Napoleon Study Guide for Mollie
The People of France support Napoleon...Why?
Émigrés returned if they took an oath of loyalty. Middle Class happy with economic reforms and restoration of order. Peasants relieved because they had rights to the land they bought from church & nobles during revolution. Napoleon also created jobs based on talent.
Confederation of the Rhine
Napoleon formed this in 1807 from a league of about 20 German princes. Each was sovereign and the confederation included the kingdoms of Saxony, Bavaria, Wurtemburg and Westphalia. Westphalia was made up of Hanover and bits of Prussia. Napoleon put his youngest brother, Jerome, on the throne.
What happened with Austria and Napoleon?
Napoleon had victory in Battle of Austerlitz. Austria lost lots of land and people.
Jacobins
Napoleon joined the _________ shortly after the French Revolution
What is the Concordat of 1801?
Napoleon made peace with Catholics. This agreement kept the Church under state control but recognized religious freedom for Catholics. Catholics = happy Revolutionaries = not happy
Waterloo
Napoleon mobilized his army against the English and Prussians after his return from Elba. The Prussian army comes to the aid of the English and defeat Napoleon's army
How was Napoleon's experience at the military academy in France?
Napoleon was miserable and an outcast; he vowed to one day turn his sympathies towards France, but not for years of resentment
Grand Armee
Napoleon's army that consisted of 614,000 men
Peninsular War
Napoleon's attempt to march across Spain in order to conquer Portugal. Napoleon attempts to secure French control over Spain and is meet with opposition by Spanish guerrillas.
allowing the countries to govern themselves for 6 years
Napoleon's conquest of Spain claimed its American Empire by....
Continental System
Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
100 Days
Napoleon's escape from Elba back to France where he is reunited with his old army am marches through southern France
Who was Josephine?
Napoleon's first wife
defeat England through economic war
Napoleon's purpose in instituting the Continental System was...
The Treaty of ______ (1814) restored ________ to the French throne under a liberal constitution, as well as restoring the borders from 1792 to France.
Paris; Louis XVIII (the 18th)
Who was the governor of Corsica and Napoleon's childhood hero?
Pasquale Paoli; napoleon returned to corsica to govern alongside him. however, paoli didn't trust him and later exiled him from Corsica
Napoleon became a part of the ______ during his schooling, which led to some of the best military positions in France.
Royal Military Academy
Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
The Quadruple alliance against Napoleon consisted of what European powers?
Prussia
What country was NOT ruled by a member of the Bonaparte family during the first decade of the 19c?
it was a symbolic gesture to show his independence
Why is it significant that Napoleon crowned himself as Emperor of the first French Empire in 1804
Napoleon's invasion of Spain
What was the direct cause of the rebellions in Latin America in the first part of the 19c?
_____ _______ means "hit and run raids". The Spaniards waged this against the French.
guerilla warfare
What effects did the Enlightenment have on Napoleon?
he was influenced by the ideas of Rosseau: liberty, equality, abolition of privileges, etc
What MAIN strategy did Napoleon use throughout his military career that made him a phenomenal general?
he would divide his enemy so that he always maintained larger numbers than them
By 1802, Napoleon had deemed himself as what in regards to the Consulate? (hint: instead of merely first consul, he was now ____ )
head consul for life
Why did Napoleon decide to invade Russia?
his former ally, Tsar Alexander I, backed out of the continental system.
How did Napoleon's loss in Russia affect his reputation?
his reputation was destroyed, nobody had faith in him anymore
Second Coalition
in 1799, the two remaining members were Austria and Great Britain, which had been formed against France in 1798. when these overtures were rejected, French armies led by Napoleon decisively defeated the Austrians.
Milan Decree
in 1807 which proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France.
