NAST exam 1
Christopher Columbus "discovered" America in 1492
"So tractable, so peaceable, are these people, that I swear to your Majesties there is not in the world a better nation" Should be, "made to work, sow and do all that is necessary and to adopt our ways."
sitting bull
"There was only one who was considered as being above all others. This was Sitting Bull. He was recognized as the leader of all tribes."
Importance of family
"We are all related" Different ideal from that of the self-sufficient individualism or nuclear single-family unit of mainstream culture Large native family networks include multiple households and an extended kinship network
Assimilation Policies and Historical Trauma (:
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Culture, Spirituality, and Identity (:
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Dance of the Ghosts-ch 18 (:
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Family and Social Networks (:
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Federal Assimilation Policies of the late 19th/early 20th century (:
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Little Crow's War(:
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Pre-colonialism and the Indian Removal Act (:
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Red Cloud's War(:
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The Rise and Fall of Donehogawa (brown ch 8) (:
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The War for the Black Hills (brown ch 12) (:
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War comes to the Cheyenne (Brown book, ch 4) (:
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feminism(:
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midterm review(:
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powder river invasion(:
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speaker of historical trauma(:
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the only good indian is a dead indian(:
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wounded knee(:
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Overview of the First Americans
- Early american indian american societies were rich, diverse, and sophisticated -Native americans made many crucial contributions to modern art, medicine, architecture, and ecology -After the arrival of Europeans in the new world, native americans struggled intently to preserve the essentials of their diverse cultures while adapting to radically changing conditions
what instigated the little crows war?
-"So far as i am concerned, if they are hungry, let them eat grass or their own dung" ---Said after the whites refused to give them their money, and hence their rations and the natives were angered because they were starving -"It would be better to fight the white men now while they were fighting among themselves far to the south" -"Ta-oya-te-duta (Little Crow) is a coward!" --His own people turning against him --Said he was a coward, not able to step up and fight for his people --Basically them challenging Little Crow -**All these caused Little Crow to attack. First attack on traders was a success. Then they went for a forte. (Them fighting directly against the US government to make a point that this is not right). However, things did not go well...many casualties, burned buildings, but they never captured the whole forte. Still making him a failed leader that he can't pull it off. Little Crow tried to work with other Sioux leaders but they weren't willing to ally with him at the time. They raided smaller settlements but in the end...
Gold is discovered
-1868: Black hills were worthless to the US and given to the Native tribes by treaty --Pres. Grant previously announced his determination to "prevent all invasion of this country by intruders -4 years later whites were violating this treaty
Outcome of Little Crow war: Largest mass execution in American History...
-600 male Santees arrested, chained, and imprisoned, Little Crow had left so he was not there anymore. ---No legal rights- no defense counsel ---303 sentenced to death; 392 prisoners were tried, 303 were sentenced to death and 16 were given prison terms ---President Lincoln commuted the death sentence to all but 39 -On December 26, 1862, 38 Dakota men were hanged at Mankato
Suffering of the Eastern Tribes
-At the beginning of the 1830s, nearly 125,000 native americans lived on millions of acres of land in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina and Florida -The "five civilized tribes" (because they assimilated willingly) had survived more than a hundred years of settler's wars, diseases, and whiskey, but this changed in the early 1830's. -Discovery of gold on their lands and the potential to grow cotton brought a clamor for their immediate movement west
death of black kettle
-Black Kettle, remembering Sand Creek, wants peace -Custer's troops destroyed Black Kettle's village-killing happened indiscriminately -Black Kettle was betrayed and "met his death at the hands of white men in whom he had too often fatally trusted and who triumphantly report the fact of his scalp in their possession." -Black Kettle was willing to negotiate with whites, yet they killed him so the natives lost their trust for them because it showed the whites didn't want to negotiate
little crow
-Called the president "Great Father" -A chief -Thought the president would protect them no matter what -The states wanted the land so it was a fight for the land -Earliest fights over land -Santee tribe -Government was taking his people's money -*Unlikely chief-not liked by his people and they lost faith in him and blamed him for their misfortunes -*Signed both treaties that tricked his people out of their land and the money promised to them -*Disillusionment turns to anger -*Tried assimilation, didn't work because the people he negotiated and worked closely with turned on him
custer
-Custer entered West Point in 1857-graduated last in his class ---At 23 he was the youngest brevet brigadier general in the Union army -After serving several months in Texas, he was commissioned a lieutenant colonel and assigned to the seventh cavalry regiment based at fort Riley. Custer led the seventh cavalry in several skirmishes against tribes ---After raiding Black Kettle's Cheyenne village, hee was in trouble again for leaving the field without searching for a missing reconnaissance unit that had been ambushed and slain ---He violated the treaty of 1868 by taking an expedition into the Indian's sacred Black Hills where gold was discovered ---The gold rush that followed created intense Indian hostility and precipitated the government's decision to cofine all northern plains tribes to reservations ---1876: died in the Battle of the Little Bighorn
wounded knee
-Death of Sitting Bull and Big Foot, eliminated key leaders most opposed to the US and its indian policy -Many historians have pointed to wounded knee as the closing episode in the West's indian wars
Donehogawa-Ely Samuel Parker
-Determination to be "taken seriously as am an" ---Missionary school, worked at a law firm, english name, attempts to volunteer for the Civil War -Relationship with Ulysses Grant helped him gain a job as the new Commissioner of Indian Affairs--first native to get that job -Wanted to adopt the white man ways--assimilate -"The Little Father"
religion
-Dif. tribes developed own religions and worldviews, many of which are based on the observation that all things are alive and possess spirits -The most important group ceremony is the Sun Dance, an inter tribal ceremony on the Plains that involves personal sacrifice for the good of loved ones and the entire community -Medicine men or women with spiritual roles in the community -The buffalo is particularly sacred to many of the Plains peoples; their horns and hides are sometimes used as sacred regalia during ceremony
Native americans made many crucial contributions to modern art, medicine, architecture, and ecology
-Domesticated animals -Cultivated plants for food, dyes, medicines, and textiles -Established extensive patterns of trade -Variety of systems of social and political organization -Adapted to diverse and demanding environments
What was Grant's Quaker policy or peace policy for the Indians?
