N405 Exam 1 Chapter 4: Finding Sources of Evidence
What type of search tool is described below: o "And" narrows a search, both terms must be found in record; automatically used when two or more keywords are entered (i.e. Anorexia and bulimia) o "Or" broadens a search, either search term must be found in record; either one or both terms ▪ Will broaden search ▪ Is helpful if using synonyms to use the or "Not" narrows searches,only the first search term and not the second term in record (i.e. Anorexia not bulimia) ▪ Ex: you want A but not B
Boolean operators
What type of search tool is described below: o Words that specify a relationship between two or more search terms o Terms and, or, & not ▪ If you use and that will narrow search because both terms must be found in the record. So If you use "asthma and emergency department" o "And" narrows a search, both terms must be found in record; automatically used when two or more keywords are entered (i.e. Anorexia and bulimia) o "Or" broadens a search, either search term must be found in record; either one or both terms ▪ Will broaden search ▪ Is helpful if using synonyms to use the or "Not" narrows searches,only the first search term and not the second term in record (i.e. Anorexia not bulimia) ▪ Ex: you want A but not B
Boolean operators
under databases are the same but different you have an _____ _____ ______ which is when items are not available in full text, can be retrieved by filling out request forms. ▪ If an item is unavailable in full content within a database. A request can be made and a copy may be accessed in the ____ _____ ______. Sometimes you can find the abstract of an article but cannot find the full article so would need to talk to librarian about this
Interlibrary loan system
T OR F. To build your knowledge set so you can search, access, and evaluate info in evidence and literature. Through this knowledge you will be able to recognize reliable and credible sources and you will encounter misinformation from media, parents, and healthcare workers so you need to be able to work through these barriers in order to ID the quality evidence
T
T or F. **when it is possible, nurses should always read primary sources and draw your own conclusions
T
T or F. Controlled vocabulary is considered advanced searchers.
T
T or F. Databases are the same but different. There are variations per vendor, search results, and content changes can be a source of confusion. When you are considering searching a broad range of databases, that will the numbers and types of studies that you can find
T
T or F. Most sources provided by the US government are free access
T
T or F. Your internet can be a source for medical and healthcare nursing info but you have to really know your source and see what is and is not credible.
T
T or F. evidence can be categorized as (1) primary or secondary, (2) peer reviewed or not peer reviewed, and (3) scholarly, trade, or popular.
T
What type of access to information is described below: o you are paying for access.
access paid by an individual
What type of access to information is described below: o what you access through the library. If in hospital, hospital may give you access to certain sites that they have
access paid by an institution
exploding, qualification, and positional operators fall under?
advanced searches
For general search strategies, you can search for a specific type of document and use _____ ______: ▪ Using a reference list to find related articles ▪ Building searches both forward and backward in time ▪ Also, Using a single article, clicking "times cited in this database" and the link connects you to other documents ▪ If you find an article that has a lot of good info and they referenced a lot of articles, you can go to their references and use their citations and going after those.
citation chasing
o Ex. Hashtag (twitter, Instagram, or Facebook) o You use hashtags to retrieve items with matching content o Is called subject searching o Ex: CINAHL headings, Medical Subject Headings o Consistent method for retrieving records even when different terminology is used **advanced searches
controlled vocabulary
o Same concept of using hashtags on facebook, twitter, or Instagram o Broad concepts narrowed in a consistent manner; uses a standardized hierarchial list of terms that have been designated to represent major subject concepts within the database ▪ Standardized, hierarchal lists ▪ Designated to represent major subject concepts and conditions contained within a database **advanced searches
controlled vocabulary
For types of evidence, you want to use the most scientific literature publication ______ to determine most current and authoritative information. o A model describing how research becomes disseminated in publication -- Begins with the idea of research itself →researchers prepare and present findings for publication in a scholarly paper→ paper accepted by editors of scholarly journals→ papers move into a less professional publication format, such as reviews and magazines, for a general audience→ cited in textbooks or reference materials
cycle
For general search strategies, some hints for searching ______ databases include: ▪ Parameters of recall ● Strategy used to search for the number of retrieved records with a keyword ● Broad catch of retrieved records; gives a large number of articles ● Usually giving you a high number of results of related records ● Best used when info researching is uniquely detailed, a new topic or procedure, or has not been widely written about in the literature o Get as many articles that you can about it ● Broad catch of literature
electric
For general search strategies, some hints for searching ______ databases include: ▪ Precision ● Search strategy that narrows the parameters of the search ● Provides conceptual baselines for refining search ● Retrieval of records is usually smaller in number, but the results are more closely matched ● Best when the info being sought has been written about by a number of authoritative sources by knowledgeable people ● Narrows parameters; will get smaller number of articles but will be more relevant to your search ● Best used when topic has been widely written about and is very knowledgeable by people.