In 1795, Napoleon fired a cannon into a raging mob to defend the French Directory. Why was this significant?
it allowed him to rise up in power by defeating the Directory's enemies, effectively earning their trust
Duke of Wellington
leader of the combined British and Prussian army; would defeat Napoleon at Waterloo
Why did Napoleon decide to invade Spain in 1808?
many spaniards were resisting foreign rule, and they were causing the French occupying forces in Spain a ton of mischief (attacked them; made them run out of supplies)
St. Helena
place of napoleons second/last exile and death
What were the prefects in charge of? List 3.
public order; a good government; for the policy of the central government to be carried out throughout the country
The _____ ______ ______ is a military strategy of burning buildings, crops, or any other resources that might be valuable to an invading enemy force.
scorched earth policy
Who did the Spaniards encourage to fight back against France?
the Austrians
Which battle (1805) forced Austria to make peace with France?
the Battle of Austerlitz
At which battle (1812) did Napoleon defeat the Russians whilst making important territorial gains, but still suffered significant losses?
the Battle of Borodino
At which battle (1813) did the new alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia finally defeat Napoleon (temporarily)?
the Battle of Leipzig
Which battle (fought in 1796) thoroughly convinced Napoleon that he was destined for greatness?
the Battle of Lodi
Which battle (1805) ended in Britain smashing France due to their strong naval forces?
the Battle of Trafalgar
Which battle (1815) was Napoleon's final loss, having been banished to St. Helena for the rest of his days shortly afterwards?
the Battle of Waterloo
In 1801, Napoleon and the Roman Catholic Church both signed this agreement, which stated that France was an official catholic state, but the church was still under state control.
the Concordat of 1801
After taking power, Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, converting it to what?
the Confederation of the Rhine
What was Napoleon's primary estate called, which Josephine bought for him?
the Malmaison
Which empire would later refuse to support Napoleon because of the Egyptian Campaign?
the Ottoman empire
Why was Napoleon forced to abandon his Russian conquest?
the Russians used the scorched earth policy, which caused the French to run out of supplies. They were forced to turn back away from Moscow due to the brutal Russian winter, where Napoleon's army suffered tremendous losses.
Battle of Jena
the battle in October 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians., To punish Prussia for joining the Third Coalition, Napoleon engaged in this battle. He obliterated the Prussian army and occupied their capital city of Berlin. King of Prussia Fredrick william the third asked protection from the Tzar of Russia against Napoleon
Which battle (fought in 1793) gave Napoleon the opportunity to prove himself as a worthy solider and led to him getting promoted?
the battle of toulon
Peninsular Campaign
when Napoleon sent troops into Portugal to impose the Continental System there
What is Napoleon's military Style?
Very strategic, autocatic. Effective with large armies, and created many new battle plans.
Confederation of the Rhine
Composed of 16 German states who excepted French presence in southern Germany, and promised to support Napoleon if war broke out. It also ended the Holy Roman Empire.
How did Napoleon come back to Power?
Napoelon cam e back to France with an army, and the citizens supported him. He was in power for 100 days this time.
Fourth Coalition
Comprised of Prussia, Russia, Britain, Saxony, and Sweden, they fought against Napoleon from 1806-7. The war featured several major victories for the French, who conquered almost all of Prussia and Poland; the war ended with the Treaties of Tilsit.
The _____ of _____ was the gathering of the major powers in Europe that kept Europe major-war-free for 100 years.
Concert (of) Europe
Admiral Hiratio Nelson
He was a flag officer, famous for his service in the royal navy, particulary during the Napoleonic Wars. He was noted for his inspirational leadership and superb grasp stategy and inconventional tactics, which resulted in a number of decisive naval victories.
Goal of the Continental System
to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon's mastery over Europe
Why was Napoleon so frustrated by the army in 1788?
He was frustrated that because of the Old Regime and his social class, he would never be able to achieve his dreams of having a high military status.
Who is Louis XVIII
He was recognized as King of France when Napoleon was exiled. His transition did not go smoothly.
Who led the British Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar?
Horatio Nelson
What happned at the Battle of Waterloo?
British and Prussian armies allied and fought French forces in Waterloo Belgium. This one day battle crushed the French army.
Louis XVIII
(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).
Battle of Trafalgar
British victory in 1805 which destroyed Napoleon's plan to invade England and secured Britain's dominance over naval power during the 19th century.
The continental system failed to bring Great Britain to its knees, the ultimate results being the following 3 things:
- Britain responded with its own blockade of European goods - trade restriction caused prices to soar - more resentment towards the French government began to build
After escaping Elba, Napoleon returned to Paris for ____ days, hence the name of that period of time.
100
Danube, Italy
1805; France vs. Britain, Austria, & Russia; 3rd Coalition; Ulm - France defeated Austria; Austerlitz - France defeated Austria & Russia
Sea Power
1805; France vs. Britain; Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: French Navy Lost!)