-Drafted by Parker, made it so that religious organizations represented the tribes to the government --With the thought that they'd be more peaceful --Quakers volunteered
As long as the grass grows or water runs
-Federal government would give them financial support and promise them lands beyond the Mississippi --"There, beyond the limits of any state, in possession of land of their own, which they shall possess as long as grass grows or water runs i am and will protect hem and be their friend and father." --Andrew Jackson ---DID NOT HAPPEN!
Conflict of state vs federal law
-Federal treaties and laws gave congress, not states, authority over tribes --Indian trade and intercourse... -President jackson ignored this and supported state action --Georgia, alabama, and mississippi began to pass laws to extend the state's' role over native americans in their territory --Whites encouraged to settle on native lands
Contact with Europeans
-First contact- late in the 17th century, many Sioux tribes had entered into an alliance with French merchants-not war-friendly trade! -Between 1776 and 1887, the US seized over 1.5 billion acres from America's indigenous people by treaty and executive order -Deadly epidemics also aided the Europeans conquest. The Indians were highly susceptible to European diseases. Smallpox, typhus, diphtheria, plague, cholera, measles, and influenza appear to have been unknown. Measles, mumps, whooping cough, and other epidemics greatly reduced the indian population and a huge part of european conquest
Removal process continued
-First the Choctaw, and then the Creeks. Creeks forced to move and didn't have resources to move and many died -Cherokee people were divided on what to do. --Should they leave their homeland? --Forced to leave and many died -By 1849, tens of thousands of native americans had been driven off of their land in the southeastern states and forced to move across the mississippi to indian territory --Not affecting Plains indians yet --By 1907 the Georgia indian land was gone for good to the whites -Forces that led to removal did not come from the poor white frontiersmen -Removal came from industrialization and commerce, the rise in land values, railroads, and the greed of businessmen
Peaceful interactions end
-For more than two centuries, the taking of land and destruction of tribal communities continued as settlers moved west -Several tribal nations- the Iroquois, the Pontiac, and the Shawnees- attempted to resist and protect lands from invasion ---Solution? Treaties. ---Signed treaty after treaty and ceded land until there was none left to cede ---Dozens of tribes scattered, were reduced, or disappeared completely
Historical Trauma
-Historical trauma is entirely different than consciously holding onto the past when it resides in your ancestral memory and DNA. it results in numerous defense mechanisms ,developmental malfunctions, and behavioral issues. This is scientific and is supported in studies -Passed from generation to generation, and different for everyone
changes to the laramie treaty
-Historically the federal gov has had a poor record of honoring treaties negotiated with indian tribes -As the need for land or resources developed, the federal gov simply moved to change the provisions of previous treaties ---In june of 1866, the US held a talk at Fort Laramie with various Lakota bands to negotiate a new treaty which would close off the Powder River area and the Bozeman Trail to the Indians in order to insure continued gold supplies and emigration into Montana. Waned to ensure the safety of travelers going to Montana during the Gold rush. ---Talks of not just travel though...talk of forts which was a direct violation of the treaty ---Red Cloud delivered a speech about treachery and he left. Went northbound to fight anyone who invaded their territory
Key sociological concepts
-History's impact on modern american indians -Policy's impact on modern american indians and how it was created -Identity and culture -Social groups (native athletes) -Complex social systems -Racism and resilience (racism is high in SD) -Application of complex history to everyday life
Andrew Jackson
-Land speculator, merchant, slave trader, and most aggressive enemy of Native -Americans in early American history -1813 massacre of 250 Native Americans -1814: Battle of Horseshow Bend -Seminole War of 1818 -1814-1824: he played a key role in treaties (i.e., land grabs) that took over many southern states -NOT A GREAT GUY TO INDIANS -Andrew was called "Sharp Knife" by the Indians -Andrew Jackson becomes president in 1829 -Appointed a commissioner of Indian Affairs to serve in the War Department -Had long been an advocate of what he called "Indian removal
Early american indian american societies were rich, diverse, and sophisticated
-No one knows for sure how many indians lived in the western hemisphere in 1492, but the number was in the millions -All indians lived in organized societies with political structures, moral code, and religious beliefs. All had adapted to the particular environments in which they lived. The idea of private land ownership was foreign; land was held communally and worked collectively -Cultural differences
Cultural identity defined
-Not exclusive: people identify themselves in many ways and belong to different cultural groups -Cultural identity is important for one's sense of self and in relating to other people -A strong cultural identity can contribute to a person's overall wellbeing.
