.45; therefore, a blood pH of 7.25 indicates acidosis. The parameter for respiratory function is CO 2 and the acceptable range of arterial PCO 2 is 35 to 45 mm Hg; therefore, 60 mm Hg is elevated, resulting in respiratory acidosis. HCO 3 is the parameter for metabolic functions. A pH of 7.25 is acidic, indicating acidosis and not alkalosis.
A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a blood pH of 7.25 and a PCO 2 of 60 mm Hg. What complication does the nurse conclude the client is experiencing? Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis The pH indicates acidosis[1][2]; the PCO 2 level is the parameter for respiratory function. The expected PCO 2 is 40 mm Hg. These results do not indicate a metabolic disorder or indicate respiratory alkalosis.
Which physical assessment maneuver is the nurse performing when instructing the client to breathe in slowly and a little more deeply than normal through the mouth? Palpation Inspection Percussion Auscultation
The physical assessment maneuvers used for chest examination include inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. During auscultation, the nurse instructs the client to breathe in slowly and a little more deeply than normal through the mouth. The nurse asks the client to breathe deeply while performing palpation. During inspection, the nurse asks the client to sit upright or to have the head of the bed upright. While performing percussion, the nurse helps the client to assume the semi-sitting or supine position.
While preparing the client for a diagnostic procedure, the nurse positions the client upright with elbows on an overbed table and the feet supported. The nurse also instructs the client not to talk or cough during the procedure. Which diagnostic test is the client undergoing? Lung biopsy Thoracentesis Mediastinoscopy Ventilation-perfusion scan
Thoracentesis A thoracentesis is performed to obtain a specimen of pleural fluid for diagnosis. The client should be positioned upright with elbows on an overbed table with the feet supported. The client should not talk or cough during the procedure because the inserted needle may cause trauma. A lung biopsy or mediastinoscopy may not require the client to be seated upright. No special precautions are needed after performing ventilation-perfusion scan because the gas and isotope transmits radioactivity for only a brief interval.
Which cartilage is also known as the Adam's apple? Costal Cricoid Thyroid Arytenoid
Thyroid The thyroid cartilage is commonly known as the "Adam's apple" and is the largest of the cartilages that comprise the laryngeal skeleton. The costal cartilage is only found at the anterior ends of the rib. The cricoid cartilage lies below the thyroid cartilage. The arytenoid cartilage works with the thyroid cartilage in facilitating vocal cord movement.
A client who is homeless is hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal. When considering the type of personal protective equipment that is needed for the client's care, what condition does the nurse recall that homeless persons are at risk for? Prostatitis Tuberculosis Osteoarthritis Diverticulosis
Tuberculosis Medically underserved clients such as the homeless, clients who are alcohol or drug dependent, and those who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are at risk for developing tuberculosis. Being homeless does not increase a person's risk for developing prostatitis, osteoarthritis, or diverticulosis.
A nurse is a preceptor for an orientee (newly hired nurse). The orientee is providing postoperative care to a client who recently returned from a laryngoscopy. The orientee reminds the client not to eat or drink anything until instructed to do so. How does the preceptor evaluate the suitability of the instructions given to the client by the orientee? appropriate; oral intake after procedure may result in aspiration appropriate; important to limit painful swallowing inappropriate; client is too groggy after general anesthesia to comprehend information inappropriate; fluid replacement should begin immediately after the procedure
appropriate; oral intake after procedure may result in aspiration Oral intake should not be attempted after the procedure until the return of the gag reflex. Even an alert person may choke and aspirate if eating or drinking is attempted while the pharyngeal wall is anesthetized. Although some slight irritation may occur after the procedure, there usually is no painful sequela. Clients do not receive general anesthesia for a laryngoscopy. The procedure does not produce a fluid deficit. The client needs to remain nothing by mouth.
The nurse provides discharge instructions to a client who had a rhinoplasty. Which instructions should the nurse share with the client? avoid items that may trigger sneezing consume fluids at a tepid temperature brush teeth thoroughly after each food intake sleep on the back using one pillow under the head
avoid items that may trigger sneezing Sneezing involves high pressures in the respiratory passageways during the expulsive phase of a sneeze; this can disrupt sutures or alignment of bone, promoting bleeding, and therefore should be avoided. Fluids that are soothing for the client are given at any temperature; cool or warm temperatures usually are preferred. Brushing teeth after any intake is not a necessity; the client's regular routine may be followed. Sleeping on the back with one pillow promotes the accumulation of facial edema and possible aspiration of drainage; the semi-Fowler position is preferred.
