NBDE Anatomic Sciences

what makes up 55% of blood volume? 45%?

55% = plasma 45% = formed elements

what are the major proteins that make up the 7% of plasma that proteins make up

55% albumins, 38% globulins, and 7% fibrinogen

which pharyngeal pouch gives rise to ultimbobranchial bodies which make C cells of thyroid

5th (some books consider 5th rudimentary thus say its 4th)

when can the sex of an embryo be determined? how many chromosomes do females have? when is the barr body found in males?

8th week; 45 active chromosomes and one inactive barr body; Klinefelters (XXY)

The otic ganglion is associated which cranial nerve

9

the characteristic feature of the axoneme is what arrangement? aka what?

9+2 or 9 pairs of doublet microtubules

Which of the following cranial nerves originate from medulla oblongate? -CN 11 -CN 5 -CN 9 -CN 10 -CN 12 -CN6

9, 10, 11, 12

Which three cranial nerves arise from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata

9,10,11,

The glossopharyngeal nerve supply sensation to what

Faring some posterior third of tongue

RNA and DNA can be distinguished from one another by what reaction

Feulgen reaction

Which of the following is often called the "shipping department" of the cell -ER -mitochondria -nucleolus -Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus

which hormone from anterior pituitary controls secretion of adrenocortical hormones which in turn affect the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat

Corticotropin

what are the 4 steps in fracture repair?

1 blood clot formation 2 bridging callus formation 3 periosteal callus formation 4 new endochondral bone formation

what are the 4 steps of initiation of bone mineralization

1 holes or pores in collagen 2 release of matrix vesicles by osteoblasts 3 alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts and matrix vesicles 4 degradation of matrix phosphate to release an inorganic phosphate group

the bronchial arteries that come off of thoracic portion of the aorta are highly variable but normally there are what types?

1 on right side and 2 on left

which cells primary function is speciazlied macrophages in liver

Kupffer cells

The action of which of the following muscles would be affected if the hamulus was fractured? -Uvular - Palatopharyngeus - Tensor Veli Palatini - Palatoglossus - Levator Veli Palatini

Tensor Veli Palatini

what are flattened somewhat triangular shaped endocrine glands resting on superior poles of each kidney? what is outer part? what is inner?

adrenal gland; outer=cortex, inner = medulla

where is the primary location of the chromatin cell

adrenal medulla and paravertebral ganglia of sympathetic nervous system

where does sympathetic tone dominate?

adrenal medulla, sweat glands, piloerector muscles of skin, and some BV

What are postganglionic sympathetic receptors called for norepinephrine

adrenergic receptors

tropic hormones are hormones that do what?

affect activity of another gland

The intercostal muscles are mainly active during forced respiration. The external intercostal muscles depress the ribs and hence are considered to be muscles of expiration.

True then false

Spinal nerves are formed by union of a dorsal root and ventral root that emerge segmentally from spinal cord and join apprximatley ate level of intervertebral foramen. Nerve fibers in dorsal root consist of -afferent or sensory processes -efferent or motor axons -afferent and efferent -autonomic sensoyr fibers

afferent

do afferent or efferent lymph vessels carry lymph into node

afferent

lymph nodes are only lymph organs with both what?

afferent and efferent vessels

which division of PNS include somatic sensory neruons (from skin, facia joints, etc) and visceral sensory neruons (carry hunger pangs, blodo pressure etc)

afferent divison

when does a tumor that leads to excess GH lead to acromegaly?

after adolescence

the inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of what? and they travel through what foramen?

V3, travel through mandibular foramen

what is the region of neural tube dorsal to sulcus limitans

alar plate

all longitudinal muscles of pharynx are innervated by what nerve? what is only exception?

all by vagus except stylopharyngeus muscle which is CN 9

red bone marrow contains precursor cells called hemocytoblasts that give rise to what of blood

all formed elements

one motor neuron innervates numerous muscle fibers and when it transmits and impulse what contracts simultaneously?

all the muscle fibers that motor neuron innervates

the vagus nerve does proprioception to what muscles?

all the ones mentioned before this

All of the following statements concerning the brachial plexus are true EXCEPT one. which is the exception? -fomed by ventral rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve -spinal nerves are formed by union of dorsal and ventral roots -the roots of the brachial plexus are formed by ventral primary rami of spinal nerves -the ventral primary rams of 7th cervical nerve remains as middle trunk -all trunks directly give rise to muscular branches

all turns directly give rise to muscular branches (not true)

where is sour taste most sensitive

along sides

endocrine cells of islets are what 4? what do they secretate

alpha = glucagon beta = insulin delta = somatostatin (inhibits release of GH, insulin, and TSH) gamma = secretes polypeptides

which cells primary function is producing glucagon

alpha cell

which motor neurons innervate extrafusal fibers associated with contraction

alpha motor neuron

which of the following components of respiratory system does NOT have cilia? -tertiary bronchioles - primary bronchioles -alveolar ducts - respiratory bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

alveolar ducts

what are macrophages found in pulmonary alveolus near pneumocytes, but separated from the wall

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

which cells primary function is forming enamel

ameloblast

the inner enamel epithelium specifically turns into what the makes what

ameloblasts that make enamel

All of the following carry deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit and empty directly into right atrium EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -IVC -azygos vein -SVC -coronary sinus

azygos vein

Most sensory info of the face cross is the midline and travels to the contralateral what

VENTRAL POSTEROMEDIAL nucleus of the thalamus via the ventral trigeminothalamic tract

what are the 5 subclavian artery branches?

VIT C and D Vertebral artery Internal thoracic artery Thyrocervical Trunk Costocervical Trunk Dorsal scapular artery

the medial lemnicsus passes rostrally through medulla, pons, and midbrain to termiante where

VPL of thalamus

spinal nerves divide into what two branches

VPR and DPR

What nerve provides the efferent limb of the gag reflex

Vagus

what is another word for plicae circulares? and where are they most prominent in SI?