Berlin Decree
1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.
Poland
1806; France vs. Russia; a.k.a. Grand Duchy of Warsaw; Friedland - France defeated Russian Troops; France occupied Konigsberg, capital of East Prussia
Continental System
1806; France vs. Spain, Portugal; Portugal did not comply with this system; France wanted Spain's support to invade Portugal; Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well
Napoleon's empire began to crumble starting what year specifically?
1812
What was Napoleonic Code? List 3 key points.
1; embodied enlightenment principles (liberty, fraternity, equality) 2; undid some reforms of the French Revolution, such as women's rights 3; opened jobs to all, based on talent not class
How did Napoleon stabilize the French economy? Name 3 different ways.
1; he encouraged new industry and created/opened jobs for everybody 2; he controlled the prices of everything (state regulation) 3; he created the Bank of France by pooling cash from the rich
Explain the Napoleonic Codes.
A code of Laws that instituted enlightenment principles including equality of citizens before law, religious toleration andabolishment of fuedalism. Women lost newly gained rights.
oligarchy
A form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people. These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, or military control.
Organic Articles
A series of laws to help supervise the rights of other religions in France besides Catholicism.
What was the French retreat from Moscow like? What did this do for Napoleon's image?
A very brutal winter took a toll on the French troops. Not many survived. Napoleon's repuation for success was shattered.
Who did Napoleon align with when first scheming to create a new constitution? (hint: he wrote "What is the Third Estate?)
Abbe Sieyes
Enlightened Despot
Absolute rulers who imposed reforms that would benefit their subjects as well as themselves.
was divided into departments rather than provinces
After the French Revolution and the Napoleon era, France...
How did Napoleon feel about his dad? What was his name?
Carlo; napoleon never forgave him for submitting to the French
he replaced the empire with the Confederation of the Rhine
How did Napoleon deal with the Holy Roman Empire?
Battle of Leipzig
Also known as the Battle of the Nations; in October 1813, the combined armies of the fourth coaliton decisively defeated Napoleon and the French army
The Spanish Ulcer
Also known as the Peninsular War. Napoleon decided to conquer Spain and after forcing the Spanish king to abdiccate, Napoleon made his brother king. The British sent an army to help the Spanish and Portuguese drive out the French. He failed to suppress the Spanish uprising and defeat the British. Lasted from 1808 to 1814. Napoleon continued to control Spain's government, but the campaign drained the French military resources. In 1814, the Spanish, with British helped drive out Joseph Bonaparte. They drew a new constitution that provided a limited monarchy. The Spanish revolt with the new constitution illustrated the tremendous influence of the ideals of the French Revolution.
Concordat of 1801
An agreement between Napoleon and the Papacy which declared Catholicism " the religion of the majority of the French citizens."
Rosetta Stone
An ancient Egyptian stone inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appeard in 3 scripts: the uppertext is text is Ancient Egytian hieroglyphics, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek.
Legion of Honor
An executive group consisting of talented and meritorious people from the French population, for their service to the nation.
List the 4 main powers who formed an alliance after Napoleon's defeat
Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia
This battle (1800), fought between the French and the Austrians in Italy, proved that Napoleon was an incredible leader and solidified his rule.
Battle of Marengo
What are the similaraties of Napoleon & Julius Caesar?
Both strong Military Leaders that turned political leaders. Both very independant.
Describe Czar Alexander I & Napoleons relationship.
Both wanted to conquer and divide Europe
"order in council"
Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the continent
The ______ of _______ was a gathering of European leaders that met for 10 months after Napoleon was banished to Elba.
Congress (of) Vienna
After the loss to Great Britain at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon decides to wage economic warfare with them instead. He created the _____ ______ in order to close European ports to British goods.
Continental system
Where was Napoleon born, and how did this place affect his views on France?
Corsica; Napoleon despised France for taking over Corsica
On November 9, 1799, this overthrew the Directory and allowed Napoleon to come to power as the First Consul of France.
Coup d'etat de Brumaire
Napoleon was wildly successful in making himself look like a big hot shot using grand art and propaganda in Egypt during the what?
Egyptian Campaign
Where was Napoleon banished to in 1814, after he gave up his throne?
Elba
What tactics did Napoleon use to keep good relations with conquered countries?