electric
When looking at the structure of sources we have: o CINAHL, known as databases Can be in format of databases we use
electronic indexes
When keeping it ________, ▪ Apply the phrase "give credit where credit is due" o Looking at APA references o Should not be using direct quotes; should be avoided ▪ Cite sources to acknowledge others' ideas and contributions ▪ Avoid plagiarism ▪ Paraphrase or use direct quotations carefully ▪ Format citations per style guidelines o Last thing done on a paper o Write a reference for each resource if you know you are using it
ethical
The purpose of finding ________: it is important to o Know how to search, access, and evaluate information o Recognize reliable and credible sources o Possess skills to understand research deigns o Differentiate good quality from poor quality research o Assess the value of an intervention for clinical practice o Obtain access to computers and technical resources o Use resources such as handbooks and reputable websites to guide evaluation o Possess ethical responsibility to use available tools and resources o Access academic, health sciences, or hospital library resources o Combine skills and resources as an information, consumer, and patient resource advocate
evidence
The purpose of finding ________: it is important to o Possess skills to understand research deigns o Differentiate good quality from poor quality research o Assess the value of an intervention for clinical practice o Obtain access to computers and technical resources
evidence
The purpose of finding ________: it is important to o Use resources such as handbooks and reputable websites to guide evaluation o Possess ethical responsibility to use available tools and resources o Access academic, health sciences, or hospital library resources o Combine skills and resources as an information, consumer, and patient resource advocate
evidence
the best sources for ___ ___ ____ includes: ▪ Print and electronic sources ▪ General and subject specific databases ▪ Nursing faculty ▪ Library guides
evidence based practice
how sources are organized: ▪ Consult with and information Resources _______ o To create an evidence-based practice, nurse must be aware of information retrieval options o Will have trouble locating a certain article especially with EBP project. Your expert that slide is taking about is advisor for EBP project or librarian o Can apply for life in general as a nurse. If you have any issues, reach out for help
expert
▪ One of the **most powerful techniques*** for searching subject headings ▪ Database searches all the records indexed to that term as well as any terms that are in a related, narrower category ▪ Can dramatically increase the number of records generated by the search ▪ Technique for searching subject headings that identifies all records indexed to that term. **advanced searches
exploding
What type of access to information is described below: o free for you to access; a lot of electronic resources provided by the US government.
free access
For ______ search strategies, you can have a randomized control trial and pediatric sickle cell disease. That would be like the ______ search that you are typing in for your search.
general
under databases are the same but different you have topic and subject matter. ▪ ________ content databases: offer mix of scholarly, trade, and popular works ● Google ● Where you will get random healthcare topics, government reports, and news ● Good for consumer point of view and not good for EBP
general
under databases are the same but different you have topic and subject matter. ▪ ______ literature: info about literature that are ***yet to be published****, includes unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals ● Have not been peer reviewed ● Unpublished works, conference papers; these might not always be found in certain databases ● All indicitive of upcoming hot topics
grey
free access, access paid by an institution, and access paid by an individual are the 3 types of access to?
information
What type of review is described below: o Scholarly papers that synthesize published studies and articles to answer questions about phenomena of interest o Found in peer-reviewed professional publications o Do not need to include works that use the same design or research methods. Similarities or differences in studies
integrative
a scholarly paper that synthesizes published studies to answer questions about phenomena of interest
integrative review
When looking at the structure of sources we have: o : allows searching for the author's words, not the subject terms assigned by database publisher ▪ How you would search your databases ▪ Can use internet search tools
keyword searching
There are 2 basic types of search queries that are used when searching electronic databases. They are keywords and controlled vocabulary. Which of the 2 is described below? o Comes from PICOT question ▪ To ID key terms ▪ P—patient population (what is your specifically defined group) ▪ I—intervention (what intervention will be used to address the problem) ▪ C—comparison (how does intervention compare to certain standards) ▪ O—outcome of interest ▪ T—time frame o Once you write out PICOT question, you can pull words form it that would be important to your search
keywords
There are 2 basic types of search queries that are used when searching electronic databases. They are keywords and controlled vocabulary. Which of the 2 is described below? o Enter a search term that best describes a topic as it is used in records o Searches need to include synonyms and variations of the terms used ▪ "Bonding" and "attachment" ▪ Best for full text or citation records o Also includes words in the title, content notes, author fields ▪ Going to be reported on EBP to let reader know thought process and ensures you covered all areas of research
keywords
There are 2 basic types of search queries that are used when searching electronic databases. They are keywords and controlled vocabulary. Which of the 2 is described below? o Enter a search term that best describes a topic as it is used in records o Searches need to include synonyms and variations of the terms used ▪ "Bonding" and "attachment" ▪ Best for full text or citation records o Also includes words in the title, content notes, author fields ▪ Going to be reported on EBP to let reader know thought process and ensures you covered all areas of research o Comes from PICOT question ▪ To ID key terms ▪ P—patient population (what is your specifically defined group) ▪ I—intervention (what intervention will be used to address the problem) ▪ C—comparison (how does intervention compare to certain standards) ▪ O—outcome of interest ▪ T—time frame o Once you write out PICOT question, you can pull words form it that would be important to your search
keywords
There are 2 basic types of search queries that are used when searching electronic databases. what are they?