Sand creek massacre
-Peaceful tribe sees American soldiers coming close and came out to greet them peacefully, SHOT DEAD! The soldiers massacured the entire tribe. Men. Women. Children. Mutilated the bodies. Cut off private parts and wore them as hats. Scalped them all. -Very brutal -Mostly affected the -Cheyenne and Arapaho indians -How did it affect the Sioux indians? ---Changed their view of whites ---Caused a trust issue ---Caused a fear of it happening to them -Occurred on November 29, 1864 -A 675-man force of Colorado US volunteer cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of cheyenne and arapaho in southeastern colorado territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 native americans, about two-thirds of the tribe -Indians say there will be no peace moving forward. Ready to move on to spirit land to see family members. They will fight until death now. -Caused the Cheyenne and Sioux to become closer. Brought them together in the idea that non-natives cannot be trusted and they need to fight together to protect their family and land. They are now one tribe.
overview of powder river invasion
-Post-Laramie treaty: in 1865, tribes in the powder river country were scattered from the bighorns to the black hills ----Began hearing rumors of soldiers coming at them from four directions -Pawnee scouts utilized for the campaign for US army against Sioux ---Enemies of the Sioux-highlighted a threat -Battle of tongue river: morale of the 2,000 troops was low
meeting with red cloud
-Red Cloud and other chiefs are convinced to travel east to meet with the new Little Father --Saw this as a key to peace and returning to their hunting grounds --Donehogawa read and explained the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 in which he knew that the Sioux had been tricked --He told the natives the government lied to them, but fixed it -Red Cloud wins another victory- if some of the Sioux preferred to live on their hunting grounds instead of an reservations, they could do so
the legacy of red cloud
-Red Cloud became an important leader of the Lakota as they transitioned from the freedom of the plains to the confinement of the reservation system ---Red Cloud continued fighting for his people, even after being forced onto the reservation -He outlived all the other major lakota leaders of the Indian Wars ---He died in 1909 at the age of 87 on the Pine Ridge Reservation -Announcements of Red Cloud's death and recognition of his achievements were printed in major newspapers across the country--honored even though he was a problem to the US army -Red Cloud was the most photographed American Indian of the 19th century
Lewis Cass
-Secretary of War, minister to France, presidential candidate -Article in North American REview made the case for Indian removal --Said they need to be moved
Indian Removal Act
-Several states passed laws limiting Native American sovereignty and rights and encroaching on their territory --In a few cases, such as Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), the US supreme court objected to these practices and affirmed that native nations were sovereign nations "in which the laws of Georgia [and other states] can have no force" -Indian removal act: gave the federal government the power to exchange native-held land east of the Mississippi for land to the west, in the "indian colonization zone" that the US had acquired as part of the Louisiana Purchase (located in present-day Oklahoma.) --Required the government to negotiate removal treaties fairly, voluntarily and peacefully --Cannot be forced to sign --Anything east of Mississippi is American land, anything West is for Indians
Culture defined
-Shared system of meanings, beliefs, values, and behaviors through which we interpret our experiences -Culture is learned, collective, and changes over time -Culture is generally understood to be "what we know that everyone like us knows"
The end of the ghost dance
-The Lakotas' white neighbors and reservation officials viewed the movement as a threat to US indian policy --Many believed the ghost dance ceremonies and ghost shirts indicated that the Lakotas intended to start a war -The gov dispatched the US army and called for the arrest of key leaders such as sitting bull and Big Foot --Indian police killed sitting bull while arresting him --Big Foot dies, along with hundreds of his followers, two weeks later in the wounded knee massacre
Buffalo culture
-The nomadic tribes historically survived on hunting and gathering buffalo/bison -Lived in tipis to follow buffalo -Created tools and clothing from parts of buffalo -Buffalo used in ceremonial activities -Buffalo important part of -culture -Hunting for food not sport -They were also horse people so they could move quickly -Communal buffalo hunt as early in spring as their houses had recovered from the rigors of the winter -Fall: Split up into small bands to hunt and share the food for winter
From People's History of the US