Valves of kerckring; jejunum

what is a substance that is stained by acidic die to appear pink or red considered? what are some examples

acidophilic; mitochondria and lysosomes

which cells of anterior pituitary secrete GH and prolactin

acidophils

what shape are sebaceous and mammary glands

acinar

what are smaller secretory subunits of salivary glands that is a spheric collection of secretory cells surrounding the blind-ended termination of a single intercalated duct

acini

exocrine portion of pancreas is formed by secretory cells arranged in what? that secrete what?

acini that secrete pancreas juices

Hospital tests on a patient identify a tumor in the hypophysis that is excessively secreting GH. Given that the patient is a 25 yo male, what is expected outcome if no treatment is performed. -pituitary gigantism -pituitary dwarfism -acromegaly -achondroplasia

acromegaly

the clavicle forms the girdle of upper limb with the scapula at what joint? what joint does clavicle form with sternum?

acromioclavicular joint; sternoclavicular joint

which part of scapula provides an origin for deltoid muscle and insertion for trap muscle

acromion of scapula

Each myofibril is made of smaller strands of microfilaments; mainly?

actin and myosin

what innervates breast

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 2-6 intercostal nerves

the SCM crosses the neck to from what triangles

anterior and posterior

what supplies the cecum of large intestine w blood?

anterior and posterior cecal arteries which are branches of the ileocolic artery which is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery

striated duct cells of salivary glands have a lot of mitcodhonria because they need energy for what

actively transporting ions

the number of mitochondria in a cell is proportional to what

activity of cell (so stuff like kidney and cardiac cells have more)

moving towards midline

adduction

what does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle do

adducts the vocal cords

what does medial rectus do to eye? what innervates it?

adducts; CN III

which portion of the pituitary is the glandular portion? wht does it arise from?

adenohypophysis - oral ectoderm

Which portion of the pituitary gland is formed from an invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium (Rathke's pouch) -adenohypophysis -neurohypophysis -pars nervosa -infundibulum -pituitary stalk

adenohypotphysis

which tonsils are located on posterior wall of nasopharynx at their peak of development during childhood

adenoids (pharyngeal) - DONT contain crypts

The part of a developing salivary gland destined to become responsible for its functioning is called the: -acini -follicle -adenomere -lobule

adenomere

what are the secretory subunits of lobules of salivary glands that consist of all the secretory cells that release their products into a single intralobular duct

adenomeres

each trunk of the brachial plexus splits into what? what does each division do?

anterior and posterior division; anterior = flexors and posterior = extensors

the right cornary artery aries from what part of ascending aota

anterior aortic sinus

what is origin of inferior constrictor

arch of cricoid and oblique line of thyroid cartilages

granulose cells have what enzyme that converts androgens into estrogens?

aromatase

the greatest drop in blood pressure is seen at the transition from: -arterioles to capillaries -arteries to arterioles -capillaries to venues -venules to veins

arteries to arterioles

the highest pressure of circulating blood is found where? how does it change as it goes through circulation

arteries; decreases as it goes through arterioles, capillaries, venues and veins (lowest)

what is the arterial supply for hindgut? what is venous drainage? what is lymphatic drainage?

artery = inferior mesenteric artery; venous = hepatic portal system (via inferior mesenteric vein) lymph = superior and inferior mesenteric nodes

what is the arterial supply for midgut? what is venous drainage? what is lymphatic drainage?

artery = superior mesenteric artery; venous = hepatic portal system (via mesenteric vein); lymphatic = superior mesenteric nodes

what is the double layered CT (outer if fibrous CT) surrounding joint

articular (joint) capsule

what caps each epiphysis to facilitate joint movement

articular cartilage

what is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the smooth articular bone surfaces of joints

articular cartilage

what forms anterior boundary of mandibular fossa to help keep mandible in position

articular eminence

what is the shortest part of colon

ascending

the arterial blood supply of the heart is provided by the right and left coronary artery which arise from what

ascending aorta immediately above aortic valve

what is a short vessel that starts at the aortic opening of the left ventricle? what are the only branches of this artery?

ascending aorta; only branches are right and left coronary arteries

what is the absence of normal spleen function associated with serious infection risks, especially encapsulated bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, and neisseria meningitidis

asplenia

Which type of neuroglial cells provide structural support of GNS -satellite cells -oligodendrocytes -astrocytes -ependymal cells

astrocytes

which disfunction of cerebellum is a disturbance that alters the direction of the extent of voluntary movements like abnormal gate or controlled movements

ataxia

what joint permits rocking or nodding movements of head as in saying "yes"

atlanto-occipital joints

the paramedics arrive at the scene of a minor motor vehicle collision. one driver claims to have experienced whiplash and is having trouble shaking her head in a "no" motion. she is fine with nodding her head in a "yes" manner. Which of the following joints allows maximum rotation movement of head about its vertical axis (saying no) intervertebral atlantoaxial atlanto-occipital costoverterbral

atlantoaxial

which area of brain detects auditory signals

auditory area

what equalizes air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

auditory tube

the cartilaginous anti helix, crux of helix, lobule, triages, and concha all make up what

auricle of external ear

what branch of vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion to supply the auricle and external auditory meatus

auricular nerve

Pain impulses from a fractured condylar neck are carried by what nerve

auriculotemporal nerve

postganglionic parasympaethic fibers reach parotid gland via which nerve?

auriculotemporal nerve

the parotid sheath and overlying skin are innervated by what?

auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) and the great auricular nerve (C2, C3 from cervical plexus)

A student dozing off in class is unexpectedly called on by the professor to answer a question, not knowing it the hair on the back of his neck stands up, his pupils dilate and his heart starts to race. this fight or flight response is controled by? -somatic NS -autonomic NS -CNS -sensory NS

autonmic nervous system

the cords of brachial plexus are all named according to position relative to what

axillary artery

mammary glands drain lymph into what nodes

axillary lymph nodes

which terminal branch of posterior cord supplies motor innervation to deltoid, trees minor muscles only and sensory innervation from skin below point of shoulder

axillary nerve

what is nerve supply of the deltoid muscle? action?

axillary nerve C5 and C6; abducts upper limb at shoulder joint

the growth of neural tissue during 4th week of prenatal development causes folding of embryonic disc establishing what

axis

Which of the following is the most prominent structural component of cilium and flagella? -centriole -axoneme -inclusion bodies -microfilaments

axoneme

what is the core scaffold of eukaryotic cilia and flagella which are projections from the cell ? what are they made of?