Which client would have relatively smaller tidal volumes due to limited chest wall movement? client with... asthma pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis phrenic nerve paralysis
client with phrenic nerve paralysis Some respiratory conditions such as phrenic nerve paralysis may limit the diaphragm or chest wall movement and may result in smaller tidal volumes. In this condition, the lungs do not fully inflate, and the gas exchange may be impaired. Exacerbations of asthma may cause expiration to become an active labored process. Pneumonia may result in decreased lung compliance due to an accumulation of fluid in the lungs. As the lung tissue becomes less elastic or distensible, the client with pulmonary fibrosis may have decreased lung compliance.
A client is hospitalized with a diagnosis of emphysema. The nurse provides teaching and should begin with which aspect of care? disease process and breathing exercises how to control or prevent respiratory infections using aerosol therapy, especially nebulizers priorities in carrying out everyday activities
disease process and breathing exercises Clients need to understand the disease process and how interventions, such as breathing exercises, can improve ventilation. Learning to control or prevent respiratory infections is important, but it should be taught later. Although it is helpful to know about aerosol therapy and nebulizers, knowing how to use aerosol therapy, especially nebulizers, should be taught later. Although it is important to teach the client how to set priorities in carrying out everyday activities, this should be taught later.
Which condition may lead to collapse of the walls of the bronchioles and alveolar air sacs? asthma emphysema chronic bronchitis centrilobular emphysema
emphysema Emphysema is a condition in which a dysregulation of lung proteases may lead to the collapse of the walls of the bronchioles and alveolar air sacs. Asthma is a condition that involves a reversible airflow obstruction in the airways. In chronic bronchitis, infections or bronchial irritants cause increased secretions, edema, bronchospasm, and impaired mucociliary clearance. Centriacinar or centrilobular emphysema affect the respiratory bronchioles most severely.
A client who was recently diagnosed with emphysema develops a malignancy in the right lower lobe of the lung, and a lobectomy is performed. After surgery, the client is receiving oxygen by nasal cannula at 2 L per minute. Blood gas results demonstrate respiratory acidosis. What should be the initial nursing intervention? administer oral fluids encourage deep breathing increase oxygen flow rate perform nasotracheal suctioning
encourage deep breathing Hypoventilation because of pain is the usual cause of respiratory acidosis after lung surgery. Respiratory regulation corrects 50% to 75% of pH imbalances; this is accomplished by either increasing (for acidosis) or decreasing (for alkalosis) the rate and depth of respirations. Therefore, deep breathing will decrease carbon dioxide levels in the blood, thereby decreasing respiratory acidosis. Oral fluids are helpful in liquefying respiratory secretions but will not decrease carbon dioxide levels in the blood. The client has emphysema, and increasing delivery of oxygen if the client is not hypoxic may precipitate CO 2 narcosis. The situation does not indicate the presence of excessive respiratory secretions.
Which pulmonary function test provides a more sensitive index of obstruction in smaller airways? Forced vital capacity functional residual capacity forced expiratory volume in 1 s forced expiratory flow over 25%-75% volume of forced vital capacity
forced expiratory flow over 25%-75% volume of forced vital capacity Forced expiratory flow over the 25% to 75% volume of the forced vital capacity is the measure that provides a more sensitive index of obstruction in smaller airways. Forced vital capacity indicates respiratory muscle strength and ventilator reserve. Functional residual capacity is normal or decreased in restrictive pulmonary diseases and increased in obstructive pulmonary diseases. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second is reduced in certain obstructive and restrictive disorders.
Which respiratory measurement is useful in differentiating between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary dysfunction? peak expiratory flow rate forced vital capacity forced mid-expiratory flow rate forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity ratio
forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity ratio Forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity ratio is useful in differentiating between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary dysfunction. Peak expiratory flow rate aids in monitoring bronchoconstriction in asthma. Forced vital capacity is the amount of air that can be quickly and forcefully exhaled after maximum inspiration. Forced mid-expiratory flow rate is an early indicator of disease of the small airways.
Besides providing reassurance, what should nursing interventions for a client who is hyperventilating be focused on? Administering oxygen using an incentive spirometer having client breathe into a paper bag administering an IV containing bicarbonate ion
having client breathe into a paper bag Reassurance decreases anxiety and slows respirations; the bag is used so that exhaled carbon dioxide can be rebreathed to resolve respiratory alkalosis and return the client to an acid-base balance. Administering oxygen is not necessary because there is no evidence of hypoxia. Using an incentive spirometer is used to prevent atelectasis. The client is already alkalotic; bicarbonate ions will increase the problem.