-The proper tactic had been found by Jackson. Native americans would not be 'forced' to go west. But if they stayed, they would have to abide by state laws, which destroyed tribal and personal rights --Did away with tribe as a legal unit --Outlawed tribal meetings --Took away chief's powers --Made native americans subject to state taxes and military duty but they could not vote or bring suits in court
paha sapa
-This chapter introduces us to the importance of Paha Sapa, or the Black Hills, to the Sioux tribes -Center of the universe to them -Very sacred -Leaders: Sitting Bull, Red Cloud
Extermination of the buffalo
-This huge part of their lives came to an end as settlers moved west -Bison were hunted almost to extinction -Big deal to natives cause that was how they survived -By 1900's buffalo reduced to a few hundred which was not enough to sustain a bunch of people because of whites who were wasteful of the buffalo-took skin and fur and left the rest -Pissed off/disrespected the indians -Railroad industry also wanted buffalo herds culled or eliminated
donehogawa's troubles
-Thwarting of the Big Horn mining expedition created enemies in the West --Big Horn Association believed in Manifest Destiny -Political enemies found ways to remove him from office --He turned in his resignation in 1871
laramie treaty
-Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 ---Treaties are legal documents the US government, as a sovereign nation, negotiates with another sovereign tribe -Guaranteed the Lakota ownership of the black hills, and further land and hunting rights in SD, WO, and MT -The powder river country was to be closed to all whites -Once gold was discovered, this treaty was never followed
Modern Day Implications
-Walker art center (summer 2017!!!) --New sculpture, "scaffold," a gallows-inspired work based in part on the hanging of 38 Dakota tribe members in --Mankato in 1862 --Meant to be a work of art but it was not see that way --People protested, they wanted it taken down. Insulting. Harmful. Offensive
"Permanent indian frontier"
-War with mexico ended in 1847 and the US took possession of a vast expanse of territory reaching from texas to california -In 1848, gold is discovered in California -At the time of the civil war in the 1860's, there were approximately 300,000 native americans in the US, mostly living west of the Mississippi -Either because it was their home or because they were forced to move there
Horse culture
-When horses were obtained, the Plains tribes rapidly integrated them into their daily lives -The horse enabled the Plains indians to gain their subsistence with relative ease from the seemingly limitless buffalo herds -For the Plains peoples, the horse became an item of prestige as well as utility. -They were extravagantly fond of their horse and the lifestyle they permitted -Horses made it easier to obtain more buffalo
gender roles
-Women had distinctly defined gender roles that were different from, but complementary to, men's roles. They typically owned the family's home and the majority of its contents -Women tanned hides, tended crops, gathered wild foods, prepared food, made clothing, and took down and erected the family's tepees. -Customs still observed today. -Plains women were not as engaged in public political life as were the women in the coastal tribes. However, they still participated in an advisory role and through women's societies
Ghost Dance
-the ghost dance, a messianic native american religious movement, originated in Nevada around 1870 --First ghost dance prophet, preached that white people would disappear from the earth and dead indians would return to enjoy a utopian life --The movement spread through nevada and to parts of california and oregon but subsided after the prophecies failed to materialize -Faded, reemerged in its best known form in the winter of 1888-1889, by Wovoka --Taught ceremonial songs and dances to resurrect dead indians --According to the vision, if indians followed these practices, they would be reunited with the dead and whites would disappear -Several lakota bands sent emissaries to interview Wovoka about his teachings --If you do this, the dead will return --Provided a hopeful message to all indians, --Lakota participants added vestments known as ghost shirts to the ceremonies and songs brought by the emissaries
Spectrum of identity
1. Traditional 2. Transitional 3. Bicultural 4. Marginal 5. Acculturated
The death of Crazy Horse
4 months after surrendering to US troops under General Crook, Crazy Horse was fatally wounded
How many federally recognized tribes are in the United States?
567 229 in Alaska!
Western division: tetonwan/teton (Lakota)
7 bands Largest division Tetonwans-dwellers on the plains Black hills 1. Oglala 2. sicangu/brule 3. Mnicoujou 4. Hun'kpapa 5. Itazipo or Sans Arc 6. Oohenumpa 7. Sihasapa A lot of tribes of south dakota Lived in separate bands made up of extended families or tiyospaye The seven council fires came together at least once a year, usually mid summer during the season of the Sundance ceremony Cultural change for the Great Sioux Nation began in 1803 when the US completed the Louisiana Purchase from France
How many reservations are in South dakota?