axonemes; microtubules

what is a substance that is stained by the basic dye to appear blue or purple? what are some examples

basophilic; such as nucleus or rough ER because of high DNA and RNA content

which cells of anterior pituitary secrete TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH

basophils

what two cells can release heparin, histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin

basophils and mast cells

which of the following cells are granulocytes? -basophils -lymphocytes -monocytes -neutrophils -macrophages -eosinophils

basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

which WBC has obscure nucleus and light purple granules what is function?

basophils, release histamine, heparin, and serotonin

middle ear infections are prevalent why? what is main bacteria?

because of connections between tympanic cavity and mastoid air cells and nasopharynx; streptococcus pneumonia

when the primary oocyte results in four daughter cells produced, only 1 daughter cells is viable why?

because the other 3 are very small and become polar bodies and eventually disentegrate

the recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery pass where in relation to pharyngeal constrictors

below inferior constrictor

the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates mucous membrane of larynx where

below vocal folds

which cells primary function is producing insulin

beta cells

C8 nerve arises where

between C7 and T1

nerve C1 arises where

between Cranium and atlas

where does thoracic duct ascend in thorax?

between aorta and zygotes vein

where is the primary location of the mesenchymal cell

between ectoderm and endoderm of embryos

what is spleen found ? what does it look like

between fundus of stomach and diaphragm; purple, ovalish, helium on lower medial border

internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery pass where in relation to pharyngeal constrictors

between middle and inferior constrictors

stylopharyngeus muscle, glossopharyngeal nerve, stylohyoid ligament pass where in relation to pharyngeal constrictors

between superior and middle constrictors

A woman in Ethiopia who has human papilloma virus infection starts to grow warts on her larynx and respiratory tract. In order to allow her to breathe, an emergency airway may be established by opening into the trachea: -through the thyrohyoid membrane -between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage - between the thyroid cartilages -above the level of thyroid cartilage

between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage

pancreatic secretions are alkaline because they contain what to do what?

bicarbonate because they neutralize acidic chyme

what is most carbon dioxide (70%) transported as

bicarbonate in blood

what is a result of lack of fusion of lateral tongue swellings

bifid tongue

why do patients with cancer of head of pancreas usually present with jaundice?

blockage of bile duct develops

what are sympathetic fibers in teeth thought to end on?

blood vessels

lamina propria of small intestine is formed from loose connective tissue that contains what

blood vessels, nerves, and large lymphatic vessels (site of lipid absorption)

one function of lymph system is to return tissue fluid to what

bloodstream

what is the middle or main portion of stomach distal to fundus and tapering in size

body

what are primary lymph organs? and why are they primary

bone marrow and thymus; responsible for generation and selection of lymphocyates

Cutaneous branches of dorsal and ventral rami, EXCEPT for C1 spinal nerve, supply a specific dermatome, the area of skin supplied by branches of single spinal nerve. The dermatomes supplied by adjacent spinal nerves may overlap; consequently a lesion of a single spinal nerve may not result in cutaneous sensory loss

bot true

The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the skull's sphenoid bone and is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk like infundibulum. The pituitary develops from two different sources: an upgrowth from the ectoderm of the stomodeum and a downgrwoth from the neuroectoderm of diencephalon.

both are true

what nerve innervates foliate papillae

both facial (anterior) and glossopharyngeal (posterior)

Endocrine glands are glands whose secretions pass into a sysem of ducts that lead ultimately to exterior of body. Exocrine glands in contracts secrete their products into blood rather than through a duct.

both false

the lateral pterygoid plate provides origin for what muscles?

both lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

what makes up inner medulla of thymus gland

both lymphocytes and Hassal corpuscles

Compact bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow. Compact bone is lighter and less dense than spongy bone.

both statements are false

The thyroid normally produces about 90% T3 and 10% T4. T4 is the major active form of thyroid hormones at cellular level.

both statements are false

All of the arteries that supply the stomach are derived directly or indirectly from the celiac trunk. The celiac artery has three terminal branches; the splenic, left gastric, and common hepatic arteries.

both statements are true

The dural venous sinuses are endothelium lined channles that receive cerebral veins Dural sinuses lack smooth muscle and valves

both statements are true

The right coronary artery arises from the anterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta and runs forward between the pulmonary trunk and the right auricle. The left coronary artery, which is usually larger than the right coronary artery, arises from the left posterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta and passes forward between the pulmonary trunk and left auricle

both statements are true

The structures of the upper respiratory tract include the nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx. The lower respiratory tract structures are the trachea, bronchi, and lungs

both statements are true

The urinary bladder is slightly lower in the female than in the male. When empty, the bladder lies below and posterior to the pubic bone. When full, it may expand superiorly above the pubic bone, elevating its covering layer of peritoneum with it.

both statements are true

the ovaries are homologous with the testes in the male. the main function of ovaries is to produce mature ova

both statements are true

what is SCM action? innervation?

both together extend head and flex neck; one muscle rotates head to opposite side - accessory nerve

the vestibulocochlear nerve splits into what to portions?

cochlear for hearing and vestibular for equilibrium

what derives bones flexibility and tensile strength

collagen fibers

some blood is not filtered and passes into the efferent vessels and peritubular capillaries and many substances that are filtered are returned to the peritubular capillaries from tubules by reabsorption and waste products are retained and emptied into what

collecting tubule which is discharged to ureters

what are thyroid follicles filld with

colloid (storage form of t3 and t4)

The gall bladder is joined by the cystic duct to the common hepatic duct to form what

common bile duct

what artery is branchless and travels up neck, lateral to trachea and larynx, to the upper border of thyroid cartilage in a sheath deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

common carotid

the lingual and facial artery come from what of external carotid

common trunk of external carotid artery

what is it called when cardiac muscle fibers respond to an increased demand by increasing size of fiber

compensatory hypertrophy

filtered lymph leaves through efferent lymph vessels and merge through what part

concave hilum

what does the articular disk sit between?