keywords controlled vocabulary
What categorization of evidence is described below: ● Type of periodicals d ● **Difference is that journals are to be scholarly and professional resources whereas a ________ is generally targeted for a more general reading audience and is often considered popular literature*****8 ● General reading
magazines
What type of review is described below: o Combine results of studies into a ***single measurable format*** (like RCTs) and statistically ***estimate the effects of proposed interventions.**** o Results from multiple studies are combined in one large analysis to show the statistical significance o Includes works that are similar or identical so that statistical comparisons can be made ▪ Have to be somewhat related ▪ Statistical significance o Includes both published and unpublished works o Study on similar or identical research studies
meta-analyses
What type of review is described below: o Includes works that are similar or identical so that statistical comparisons can be made ▪ Have to be somewhat related ▪ Statistical significance o Includes both published and unpublished works o Study on similar or identical research studies
meta-analyses
a scholarly paper that combines results of studies, both published and unpublished, into a measurable format and statistically estimates the effects of proposed interventions
meta-analyses review
What type of review is described below: o Most traditional type or review, thus most familiar o Found in **trade publications** o Are subjective o Common/uncommon elements 🡪 literature review is example of this o Writers not concerned with widely varying research methods, designs, or settings
narrative
reviews based on common or uncommon elements of work without concern for research methods, designs, or settings; traditional literature review
narrative review
What type of search tool is described below: o Grouping; used when a search contains ***two or more Boolean operators (and, or, not)**** o ****Parentheses, quotations****; indicates when search terms are grouped together o Parentheses are processed first -- "(herbal remedies)"
nesting
how sources are organized: ▪ Example of _______ structures: the alphabet, phone book ▪ Factors of conducting a search of literature o Develop the question- what interests you determines the depth and breadth of the search, which sources to search, and the dates of publication to include o Perform literature review process o Reexamine original focus and search strategy o Ensure scholarly information has been gathered
organizational
What categorization of evidence is described below: ▪ Experts and editors judge subject significance, methods, and conclusions for publication ● Can find this info from journal's websites ● The reviews are often blinded to editors or reviewers do not know who they are reviewing ● This process may take several submissions and revisions until an article is finally accepted for publication ▪ Ensures quality of published works and enables readers who are not experts to have confidence in what is being presented. ● ____ ______ = primary source
peer reviewed
What categorization of evidence is described below: ● Broad term, published on a set schedule ● Will be related to professional development, products, practices, or trends in the discipline ● Journals and magazines are periodicals ● Journal: scholarly or professional resource
periodical
What categorization of evidence is described below: ● Written to inform or entertain **general public** o A lot of graphics and basic stuff ● Writing level is basic, graphics get as much space as text ● Ex. Prevention magazine
popular literature
▪ Using terms like **adjacent, near, or same** to specify the number of words that can appear btw search terms; telling the proximity of search terms to one another ● "Same" does not designate order ▪ Terms that specify the number of words that can appear between search terms
positional operators
What categorization of evidence is described below: ▪ Original info by the person or persons responsible for creating it or the people involved in the original research ● Ex: paintings, speeches, diaries, autobiographies, interviews, journal articles, book chapters, dissertations, conference proceedings ● Always provide full references to other works cited in paper ● **when it is possible, nurses should always read ________ sources and draw your own conclusions*****
primary sources
For general search strategies, some hints for searching ______ indexes include: ▪ Ask a librarian for help ▪ Search terms can change over times ● Ex: if looking at SIDS, it can be SUIDS (sudden unexpected death syndrome) ● Terms can change and may need to use different terms ▪ Know the years you want to search 🡪 organized by time
When looking at the structure of sources we have: o printed listing of electronic sources or print resources ▪ Organized by author listings, title listings, and subject listings
print index
The ______ ______ is a model that describes how research gets published. ▪ The 1st step is that you have to have an idea and the research itself happens. it can also be started with grant proposals ▪ The 2nd step for the researcher to prepare their findings and scholarly paper ▪ The 3rd step is that hopefully the paper will be accepted into a scholarly journal. Sometimes these papers can be summarized in reviews to broaden the reach of the audience. The most noteworthy of papers may be cited in textbooks or other works of reference ▪ It can take some time from the initial research to what we see in a textbook. Because of this, you may look at journals for more information on the topic
publication cycle
The following are the steps of the scientific ______ ______: 1. develop and discuss ideas to begin preliminary research through raw data reports, grant proposals, and conference papers 2. researchers prepare findings and presentations for the publication of a professional scholarly paper 3. papers are accepted by editors of scholarly journals and indexed in literature indexes and databases 4. papers move into a less professional publication format such as reviews or magazines. They are summarized and compiled with other like-topic papers to be searched for by a general audience 5. the most noteworthy information from the paper may be cited in textbooks or reference materials.