9
Federally recognized tribes in South Dakota
9 Oglala Sioux Tribe Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Rosebud Sioux Tribe Yankton Sioux Tribe Crow Creek Sioux Tribe Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
Historical trauma
: culmination of fighting back against assimilation, can't change their identity
The Great sioux nation: Oceti sakowin
=seven council fires- properly refers to the entire great plains tribal system -Within the oceti sakowin, there are three tribal division, and each division is comprised of bands, who all speak different and distinct dialects -Dakota, Lakota, Nakota
Impact and role of alcohol
Alcohol was not known to natives prior to european contact Used as a bargaining tool No prior contact with alcohol-low tolerance Alcohol use today White bison talk
American indians and social support
American indians in particular benefit from social support American indians tend to have communal natures, with a strong emphasis on kinship and interdependence among the tribal community
Appropriation of Native Culture and Identity
Art Fashion Sports teams/mascots Movies "Wannabes"
Assimilation
Assimilation: loss of culture/attempt to destroy identity
chain of actions
Attempted a forced purchase, "presented to the indians as a finality" Set in motion a chain of actions that would bring the greatest defeat ever suffered by the US army Time given to "hostile Indians' to report to their agencies (reservations) or military force would be sent to compel them "Once this machinery of government began moving, it became an inexorable force, mindless and uncontrollable." --They tried being nice and it didn't work so they're just gonna do it
mineral rights
Attempted to negotiate for mineral rights Mineral rights are property rights to exploit an area for the minerals it harbors. Mineral rights can be separate from property ownership You can own land, but not what's underneath it--the government owns that
Why do you think the author ended his book with a short description of Wounded Knee? Why was that the culmination of this historical book?
Because it was the last big event that happened. Kinda the last thing that caused the indians to give up. They had no fight left
loss of the black hills and powder river
Because the gov could not punish the chiefs, they decided to punish those who remained on the reservations -Assumed all military control of reservations and treated natives as prisoners of war Little big horn = declaration of war -ordered to give up all rights to Powder River country and the black hills-maintains that indians had violated the treaty by going to war with the US -Movement to missouri river, away from Paha Sapa, forced
Why was the US gov so unnerved by the Ghost Dance?
Because they thought it was the indians rising up to start war with the whites
First wave of feminism
Began in 1848 Suffrage movement Political rights Women's loyal national league Birth control use Pro prohibition Right to vote (XIX Amendment)
resiliency
Being strong on the inside by overcoming traumas Cannot be taught-need transformative experiences Significance Competence Power virtue
allotment act
Better known as the Dawes Act, ended the general policy of granting land parcels to whole tribes by instead granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. -The goal was to pressure indians into becoming farmers or ranchers, thereby helping to assimilate them -In some cases, the allotted land was then further reduced by opening up the excess to white settlers
Why do you think the author ended his book with a short description of Wounded Knee? Why was that the culmination of his historical book?
Big impact- renew sense of hope with Ghost Dance but was defeated with this massacre No fight left in them
Paha Sapa, the Black HIlls
Center of the world, place of religious ceremonies Both sacred and secular status
red clouds war background
Civil war comes to an end--movement west 9 treaties completed with the Sioux--and it was felt that Plains Indians were pacified Great camp with dif bands and tribes camped along the Platte River, near Fort Laramie--sign of friendship--show of force--show they were united Red Cloud resisted negotiating further
use of "fake news"
Constant fights and attacks Engagements called the Hayfield and Wagon Box created many legends around them Exaggerated battles, saying thousands of natives have been killed--do so to justify what they're doing and didn't want people to be afraid to travel West
Indians in the plains
Crow, Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho Montana, north dakota, south dakota, wyoming, nebraska, iowa, minnesota
Misconceptions
Cultural and ethnic misconceptions --Stereotypes: wise elders, drunks --Indian princess: romanticizing native women --Stereotype: all natives live on reservations (false!) Indigenous women --Idea that native women are either indian princesses (sexualized), Substance abuse --Idea that native indians as a whole have high rates of alcoholism --Actually less likely to drink than other populations, but when they do they binge drink Historical misconceptions --Idea that native americans receive free benefits for being native..no --Idea that natives make tons of money because of the casinos..no
use with the DAPL conflict
Dakota access pipeline opponents occupy land, citing 1851 treaty Therefore, the treaty still matters today
What are the major tribal bands in South Dakota/sioux nation?
Dakota, Lakota, Nakota
What was the significance of having and Indian as the "Little Father" of the Indians?
Determination to be "taken seriously as a man" (adapted white socialization) Missionary school, work at a law firm, English name Relationship with Ulysses Grant helped him gain a job as the new Commissioner of Indian Affairs *first native to get this position
Discuss why the US government was so unnerved by the Ghost Dance
Didn't understand it Thought it was a war cry
"What do you think the real "war" was?"
Earliest fight over land Little crow sold out, signed treat that tricked people out of land Internal war with his people and non-nanties
Thanksgiving
English landed at Plymouth in 1620 and would have starved to death without the assistance of Natives Lived in peace for several years First deed of land to the English in 1625 was a bit of a farce Indians eventually driven off all traditional land
The Death of Sitting Bull
Escaped to CAnada, then finally surrendered after many years when his people were starving. Forced to settle on a reservation. Shot and killed while being arrested by US and indian agents, fearful that he would help lead the growing Ghost Dance movement aimed at restoring the Sioux way of life
Scientific study of society
Examines human interactions and cultural phenomena, including topics like inequality and urbanization and the effects of these on groups and individuals
return to powder river county
Felt they could return to powder river country, "hopeful that the white men would now obey the Laramie Treaty and quit prowling without permission into the Indians country north of the Platte" Powder river basin area of the great plains in northeastern wyoming. The area is loosely defined as the black hills
Native cultural identity
Formation of cultural identity, particularly for indigenous people, is a fluid process Native americans may acculturate both to the dominant society and to traditions and values of their own heritage Culture of native americans is not always homogenous Over 550 federally recognized tribes
-laramie treaty-what was it, why was it broken? What did it lead to
Gave indians the black hills and powder river country in exchange for their land. Broke because gold. Lead to powder river invasion and red clouds war
What was the significance of having an Indian as the "Little Father" of the indians?