Forceful Diplomacy He placed his friends and family on the throne of conquered countries Nationalism
Consulate
Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Former slave whom aided in the independence of Haiti from the French.
Goya
I depicted the cruelty of the French in their attacks on Spanish citizens in my paintings.
Explain the Continental System.
Napoleon closed European ports to British goods. Britain responded by blockading Europpean ports. Napoleon failed to bring Britain under his control.
How did Napoleon feel about France when he was young? Why?
Napoleon despised the French because they took over Corsica
What effect did the French Revolution have on Napoleon?
Napoleon despised the Old Regime and the unfairness of the social class system. When it was abolished by the Revolution, Napoleon felt like his ideas could finally be heard and he could finally succeed regardless of his background.
The marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise signified an alliance between which two great powers?
France and Austria
Napoleon Bonaparte
French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)
Napoleon took the ______ Army with him to invade Russia, which was comprised of about 600,000 soldiers from 20 nations.
Grand
What are Napoleon Reforms to the Economy?
He Controlled prices, encouraged new industry and built roads and canals which are important from transportation.
How does Napoleon change Europe's Map?
He annexed the Netherlands, Belgium and parts of Italy and Germany. He abolished the HRE and created the Confederation of the Rhine He cut the size of Prussia in a half. He made Poland the Grand Duchy of Warsaw He forced alliances from Spain to Moscow.
Describe Napoleon's Early Military Victories & Failures.
He drove the British forces out of Toulon in 1793. Had victories against Austrians, Italians. He lost his campaign against the British in Egypt.
How did Napoleon feel about the Jacobins' ideals?
He had supported the Reign of Terror because he felt as though the ends justified the means.
What finally happened to Napoleon after Waterloo
He lost power, was exiled to St. Helena and never returned.
equality under the law, but not political freedom
In general, Napoleon championed...
What is a Plebiscite and how did it help Napoleon's Rise to Power?
It is a popular vote by demand. The French people supported Napoleon. Even though poeple voted him in, he still had absolute power.
What is Elba?
It is the island Napoleon was exiled to.
In 1804, Napoleon became the first modern dictator after two years as head consul. He could be considered a _____ in all but name, which was a drastic change from the all the f*ckery that had ensued during the French Revolution.
King
How did Napoleon feel about his mom? What was her name?
Laeticia; napoleon loved her, admired her, said she had no equal
Haratio Nelson
Leader of the English fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar, he died in the battle but the success of his fleet was one of history's most decisive victories
In 1803, Napoleon sold the ______ ______ to the United States because he was in need of money to fund his warfare.
Louisiana Territory
What was the public education system called under Napoleon?
Lycees
Who was Napoleon's second wife, who bore him a child after Josephine couldn't?
Marie Louise
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
Explain the alliance formed against Napoleon in 1813?
Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia allied agaisnt Napoleon. THey defeated him in tat the Battle of Leipzig.
Explain the Scorched-Earth tactic Russian troops used agaisnt French troops.
Russian retreated from French and burned crops and villages as they went. This left the French troops Hungry and very cold during the winter.
Josephine de Beuharnais
She was the first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte, and thus the first Empress if the French. Her first husband was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she imprisoned in the Carmes prison until her release 5 days after her husband's executuion
Where did the Peninsula War take place?
Spain
What happened with Spain & Napoleon?
Spaniards ressited Napoleon's changes stayed loay to Catholic church and thier King. Spaniards used guerilla warfare tactics on Napoleon's troops. This stopped troops and supplies from moving to where they were needed.
Napoleon intended to undermine the _______ ________ _______ with his invasion of Spain, but many Spaniards remained loyal to their former king as well as their church.
Spanish Catholic Church
How did Napoleon's Army influence conquered lands?
Spread Ideas of Revolution baced liberal reforms in conquered lands new governments in conquered lands inlcuded revolutionary ideas Napoleonic Codes spread
Where was Napoleon exiled to after the Battle of Waterloo, which would also be the place of his death?
St. Helena (an island)
Lycees
State secondary schools, intended to give it's students technical training and to produce loyal military officers and government officials from the graduates
Who were the prominent members of the 3rd Coalition (formed in 1805), and what was their main goal?
The British, Russians, Austrians, Holy Roman Empire. They all wanted to crush France.
Napoleonic Code
The French legal system enacted in 1804 containing the details for French civil , commercial, and criminal war.