publication cycle
▪ Designates which fields are to be searched in the record ● Can choose if you want the authors words in the title ▪ **Limiting** the fields of search, using listing such as the *author, title, or subject, publication date, publisher* ▪ Punctuation is important here **advanced searches
qualification
Narrative, integrative, meta-analyses, and systematic are the different types of?
reviews
What categorization of evidence is described below: ● Written and ***edited by professionals*** in the discipline for other colleagues. o **Discipline specific vocabulary** o Ex: Journal of Nursing Scholarship ● Focus on **narrow topics** within the discipline and are vehicles for original research o Uses discipline specific vocabulary
scholarly articles
What categorization of evidence is described below: ▪ The resulting commentaries, summaries, reviews, or interpretations of primary sources ● New insights or historical perspectives no previously available ● **Ex: textbooks, systematic reviews, biographies, general magazine** ● Often don't cite the works of others ● Talking about other works
secondary sources
What type of search tool is described below: o Words that are so commonly used that they are a hindrance to accurate record retrieval o Are usually ***articles of speech, conjunctions, and pronouns**** o Might show "failed search" o Include: a, an, and, for, in, of, the, this, and to
stop words
when formulating a search _____: ▪ Plan the order of databases to be searched and the key terms used ▪ Keep notes and save search results ▪ Use a systematic approach to searching databases using keywords appropriately ▪ If results aren't relevant, try a different database ▪ Once you found an adequate number of records, it is time to start skimming your abstracts to narrow your resources that will be useful to you and those that will not
strategy
When looking at the _____ of sources we have: o Print index: printed listing of electronic sources or print resources ▪ Organized by author listings, title listings, and subject listings o Electronic indexes: CINAHL, known as databases ▪ Can be in format of databases we use o Keyword searching: allows searching for the author's words, not the subject terms assigned by database publisher ▪ How you would search your databases ▪ Can use internet search tools
structure
________ searching is when you are searching databases using controlled vocabulary. In CINAHL, this list is referred to as the CINHL headings. It can be found across the top of the screen, when you click on it you can search various terms linked to that topic will appear. From here, you can narrow your search. You do NOT need to know the term used in that database. Your book example is typing in heart attack versus having a myocardial infarction ▪ A list will appear defaulted by relevancy rank, major concept options will select articles in which your chosen term is a major focus ▪ You can click on a term to get subheadings. If you do not choose a subheading, all is searched. This will be referred to as exploding. **advanced searches
subject
under databases are the same but different you have topic and subject matter. ▪ _____-_______ databases: inform about scholarly literature of disciplines, such as CINAHL ● Refer to databases such as CINAHL ● Will have little to no popular literature found here
subject-specific
What type of review is described below: o Combines elements of the three combined: narrative, integrative, and meta-analysis o All of the articles address the ***same clinical problem and adheres to very strict eligibility criteria**** o Helpful in situations where evidence is needed quickly
systematic
rigorous and systematic syntheses of research findings about a clinical problem
systematic review
Boolean operators, truncation, wildcards, nesting, and stop words are different search?
tools
What categorization of evidence is described below: ● Written for professionals within a discipline but are more casual tone ● Are related to professional development, products, practices, or trends in the discipline ● Ex. American Journal of Nursing or RN Magazine
trade publications
What type of search tool is described below: o Can also be a colon, question mark, dollar sign, and pound sign. ▪ Primarily an asterick sign o Helps file on the databases will guide you in this. Instead of typing in nurse or nurses, you can do the nurs* and can get nurse, nurses, nursing or any title beginning with nurs
truncation
What type of search tool is described below: o The ability to retrieve records of search terms that share a **common root** o Symbol like * is placed at the end of a group of letters forming the root search term: "nurs*" ▪ Nurses, nurse, nursing ▪ Be aware of words that share the same roots (i.e. Nursery, nursing home) o Can also be a colon, question mark, dollar sign, and pound sign. ▪ Primarily an asterick sign o Helps file on the databases will guide you in this. Instead of typing in nurse or nurses, you can do the nurs* and can get nurse, nurses, nursing or any title beginning with nurs
truncation
What type of search tool is described below: o Substituting symbols for one or more letter in a search term o Many databases use the question mark: ? o Instead of entered "woman" and "women": "wom?n" ▪ Can get woman or women; both ways. o Using a symbol also
wildcards