Gave the indians more hope that they will be treated better, in charge of indian affairs
What was Grant's Quaker policy or peace policy for the Indians?
Grant found ways to negotiate Tried to recruit from religious organizations- they'd be more peaceful
crazy horse
Had been waiting for a chance to test himself in battle with the army Actes as a decoy in the Fetterman Massacre and leading a war party to victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876--biggest victory for Indians
Describe why the death of Black Kettle was such a betrayal.
He road up to the soldiers with a truce flag, and he was shot down. He walked for peace so it was a huge betrayal
Describe why the death of Black Kettle was such a betrayal.
He walked for peace but whites shot at him anyway
Why is it so important for Red Cloud to go to Laramie?
He was a strong leader who could advocate for his people, smart, not one to easily surrender his property. Wanted his involvement because of the size of his band of Oglala tribe. Need a big amount of people to sign to get a treaty.
The Myth of Pocahontas
In 1607, her father was dubbed King Powhatan, convinced that he should put his people to work for the whites Loyalty to the English cemented after John Rolfe married Pocahontas After king Powhatan's death, the people rebelled but English weapons reduced numbers from 8,000 to less than 1,000
Social support and health decisions
In addition, social support can impact health behaviors and health decisions, including alcohol consumption Your parents take advil and tylenol? You take advil usually Being surrounded by family and peers who use alcohol or other drugs predicted relapse for american indian women follow discharge from residential treatment Can be positive but also negative Conversely, american indian patients from residential treatment who reported high levels of social support had nearly 3 times the odds of abstaining from substance use than did american indian patients who had lower social support levels
fort laramie conference
In the spring of 1868 a conference was held at fort laramie that resulted in a treaty with the sioux Was to bring peace US recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people
Social construction of society
Interactions-communication Power of the group Ex: nursing group, track group Important to construct society and influence daily life and constructs what our identity is
impact of the railroad
Iron horse Right through hunting grounds in western nebraska Because of attacks on the railroad and the economic ramifications, the US gov became determined to protect the route of the Union Pacific Railroad Railroad scared off the buffalo Indians attacked the railroads (it was in their territory, especially on their hunting grounds) (made it difficult to recruit people to build because indians attacked them)
-indian removal act--what was it, what role did it play in the movement westward
It gave natives land in the west of the mississippi in exchange for their lands and forced them there. This land was promised to them forever. Brought on the trail of tears.
What was the cultural significance of the Black Hills?
It was a sacred area for the natives Where they believed their people came from--their creation story
Describe the differences in approaching natives between President Jackson and President Grant.
Jackson didn't want to negotiate with natives while Grant saw a need to do so
Describe the differences in approaching Natives between President Jackson and President Grant.
Jackson: "sharp knife" no negotiation Grant: hired "little father" liked them, thought they had been cheated, saw need to negotiate
barriers parents and caregivers face
Just surviving Loss of culture Loss of the old ways No direction, no support Boarding school Trauma Disconnection of family
donehogawa's nickname from american indian chiefs was:
Little Father. He was friends with grant the Great father
Barriers Native Children Face
Loss of culture Disconnection from family Need to survive Lack of adequate health care Trauma (historical, violence, bullying, poverty) Unresolved grief
Social support
Many types of social support-emotional (empathy, love, and trust), instrumental (tangible aid), and informational (advice) Social support comes from those who are similar to you Often time it comes from family Women's health is particularly likely to be impacted by social support, as women tend to maintain stronger ties and are more likely to be both the providers and recipients of social support than men Influenced by family Importance; Health and wellbeing If the health of a person is not good
laramie treaty today
More than a century later, the Sioux nation won a victory in court On June 30, 1980, in US vs. Sioux Nation of Indians, the US supreme court ruled that the gov had illegally taken the land Gave them millions of dollars, Lakota Sioux refuse to accept payment and want the return of the Black Hills land
Land ownership
Non-natives - land is a dominant value Natives- land, plants, and animals are "sacred relatives"-could not own land Loss of land, plants and animals becomes a source of grief
red cloud
One of the most important leaders of the Oglala Lakota, he led for many years. Oglala = biggest band One of the most capable opponents that the US army faced in its mission to subdue the western territories Largest action of Red Cloud's War, which focused on control of the Powder River Country in WY/MT was the Fetterman Fight. 81 men killed on the US side, which was the worst military defeat suffered by the US on the Great Plains until the Battle of the Little Bighorn ten years latter Fought to keep territory, and avoid reservations
Eastern division-isanti/santee (Dakota)
Originally, called Isanti-or knife makers - they were also known as the santee. The eastern division consists of four bands. Members of this division sopke the distinc Dakota dialect Mdewankanton- dwellers by the sacred lake Wahpekute- Wahpetonwan Sisitonwan or Sisseton
How did the different bands react differently to selling hunting grounds?