What is Corsica?
The Island Napoleon is from. Napoleon moved to France when he was young to train to be a military leader.
What is Napoleon's Legacy?
The Napoleonic Codes created many changes. He created a centralized state with a constitution. Elections were expnaded with limited suffrage. Citizens had more access to property and education. He spread the idea of revolution. He sparked nationalist feelings across Europe.
Hundred Days
The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
What was the Consulate? What title did Napoleon take in regards to it?
The consulate was the new government that Napoleon created in 1799. It was divided into 3 head consuls. He made himself the leader, or the First Consul.
War of 1812
The edicts of the Continental System eventually led to the...
Continental System
The establishment of a French blockade of English ships from docking in European ports, therefore, crippling English trade
Metternich
The foreign minister of Austria who helped to manage and control the agreement made by European nations in the Congress of Vienna. He was a conservative and believed in absolutism.
Consulate
The government established after the overthrow of the Directory to bring political satiability and strengthen Napoleon's executive power
Elba
The island where Napoleon was exiled to after his first defeat as emperor in France.
The "Big Blunder"
The retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon's disastrous Russian campaign (1812-1813); In July 1812, Napoleon led his Grand Armee eastward across central Europe and into Russia. - Russians avoided direct contact with Napoleon - Retreated to Moscow, drawing French into interior of Russia. - Russian nobles abandoned estates and burned their crops to the ground.
Marie-Louise (of Austria)
The second wife of Napoleon. They were married on March 12, 1810 in Vienna, creating an alliance between Austria and France.
Elba
The tiny island that Napoleon was granted after his abdication. Off the coast of Italy. (1st exile)
Why did Czar Alexander's and Napoleon's relationship become negative?
There were bad economic effecs for RUssia with the Ontinetal system. Napoleon expanded Grand Duchy of Warsaw by Russia's borders. Russia withdrew support for the continental system. Napoleon assembled the Grand army to attack Russia.
Describe Napoleon's crowning.
Took crown from pope's hands and crowned himself. This showed he owed his throne to no onen but himself.
Treaty of Fountainbleau
This finalized the exile of Napoleon to a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy where Napoleon would be emperor of Elba alone.
Concordat of 1801
This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power
What treaty was signed in 1797 to keep the peace between Austria and France? (after the battle of Lodi)
Treaty of Campo Formio
Who ruled over Russia during Napoleon's reign?
Tsar Alexander the I
At first, how fond were the French of their new lord and savior, Mister Napoleon? (1804-1812)
VERY fond
Lycees
This was established in 1801 as educational reform. It initially enrolled the nation's most talented students. They did have to pay tuition, although, there was some financial help for poorer students. This was where they trained the nation's future bureaucrats
Napoleonic Code
This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy
Council of 500
This was the lower house of the legislature of france during the period commonly known as the Directory, from August 22,1795 until November 9, 1799, roughly the second half of the period generally referred to as the French Revolution.
1812 Invasion of Russia
This was the result of Napoleon's growing frustrations with the inefficiency of the Continental system and his growing interests in the Mediterranean region.
What did the Concert of Europe aim to achieve?
to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings
What was a plebiscite?
a popular vote by ballot
Battle of Trafalgar
an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.
Battle of Austerlitz
battle between Austria, Russia, and France; the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II
Third Coalition
consisted of Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Prussia, defeated by Napoleon in brilliant victories (only defeat was off southern coast of Spain)(stopped invasion of England and ensure British Naval supremacy)
Napoleon could be considered an _____ ______, based on his principles as well as his absolute control over his empire.
enlightened despot
Waterloo
the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians
Battle of Borodino
the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic era, fought outside of Moscow; both sides had terrible losses, but the Russian army was not defeated; Napoleon gained nothing substantial and when Moscow was burned, the French forces were left completely cut off. Napoleon regarded this battle as a loss.
How did Napoleon the Scammer remain in complete control despite using plebiscites, a strictly democratic process, to elect government officials?
there was a pre-approved senate as well as a pre-approved list of candidates FOR that senate (pre-approved by Napoleon himself). the french men would select from a group of candidates who all shared the exact same viewpoints and who had sworn their loyalty to Napoleon.
What did the Congress of Vienna aim to achieve?
to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power as well as protecting the system of monarcy