condylar process of mandible on inferior side and mandibular fossa and articular eminence of temporal bone on superior side

most experts say that soft tissue development caries mandible downward and forward and that what fills the resultant space to maintain contact with base of skull

condyle growth

why is a mucous layer of eye that keeps it moist

conjunctiva

which function of the spleen is handled by the venous sinusoids tissue

contraction of spleen and method for expelling the contained blood to meet increased circulatory demands

what does transverse arytenoid muscle do

contracts to close airway posteriorly for speech

the spinal cord terminates at the: -conus medulares -subarachnoid space -filum terminale -aracnoid space -cauda equina -central canal

conus medularis

what is the terminal end of the spinal cord? what level

conus medullaris - L2

afferent lymph vessels enter on what surface of node

convex

what muscles origin is the coracoid process of scapula and inserts on the medial aspect of shaft of humerus

corachobrachialis

what is the dome shaped outer covering of eye where most focusing of light occurs

cornea

which epithelial cells secrete enterogastrones (secretin and cholecystokinin) into blood stream? where are they most common

enteroendocrine cells; duodenum

where are G cells in stomach? what do they do?

entire stomach; produce gastrin

what does the internal carotid artery divide into? what does it supply?

divides into anterior and middle cerebral arteries, supply anterior 3/5 of cerebrum

the buccinator is the first muscle pierced when doing what? where does it insert?

doing mandibular IAN; inserts at orbiculares iris at angle of mouth

which WBC has lobed nucleus and red or yellow granules what is function?

eosinophils, may phagocytize Ab-Ag complexes (active against parasites)

what cells contribute to formation of the choroid plexus

ependymal cells

Arachnoid vili act as one-way-valves which only allows that dont let what happen if CSF pressure is less than venous pressure

dont let blood go into ventricles

prolactin inhibitory factor is what?

dopamine

which body cavity is subdivided into the cranial and vertebral cavities

dorsal cavity

Examination of a patient with an ulcerative carcinoma of the posterior third of the tongue revealed bleeding from the lesion and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). The bleeding was seen to be arterial; which of the following arteries was involved -deep lingual artery -dorsal lingual artery -tonsillar artery -sublingual artery

dorsal lingual artery

which branch of lingual artery runs on the superficial surface of the tongue and thus delivers blood to posterior superficial tongue

dorsal lingual artery

stimulation of adrenal medulla causes release of what?

epi and norepi (also caused by direct sympathetic stimulation excepts last longer than when stimulated by hormones)

what is the visceral layer of serous pericardium

epicardium

what is a projection or swelling on a condyle

epicondyle

tissues that lack blood vessels also lack lymph vessels, these include what 4 main tissues

epidermis, cartilage, CNS, and thyms

The spermatic cord contains all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -ductus deferens -testicular artery -epididymis -lymphatics -pampiniform plexus of veins -autonomic nerves of testes

epididymis

what is a potential space over the dura mater that only ebcomes actual space w/ hematoma

epidural

the testes is capped by what that emerges from the tail of the ductus deferens

epidydmis

which region involves the esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, transverse colon, right and left adrenals, right and left kidneys, right and left ureters

epigastric

The connective tissue layer that envelops the entire skeletal muscle is called the: -perimysium -epimysium -endomysium -fasiculus

epimysium

during the growing phase of bone, the diaphysis is separated from epiphysis by what

epiphyseal cartilage

the midbrain connects dorsally with what

erebellum

esophagus receives parasympathetic fibers from what

esophageal branches of vagus nerve

esophagus receive sympathetic innervation from what

esophageal plexus of nerves

the superior and middle conchae are part of what bone

ethmoid

which bone is the cribriform plate with foramina in? what is the contents?

ethmoid bone, Olfactory nerve CN I

the lateral sinuses project downward from cribriform plate and contain what?

ethmoid sinuses and also makes medial wall of orbit

the middle ethmoidal sinuses drain into what on lateral wall of middle meatus

ethmoidal bulla

what is extended and transcriptionally active form of DNA

euchromatin

turning foot laterally resulting in sole moving outward

eversion

mediastinum contains all thoracic viscera except what? what are the two divines of it?

except lungs, superior mediastinum, lower mediastinum (that is subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior depending upon where the pericardium is)

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands are what kind

exocrine glands

which portion of pancreas is responsible for for secreting pancreatic lipase, malaise, carboxypeptidase, elastase, and chymotrypinogen

exocrine pancreas

what is the suture between frontal and parietal bones

coronal suture

what receives most of the venous blood from the heart and empties into the right atrium?

coronary sinus

the empty follicle after releasing ovum fills with blood and regresses into what?

corpus luteum

the medium sized hepatic artery runs forward and to the right and then ascends between the layers of the lesser omentum and at the port hepatitis divides into right and left branches to supply what

corresponding lobes of liver

which part of ovary contains the ova at different stages of development

cortex

what are the 3 types of lymphoid parenchyma

cortex, paracortex, medulla

what is the outer, light brown layer of the kidney? what is it the site of? what parts of kidney are found here?

cortex; blood filtration; glomeruli and proximal and distal convoluted tubules

what makes anterior pituitary secrete ACTH

corticotropin releasing hormone

what is the groove between ridge of internal surface of rib and inferior border? what runs in here from most superior to inferior?

costal groove; Vein, artery, nerve

what are the two roots of the accessory nerve?

cranial and spinal

which nerve dermatomes do not have overlap and which do?

cranial nerves do NOT whereas spinal nerves do

as the spermatic cord passes under the lower border of the internal oblique, the spermatic cord carries with it some of the muscles fibers that are called what

cremaster

what is a prominent elevated ridge or border of a bone

crest

air enters through nostrils (external nares) that lead to the vestibules of the nose. the bony roof of the nasal cavity is formed by what? the lateral walls have what bony projections? what are spaces between these bony projections?