Other chiefs trusted the white more than others and gave up for supplies--many starving--many more likely to want to negotiate because of the recent massacres
red cloud indian school
Over 95% go on to pursue post-secondary education Red Cloud graduates are living examples of the Lakota virtue of Wachantognaka, or living generously with compassion Those who graduate from here get tons of scholarships Still a reluctance of tribal members to send their kids there because it's a private catholic school (boarding school)
historical trauma
Passed from generation to generation Past events are still felt today Indians, jews, african americans
Crazy Horse Legacy Today
Ranks among the most notable and iconic of native american tribal members
healing
Reattachment to Native values Individual, family, community healing Positive indian parenting classes doctor/IHS/hospital
summer of 1866
Red Cloud takes his people away from Fort Laramie Constant surprise attacks along the Bozeman road Recruitment of other tribes into the alliance Fetterman Massacre -No soldiers left alive -Called "Battle of the -Hundred Slain" by the Sioux -One of the largest defeats from natives to US army
resolution of red clouds war
Red Cloud's War was being fought for one purpose- to save the valley of the Powder, the only hunting ground left, from intrusion After 2 years of resistance, Red Cloud wins his war. War department issued orders for abandonment of the Powder River country
reactions to selling hunting grounds
STANDING ELK Will not sell hunting grounds to white men for a road. They will not give it unless they whip them Later added that he waa a Brule', that he and Spotted Tail were friends of the white men, but the Oglalas and the Minneconjous would fight any white man who came north of the Platte
Who was Little Crow? Describe his disillusionment with the "Great Father" (president)
Santee Unlikely chief, internal conflict with his people
Understanding feminism and its waves
Social movement and ideology Equal political, social, cultural and economic rights for women Major political impact US rans 46 on Global Gender Gap 2016
Native cultural identity
Some cultural values are nearly universal among tribes Cooperation Sharing Generosity Community building Interdependence of the individual, family, and community
How did the different bands react differently to selling hunting grounds?
Some wanted to fight some wanted to negotiate and give up land for peace
What states make up the Great Plains tribes?
South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa
How does this relate to sovereignty?
Sovereignty- own self-government Laws on tribal lands vary from those of surrounding areas. Tribal council has jurisdiction over reservations
Describe why it was so important for Red Cloud to go to Laramie
Strong leader, advocated for his people Not one to easily give things away (less like other chiefs) Respected He had a large band and if they left, lots of people would leave area
How to learn about/support native americans without appropriating
Support native artists Back native-led social movements (think DAPL) Call out appropriating
red cloud's war
Surprised and angry about movement into Indian country and for building forts on hunting grounds Those signing Laramie Treaty had not been told anything about a military occupation in Powder River--fell apart cause whites were already building forts before treaty was signed Importance of hunting (lost because of forts) Food Cultural aspect Community Don't want to go to reservations because there are no buffalo
Changes to the Laramie Treaty
The US held a talk at fort laramie with various lakota bands to negotiate a new treaty which would close off the Powder River area and the Bozeman trail to the indians in order to insure continued gold supplies and emigration into Montana US changed their mind cause gold was found New meeting at Laramie, wanted Red Cloud to go. Negotiation already fell apart cause whites were already making forts
Boarding school policies
The carlisle indian industrial school founded by richard henry pratt in 1879 was the first indian boarding school established Believed education was the means to bring american indians into society: "assimilation through total immersion" Became a model for schools sponsored by the BIA. by 1902 there were 25 of these schools with a total enrollment of over 6,000 In addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic, the Carlisle curriculum was modeled on the many industrial schools: it constituted vocational training for boys and domestic science for girls Only spoke english, cut hair, changed physical appearance to look more white, took kids away from families, taught them not to speak their language and get rid of their cultural ways
Middle division- ihanktonwan-ihanktonwan (Nakota)
The smallest division, they moved into eastern south dakota and minnesota Two bands Yankton area
Social determinants of health
The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels
Why do you think history went from trying to establish peace (end of Red Cloud's War) to "the only good indian is a dead indian"?
The whites wanted to get what they wanted and Indians were in the way so they wanted to get rid of them.
How were past conflicts between tribes used by the US army?
They used the enemies of other tribes to attack them for them so the US army didn't have to. Specific: Pawnee tribe
Cultural identity
Total experience of a group of people Encompasses spirituality, language, norms, traditions, group history Passed from one generation to the next Much more than racial identity
fort laramie conference for red cloud
Treaty was to bring peace For the next 20 years, the 16 articles of this treaty would remain a matter of dispute between Natives and the gov
What is the relationship between treaties and efforts to relocate American Indians to urban areas?