A nurse is caring for a client who was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is receiving oxygen at 2 L/min via nasal cannula. What is the primary focus of therapy when caring for this client? Limiting hydration improving ventilation decreasing exogenous oxygen correcting bicarbonate deficit
improving ventilation Improving ventilation provides comfort, maintains existing lung function, and prevents further lung damage. Maintaining, not limiting, hydration thins secretions so that ventilation is improved. Oxygen administration should be maintained at no higher than 2 L per minute; this provides oxygen while preventing the development of CO 2 narcosis. Bicarbonate usually is not given because the client probably is in compensated respiratory acidosis.
Which statement is true regarding the Hering-Breuer reflex? increases tidal volume decreases respiratory rate prevents overdistention of the lungs reduces the number of functional alveoli
prevents overdistention of the lungs The Hering-Breuer reflex prevents overdistention of the lungs. An increase in hydrogen ion concentration will cause an increase in the tidal volume via central chemoreceptors. A decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration will cause a decreased respiratory rate via peripheral chemoreceptors. The Hering-Breuer reflex does not cause a reduction in the number of functional alveoli.
Before discharge, the nurse is planning to teach the client with emphysema pursed-lip breathing. What should the nurse instruct the client about the purpose of pursed-lip breathing? decreases chest pain conserves energy increases oxygen saturation promotes elimination of CO2
promotes elimination of CO2 Pursed-lip breathing increases positive pressure within the alveoli and makes it easier for clients to expel air from the lungs. This in turn promotes elimination of CO 2. It also helps clients to slow their breathing pattern and depth with respirations. It does not decrease chest pain, conserve energy, or increase oxygen saturation.
A client arrives in the emergency department with multiple crushing wounds of the chest, abdomen, and legs. Which are the priority nursing assessments? level of consciousness and pupil size characteristics of pain and blood pressure quality of respirations and presence of pulses observation of abdominal contusions and other wounds
quality of respirations and presence of pulses Assessing breathing and circulation are the priorities in trauma management; basic life functions must be maintained or reestablished (ABC's: Airway, Breathing, Circulation). Level of consciousness and pupil size are assessments associated with head injury; in this situation these follow determination of respiratory and circulatory status, which are the priorities. Although blood pressure is an important assessment associated with adequacy of circulation, it is obtained after assessments associated with patency of airway and breathing; a client's pain is addressed after airway, breathing, and circulation needs are assessed and interventions implemented to support life. Assessment for abdominal injury and other wounds follows determination of respiratory and circulatory status, which are the priorities.
The nurse is caring for a client with a possible pulmonary embolism (PE). Which diagnostic test should the nurse initially anticipate will be prescribed for this client because it is the evidence-based gold standard for a PE diagnosis? Spiral (helical) computed tomographic angiography D-dimer and arterial blood gas (ABG) lab tests Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan Pulmonary angiography
spiral (helical) CTA A spiral (helical) computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is considered the gold standard for a pulmonary embolism (PE) medical diagnosis. The spiral CTA also has the added advantage of diagnosing other pulmonary abnormalities. A pulmonary angiography is still used as a PE diagnostic test, usually if the client also has coronary disease and invasive treatment (i.e., angioplasty) may become necessary; however, it is no longer the gold standard because it is expensive and invasive, and the spiral CTA has excellent accuracy and better accessibility. Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scans are currently used only in certain circumstances such as when the client has contrast dye allergy. D-dimer and arterial blood gas (ABG) laboratory tests are typically prescribed for a client with a possible PE; however, these tests are not specific or sensitive enough to be used alone to make the PE diagnosis. An ABG is used to evaluate the client's oxygenation status during medical diagnosis and treatment to determine if additional emergency treatment is needed, such as intubation and mechanical ventilation. A D-dimer simply reveals the presence or absence of fibrin split products which occur when a blood clot degrades or breaks down; however, about half of clients with a PE still test negative (a normal result) and several other conditions can produce a positive D-dimer result.
What surgical procedure is shown in the following picture? Pic - stuck into left lower lobe of lung thoracentesis mediastinoscopy transbronchial biopsy computed tomography
thoracentesis A thoracentesis is a diagnostic procedure used to obtain a specimen of pleural fluid for diagnosis, to remove pleural fluid, or to instill medication. A mediastinoscopy involves a scope inserted through a small incision in the suprasternal notch advanced into the mediastinum to inspect and biopsy lymph nodes. A transbronchial biopsy involves passing forceps through a bronchoscope to obtain a specimen that can be studied to differentiate between the infection and rejection in lung transplant recipients. Computed tomography is used to diagnose lesions that are difficult to assess via conventional X-ray studies.