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone; nasal conchae (superior middle and inferior); meatuses

the recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate all muscles of the larynx except what?

cricothyroid (external laryngeal branch)

what is a preferable option for non surgeons in emergency respiratory obstructions when incision is made through skin and cricothyroid membrane of relief of acute respiratory obstruction

cricothyrotomy

what is part of perpendicular plate that serves as attachment for falx cerebri

crista galli

what is it when two chromosomes exchange fragments?

crossing over

gallbladder receives blood from what? it is innervated by what?

cystic artery from hepatic artery; vagal fibers from celiac plexus

platelets are best described as? -megakaryocytes -cytoplasmic fragments -agranulocytes -immature leukocytes -lymphoid cells

cytoplasmic fragments

Which of the following nerves provides sensory fibers to larynx above vocal cords -external laryngeal -internal laryngeal -accessory nerve -recurrent laryngeal

internal laryngeal nerve

what nerve plays important role in cough reflex which keeps interior of larynx free of foriegn material

internal laryngeal nerve

what provides sensory info to mucosa of larynx above vocal folds?

internal laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal nerve)

what arteries supply the thymus? what innervates it

internal mammary, superior thyroid, and inferio thyroid; innervated by vagus nerve

what is the interval between successive cell divisions during which the cell is metabolizing and the chromosomes are directing RNA synthesis

interphase

what does LH stimulate in males?

interstitial cells of leydig to secrete testosterone

which subcompartment of ECF surrounds the cells but does not circulate comprising about 3/4 of ECF

interstitial fluid

what are the 3 sub compartments of extracellular fluid

interstitial fluid, plasma and trancellular fluid

what are simple tubular glands that open to intestinal lumen between base of vili that are sometimes called crypts of Liberkuhn

intestinal glands

increasing inner angle of joint

extension

what does the first branchial groove (cleft) form

external auditory meatus

what supplies cricothyroid muscle?

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

the maxillary artery and superficial temporal arteries are terminal branches of what

external carotid artery

the lingual artery arises from anterior surface of what? it loops upward and then passes deep to the posterior border of what to enter the submandibular region? what nerve crosses this loop superficially?

external carotid artery; hyoglossus muscle; hypoglossal nerve

what does sympathetic innervation of parotid gland come from

external carotid plexus

which part of ear consists of auricle (pinna) and external auditory canal

external ear

what does the external carotid artery supply

face and scalp

what all does the facial artery supply

face, tonsils, palate, labial glands, muscle of lips, submandibular gland, ala and dorsum of nose, and muscle of facial expression

The geniculate ganglion is associated with which cranial nerves? -trigeminal -facial -glossopharyngeal -vagus

facial

what nerve innervates fungiform papillae

facial

what is blood supply of submandibular? venous draining? lymph nodes/

facial and lingual arteries and veins; submandibulr and deep cervical lymp nodes

all paranasal sinuses drain into nasal cavity by way of what? only exception is what?

into meatuses; exception is sphenoidal sinus which drains into sphenoethmoidal recess

the parotid duct travels over the masseter muscle and penetrates the buccinator muscle to enter oral cavity where

into mouth opposite upper 2nd molar

what provides an attachment for the myocardium and maintains the patency of the AV and semilunar valve that provides an attachment site for leaflets and cusps of valves

fibrous skeleton

what are the three layers of pericardium from outer to inner

fibrous, parietal, visceral

which branchial arch is absent in humans

fifth

A 46 yo woman comes into office for cleaning. He notices that her tongue is slightly swoellen, fiery red, and smooth. Her diet history indicates she has had a loss of appetite for some time and she has been feeling fatigued. A call to her physician indicates iron deficiency anemia and associated glossitis. In glossitis, the smooth nature of the tongue is caused by lack of papillae that are most numerous and cover anterior 2/3 of tongue. -foliate -circumvallate -fungiform -filiform

filiform

renal corpuscles is the site of what?

filtration

spinal cord is connected to coccyx by what

filum terminale

which pharyngeal arch is the future mandible and maxilla, meckel cartilage, incus, malleus, sphenomalleolar ligament, sphenomandibular ligament

first

which pharyngeal pouch contributes to formation of tympanic membrane, auditory tube, tympanic cavity, and mastoid antrum

first

the spinal accessory nerve contains skeletal motor axons that arise from the spinal cord with ventral roots of what nerves

first 4 or 5 cervical nerves

what are the 4 branches of facial artery off of the facial portion?

inferior labial (to lower lip); superior labial (to upper lip and vestibule of nose); lateral nasal (to lateral wall of nose); angular (to medial side of eye - can sometime anastomose with dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery)

the lesser petrosal nerve passes through what foramen before syanpsing in otic ganglion

foramen ovale

after branching off of the maxillary artery in the infra temporal fossa, the middle meningeal artery runs through what foramen to supply the dura mater and the calavaria?

foramen spinosum

what is the lateral aperture that allows fourth ventricle to communicate with subarachnoid space

foramina of Luschka

the nasaolacrimal duct drains tears from surface of eyes into what?

inferior meatus

the distal portion of the duodenum receives its blood supply from what

inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery which branches from the superior mesenteric artery

what structures do the jugular foramen transmit

inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus (becomes internal jugular vein), the posterior meningeal artery (at this point still called the ascending pharyngeal artery), and the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves

the vagus nerve provides sensory to where?

inferior pharynx and larynx

parasympethtic fibers from what nucleus of glossopharyngeal nerve supply parotid gland

inferior salivatory nucleus

the esophagus receives blood from what 3 branches of aorta and what other arteries

inferior thyroid, bronchial, and esophageal arteries as well as left gastric and inferior phrenic arteries

all the blood supplied to the liver from the hepatic arteries and the portal vein eventually drains via the hepatic veins to the: -hepatic sinusoids -azygos vein -superior vena cava -inferior vena cava

inferior vena cava

which division of gut tube includes esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and proximal part of duodenum up to point of entry of common bile duct and spleen (lasted there but not a gut organ)

foregut

what are the 3 consecutive stages of palate formation?

formation of primary palate, formation of secondary palate, completion of palate

what are 3 main functions of urinary system

forming urine, maintaining homeostasis, and hormone secretion (erythropoietin and renin)

what is a shallow depression that may or may not be an articulating surface

fossa

what of lymph vessels or nodes is an important indicator of possible injury, infection, or disease

inflammation/enlargement

the pterygopalatine fossa communicates laterally with what ? through what?

infra temporal fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure

what is a depression in the right atrium of the heart that is a remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development

fossa ovalis

what is the adult remnant of the foramen ovale

fossa ovalis

whee is white pulp located? what does it contain? and what does it do?