Treaty- signed contract b/t government and tribal communities: legal "promise" Assimilation More resources in urban towns
-what is the relationship between treaties (signed contract between gov. And tribal communities) and efforts to relocate American Indians to urban areas?
Used treaties to relocate them? Examples are indian removal acts which brough tribal sovereignty
the lakota learned of the ghost dance from:
Wavoka
Importance of family
We are all related Different ideal from that of the self-sufficient individualism Large native family networks include multiple households and an extended kinship network
Why do you think history went from trying to establish peace (end of Red Cloud's War) to "Only a Good Indian is a Dead Indian"
Whites finding a way to get what they want Gold discovered
Trail of Tears
Winter of 1831: Choctaw became the first nation to be officially expelled from its land. They made the journey west to indian territory, thousands of miles, on foot and without any food, supplies or other help Thousands of people died along the way. It was, one Choctaw leader told an Alabama newspaper, a "trail of tears and death."
laramie loafers
a group of natives who arranged exchanges and played an important role as munitions suppliers as well as other supplies
bear butte
a holy place. "People have been commanded to perform ceremonies at these holy places so that the earth and all its forms of life might survive and prosper." -Instill a sense of social cohesion, and remind them who they were in the past as to who they are in the present
powwow
a social gathering between many different tribes/communities. they dane, sing and socialize. they encourage culture. powwow is a big deal with tribal communities
aborginal
australia
first nation
canada
what tribes were impacted by the sand creek massacre?
cheyanne
what major US even was also occurring during the conflicts between non-natives and tribal nations?
civil war
Pre Colonialism
culture, identity, spirituality before movement to reservations
transposition
don't know how to handle grief, pass the feelings down
Trauma in Indigenous Life history
federal laws provincial policy residential schools institution of the church
Identity
feeling of belonging to a group, part of how a person sees themselves. Another definition is generation (i.e., baby boomers, millennials). Nationality. Where you live.
the group that destroyed black kettle's village and his people was led by:
george custer
Trauma in Indigenous Life poverty
housing health and nutrition education employment
Internalized oppression
idea that my culture is bad, i can't practice my ways, they're not good
Native American
in the 1960s many activists rejected the phase American Indian because it was seen as a misnomer and sometimes carried racist connotations
buffalo gap
in the SE edge of the Black hills marks the location where buffalo emerged each sprint to begin the ceremonial year of the Plains Indian
Tribal Sovereignty
in the US is the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the US Ex: indian child welfare act (passed in 1978) Placement preferences First with immediate family Second with anyone in tribe Third any tribe person Fourth non-indians Parents may take child away and back to tribes at any time Cause by social services unnecessarily taking children from tribal families ⅓ of tribal children were in out of placed child placement (unneeded
name at least one policy that is at the root of this unresolved grief
indian reservation act or boarding schools or assimilation
the american indian legacy of chronic trauma and unresolved grief across generations is typically known as:
intergenerational grief
Spirituality
isn't always an organized religion, what you believe
the _________ were a group of natives who arranged exchanges and played an important role of munitions suppliers
laramie loafers
-sovereignty, what's it mean to tribes and why is it so important
laws on tribal lands vary from those of the surrounding areas. The tribal council, not the local or federal gov, generally has jurisdiction over reservations
"Little Crows War" led to what tragedy for his people
mass execution of tribal members
American Indian
often used to refer to the indigenous cultures of the Western Hemisphere in general
Survivor's-child complex:
people that came out of trauma and were okay, but feel guilty for surviving while others didn't
native alaskan/inuit
rather than "eskimo" (eskimo is insulting)
the leader of the Oglala's during the mid- to late- 1800s-who had a war named after him
red cloud
the term that means overcoming trauma is known as:
resilience
Culture
shared beliefs and behaviors and actions
what did many natives call president andrew jackson?
sharp knife
name one of the major lakota chiefs who fought in the powder river invasion
sitting bull
Trauma in Indigenous Life oppression
social systems professional internalized
Indian wars:
such a fight to keep these cultural identities, connection to land, families, etc
social capital
the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively
Disenfranchised grief
there is not a legitimized grief, don't acknowledge that bad things happened. no t allowed to feel their grief
Culture
traditions, beliefs, and actions that define different groups of people
the iron horse that frightened all the game out of the area was more commonly known as:
trains
Lakota or Dakota
translate to mean "friend" or "ally", referring to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation
Intergenerational trauma:
trauma that goes from generation to generation
Historical unresolved grief/historical trauma:
trauma that resides in your ancestral memory and DANA that results in numerous defense mechanisms, developmental malfunctions, and behavioral issues
the name "Sioux"...
was adopted from English said to be derived from an Ojibwe exonym for the Sioux, meaning "Little snakes"
Identity
who a person is
basically...
women had significant and equal role in the community, until the whites came along and assimilation caused the men to have the leading role and woman now want their roles back
the ghost dance likely led to what major massage?
wounded knee
% of South Dakota population who are American Indian?
~10-12%