found w/in red pulp, contains lumps of lymphoid tissue, makes antibodies

which pharyngeal pouch contributes to formation of the superior parathyroid gland

fourth

which branchial arch is the future superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve, most pharyngeal constrictors, levator veli palatini and cricothyroid muscle

fourth arch

which branchial arch catilage forms the cartilages of the larynx (thyroid, crycoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform)

fourth through sixt arch cartilage (laryngeal cartilage)

Which of the following can be defined as small, very shallow depressions on bone? - fovea - meatus - sulcus - fissure

fovea

what is a small, very shallow depression

fovea

pain originates in the pulp due to what?

free nerve endings (only type of receptors for pain in pulp) and respond regardless of stimulation type

the small cardiac vein receives blood from what parts of heart? and empties where into coronary sinus?

from back of right atrium and right ventricle; right extremity of coronary sinus

which lobe are the motor area and prefrontal areas in

frontal lobe

the lateral wall of the orbit is formed mostly by what?

frontal process of zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid bone

the middle meatus lies below and lateral to middle concha and receives openings to what?

frontal, maxillary, anterior, and ethmoidal sinuses

what are the 4 bones the zygomatic bone articulates with?

frontal, sphenoidal, temporal, and maxilla

which bone is the supraorbital foramen and canal found? what are contents?

frontal; supraorbital nerve artery and vein

what forms the cranial boundary of the stomeodeum that in the future gives rise to upper face including forehead, bridge of nose, primary palate, nasal septum, and all structures related to medial nasal processes

frontonasal process

what is origin and future tissues of lateral nasal processes

frontonasal process lateral to nasal pits; nasal alae

what is origin and future tissues of medial and nasal processes

frontonasal process medial to nasal pits; middle of nose, philitrum region, intermaxillary segment

which part of stomach is enlarged portion distal to cardia lying above and to left of gastroesophageal opening

fundus

where are parietal cells found in stomach? what do they do?

fundus and body; secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

where are chief cells of stomach? what do they do?

fundus and body; secrete pepsinogen

which papillae are knob-like or muschroom shaped projections found on tip and sides of tingue innervated by facial nerve

fungiform papillae

what is the origin and future tissue of mandibular arch?

fused mandibular processes and neural crest cells; lower lip, lower face, mandible with associated tissues

what is origin and future tissues of intermaxillary segment

fused medial nasal processes; anterior protion of maxilla with associated tissues, primary palate

the thalamus is what kind of matter that lies on either side of third ventricle

gray matter

what do neuronal cell bodies group together in as brain

gray matter

what type of mater makes up the cerebral cortex

gray matter

all post ganglionic sympathetic nerves to peripheral organs are via what

gray ramus communicans

what provides sensory info for skin over parotid gland and mastoid process and both surfaces of outer ear

great auricular nerve (C2 and C3)

which fibers of the thoracic sympathetic ganglion come from T5-T9 and pass throug crura of diaphragm to end in celiac ganglion

greater

what is origin of middle constrictor

greater and lesser horns of hyoid

what goes through pterygoapaltine canal

greater and lesser palatine nerves arteries and veins

how doe size an depth of cranial fossa change between each of them?

increase and size and depth from anterior to posterior

what is a common acute usually self limited infection disease caused by EBV characterized by fever, membrane pharyngitis, lymph node, and splenic enlargement

infection mononucleosis

a decrease in sodium chloride concentration initiates a signal from macula densa that has what two effects?

decrease resistance to blood flow in afferent arterioles which increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and helps return GFR to normal and it increases renin release from juxtaglomerular cells of afferent and efferent arterioles which are major storage sites for renin

what goes through the pterygoid canal?

deep and greater petrosal nerves which form nerve of pterygoid canal and area vessels

the medial pterygoid is made of what two heads? which makes up the bulk?

deep and superficial; deep makes up more

which border of heart is made up of righ atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle

inferior

what is the source of the incisive artery? what does it supply?

inferior alveolar artery; supplies anterior teeth

what is the source of the mental artery? what does it supply?

inferior alveolar artery; supplies labial gingiva of anterior teeth

what does the mental nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

inferior alveolar nerve, anterior aspects of chin and lower lip as well as buccal gingiva of mandible anterior teeth and premolars

what does the incisive nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

inferior alveolar nerve, mandibular anterior teeth

what is parasympathetic pathway from CN 3

inferior division V3 > ciliary ganglion > short ciliary nerve > eyes

which branch of external iliac artery anastomoses w/ superior epigastric artery in rectus sheath in area of umbilicus

inferior epigastric artery (from external iliac artery)

what is the sensory ganglia for the vagus nerve that lies just below the jugular foramen

inferior ganglion

does the inferior or superior compartment of TMJ act as the hinge component? what type of movement does it allow?

inferior is hinge, rotational movement

blood supply is provided by tonsillar branches of what five arteries

dorsal lingual artery (of lingual artery); ascending palatine artery (of facial artery); tonsillar branch (of facial artery); ascending pharyngeal artery (of external carotid artery); and lesser palatine artery (of descending palatine artery)

where are the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron to duodenum for vagus nerve

dorsal motor nucleus

sensory nuerons have cell bodies where

dorsal root ganglion

what are two layered folds of peritoneum connecting parts of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall. These folds permit blood, lymph vessels, and nerves to each viscera

mesenteries

the adrenal cortex develops from what?

mesoderm

the adrenal cortex is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the blood is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the bone is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the dermis is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the dura mater is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the elements of the branchial arches are of neural crest origin except for catilages of the 4th - 6th branchial arches which are derived from what

mesoderm

the heart is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the kidney/ureter is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the muscles is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the spleen is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the vessels is a derivative of what?

mesoderm

the branchial arches are six pairs of U shaped bars with a core mesenchyme which is formed by what

mesoderm and neural crest cells that migrate to neck region

what makes a second median swelling called the copula that makes posterior part of tongue?

mesoderm from the second, third, and fourth branchial arches

which stage of mitosis is when the chromosomes align at equatorial plate and are held in place by microtubules attached to mitotic spindle and to part of centromere

metaphase

what is the part of the diaphysis that lies adjacent to epiphyseal cartilage

metaphysis

In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate and are held in place by microtubules attached to mitotic spindle and to part of centromere? -interphase -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase

metphase

which cells primary function is specialized macrophages located in nervous system

microglial

which cell are residnet immune cells of CNS

microglial cells

the oculomotor and trochlear nerves originate from what

midbrian

the ventral rams of C7 continues as what trunk of brachial plexus

middle

which of the following branches of the internal carotid artery is most frequently implicated in a stroke ophthalmic artery anterior choroidal artery middle cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery

middle cerebral artery

what is the largest branch of the internal carotid? what does it supply?

middle cerebral artery; potion of frontal lobe and lateral surface of temporal and parietal lobes including primary motor and sensory areas of face, throat, hand, and arm

the superior orbital fissure communicates with what fossa

middle cranial fossa

which cranial fossa is considered to be the "busiest" - anterior cranial fossa - middle cranial fossa - posterior cranial fossa

middle cranial fossa

which part of ear is air filled cavity within petrous part of temporal bone that contains the three ossicles (malleus, stapes, and incus) that transmit sound

middle ear

where does maxillary sinus drain into?

middle meatus through semilunar hiatus

which part of mediastinum contains the pericardium and heart

middle mediastinum

which region if inferior mediastinum consist of pericardium, heart and adjacent great vessels, the phrenic nerves and the main bronchi

middle mediastinum

what is the origin of the aanterior corticospinal tract

motor cortex on same side as location in cod

what are the principal functions of smooth muscle

movement in walls of hallow organs

what are the principal functions of skeletal muscle?

movement of bones, heat production, posture

adduction is described as: moving away from midline of body rotating the forearm with the palm turning inward turning the foot laterally resulting in the sole moving outward moving towards the midline of the body

moving towards midline of body

the pectinate muscles are prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located where?

much of right atrium and both auricles

what are the 4 layers of esophageal wall from lumen outwards

mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, glands), submucosa (CT, BV, glands), muscularis (proximal 1/3 = striated muscle, distal 2/3 = smooth muscle), adventitia (CT that merges w/ CT of other structures)

what type of glands are buccal glands, glands of esophagus, and glands of cardiac and pyloris of stomach

mucous

where is the primary location of the goblet cell

mucous membranes of respiratory and intestinal tracts

does lymph drain through one or multiple sets of lymph nodes before entering venous system

multiple

What are postganglionic parasympathetic acetocholine receptors called

muscarinic

What are sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter receptors that sweat glands called

muscarinic

what is a slight narrowing of the body of the bone that supports the head

neck

what is the subunit of kidney that purifies blood and maintains a safe balance of solutes and water

nephron

What nerve carries sensory fibers to the anterior portion of the TMJ

nerve to masseter and some of deep temporal nerves

what innervates subclavius? what is action?

nerve to subclavius from upper trunk of brachial plexus; depress clavicle and steads this bone during movements of shoulder girlde

dorsal root ganglion cells, autonomic ganglion cells, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, neurolemma cells, melanocytes, and leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid mater) all come from what ebryonic origin

neural crest cells

what nucleus is located in the ventrolateral medulla in its upper half that is a column of motor neurons that sends its axons to cranial nerves 9, 10, 11

nucleus ambiguus

what is the adult remnant of the notochord

nucleus pulposus

what is an opening of diaphysis that provides site for nutrient vessels to enter and exit the medullary cavity

nutrient foramen

which bone is the jugular foramen found? what are contents?

occipital and temporal; inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus (becoming internal jugular vein), posterior meningeal artery, and glossopharyngeal vagus and accessory nerves

which bone is the hypoglossal canal in? what is the contents?

occipital bone, hypoglossal nerve CN XII

which lobe of brain is the viscual area in?

occipital lobe

which bone is the foramen magnum found? what are contents?

occipital, spinal cord, vertebral arteries, and spinal roots of accessory nerve

which cells primary function is forming dentin

odontoblast

mesenchymal cells in dental papilla adjacent to inner enamel epithelium differentiate into what

odontoblasts

the dental papillae turns into undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that make what?

odontoblasts > dentin

peripheral layer of pulp cells give rise to what

odontoblasts that form dentin

what is the curved projection on the back of the elbow that gives attachment to triceps tendon?

olecranon

where does olfactory nerve exit skull

olfactory

what foramina does the cribriform plate of ethmoid ? what nerves?

olfactory foramina; olfactory nerves

the cribiform plate consists of perforated areas on either side of crista galli which transmit what

olfactory nerve bundles

what are glial cells that form myelin for parts of multiple axons in CNS

oligodendrocytes

where is bitter taste most sensitive

on back

where is unami taste most sensitive

on back and sides

where are geniohyoids found? what is attachment?

on each side of midline directly on top of mylohyoid; genial tubercle and hyoid

because submandibular and sublingual glands drain both ipsilateral and contralateral sides, tumor cells are often found where

on opposite side

the liver is the largest visceral organ and gland in the body and is located where

on right side of abdomen

where is sweet taste most sensitive

on tip

how often does producing one egg cell via oogenesis occur?

once a month from puberty to menopause

what happens with contraction of one lateral pterygoid? with both?

one = lateral deviation of mandible (shifts to opposite side) two = protrusion

what is the efferent pathway of somatic nervous system

one nerve fiber from CNS to effector (no ganglia)

which bands/zone change with muscle contraction

only I and H

in WHO is the the thymus blood supply isolated from parenchyma which is sometimes referred to as what

only in adults (NOT KIDS) blood thymus barrier

flagella are present only where in humans? whats the difference between cilia and flagella

only in spermatozoa; much longer than cilia

which type of muscle can mitotically divide?

only smooth muscle

the duodenum is first part of SI with a C shape that encircles what? how is its length/width?

pancreas head; shortest but widest

where is the primary location of the islet cell

pancrease

just before the common bile duct enters the duodenum, it is joined by what duct

pancreatic duct

the crypts secrete various enzymes including sucrase and maltase and enteropeptidase with what cells found at the base?

paneth sells at base

cortical collecting duct is the final concentration of filtrate which then empties into what

papillary ducts within medulla

which region of lymph node is dominated by T cells even tho B cells enter the node from blood in this region and quickly move to superficial cortex

paracortical region

which cells of thyroid secrete calcitonin

parafollicular or C cells

haversian canals contain blood vessels that run how compared to long axis of bone

parallel

does symp or parasymp tone dominatne most organs

parasymp

where does lung get parasympathetic nerves? what about sympathetic?

parasymp = vagus, symp = second to fourth thoracic sympathetic ganglia

Which lobe of cerebral cortex is associated with processing tactile sensory info such as pressure, touch, and pain -frontal -occipital -temporal -parietal

parietal lobe

what type of peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

parietal peritoneum

which lobe of brain is the somesthetic area that receives sensatiosn and temp from body in

pariteal lobe

All of the following statements concerning the parotid gland are true EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -it occupies the retromandibular space between the ramus of the mandible and the mastoid process -it is separated from the submandibular gland by the stylomandibular ligament, which extends from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible -it is innervated by parasympethic fibers of facial nerve -stenson duct, the duct of parotid, crosses the masseter, pierces the buccinator muscle, opens into oral cavity opposite the maxillary second molar

it is innervated by parasympathetic fibers of facial nerve (it is innervated by glossopharyngeal)

All of the following statements concerning the aorta are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception? -it is the main trunk of the systemic arterial circulation -it originates from the right ventricle of the heart -it contains a lot of elastic fibers in its tunica media -it is traditionally divided ito the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta

it originates from the right ventricle of the heart

Which of the following describes the function of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus? - it shunts blood from aorta to pulmonary artery -it shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta -it shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium -it shunts blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

it shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta

After depositing enough lidocaine 2% to anesthetize the nerve entering the mandibular foramen, a dental student removes the needle to approximately half the depth of the initial target, whereupon another bolus of anesthetic is deposited. What nerve is most likely anesthetized by the second bolus? -hypoglossal -long buccal -inferior alveolar -lingual -glossopharyngeal

lingual

which of the following tonsil(s) are covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium lingual tonsils only pharyngeal tonsils only palatine tonsils only pharyngeal and palatine lingual and palatine lingual, pharyngeal, and palatine

lingual and palatine

which of the following arteries is found between the hypoglossus and genioglossus muscles? -inferior alveolar artery -posterior superior alveolar artery -lingualr artery -infraorbital artery -facial artery

lingual artery

what give tongue major blood supply? whats it a branch of?

lingual artery; branch of external carotid

sensory info of anterior 2/3 of tongue is supplied by what? posterior 1/3 by what? what about area by vagus?

lingual branch of CNV3 is anterior; CN IX supplies posterior 1/3, CN 10 by vagus

Which nerve is located directly on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle? -auriculotemporal nerve -buccal nerve -lingual nerve -mental nerve

lingual nerve

what wraps around the Wharton duct?

lingual nerve

postganglionic parasympatehtics from submandibular ganglion pass to gland via what nerve? sympathetics?

lingual nerve; sympatetics via plexus of nerves

primarily in lymph node cortices are where lymph is cleansed by macrophages and antigens are presented and processed by what cell types (2)

lymphocytes and plasma cells

lymphatic system defends body against pathogenic organisms by filtering and processing lymph, removing debris, trapping antigens and foreign materials and malignant cells for exposure to what?

lymphocytes for immune responses

what are the double embyrologic origin of the thymus?

lymphocytes from mesenchyme and Hassal corpsuces from endoderm

which WBC has round nucleus and little cytoplasm what is function?

lymphocytes, produces Abs, destroy specific targetcells

what are the most prominent structure of lymph node cortex

lymphoid follicles

the outer cortical region of a lymph node contains separate masses of lymph tissue called what? what are the difference between primary and secondary?

lymphoid follicles; primary do NOT respond to antigen and secondary contain predominately B cels (active follicles)

All of the following statements concerning the vagus nerve are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -it contains skeletal motor axons, preganglionic parasympathetic axons, taste fibers, and general sensory fibers -it traverses the foramen magnum and innervates all of the muscles of the palate, all of the muscles of pharynx except for stylopharyngeus, and all of the muscles of the larynx -it innervates the mucosa at the root of the tongue and in the laryngopharynx and larynx -it caries visceral sensations other than pain from thoracic and abdominal viscera -it conveys preganglionic parasympathetic axons to terminal ganglia in thoracic and abdominal viscera

it traverses the foramen magnum and innervates....

when body is supine position, the heart rests on what

its base - left atrium

the inferior concha is what bone

its own - inferior turbinate

which part of SI is main site for absorption of nutrients in blood stream? what are distinguishing feature?

jejunum; plicae aka valves of kerckring

where does the chorda tympani join the lingual nerve?

joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa

the sigmoid sinsues pass through the jugular foramen and joins with what and drains into what

joins with inferior petrosal sinus and drains into internal jugular vein

the accessory nerve enters the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum where it immediately joins with what and exits cranial cavity where

joins with vagus nerve and exits jugular foramen

what is the small fluid filled space separating the ends of adjoining bones

joint cavity

after spinal part enters skull through foramen magnum and joins the cranial part and together leave the skull through what?

jugular foramen

the vagus nerve traverses which foarmen?

jugular foramen

lesions of the glossopharyngeal nerve may occur in conjunctions with the vagus nerve and the accessory nerve in what syndrome? how is it diagnosed?

jugular foramen syndrome - reliably diagnosed only w/ loss of gag reflex

what are cytoplasmic membrane bound vesicles that contain a wide variety of glycoprotein hydrolytic enzymes to digest and destroy exogenous material like bacteria

lysosomes

what is the back center of retina that is the most sensitive part of eye? what is center of it?

macular - center of macula is fovea

what is area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of distal tubule

macular densa

what does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do

maintains wide airways for breathing

what do minor calyces unite to form?

major calyces

what forms as a result of fusion of the right and left mandibular processes

mandible

which bone is the mandibular foramen found? what are contents?

mandible, inferior alveolar nerve artery and vein

which bone is the mental foramen found? what are contents?

mandible, mental nerve, artery and vein

During the fourth week of embryonic development, the first branchial arch divides to form: -two medial nasal processes -the mandibular and maxillary processes -the two lateral nasal processes -the lateral and medial nasal processes

mandibular and maxillary processes

what mandibular foramen leads into what canal which open on the lateral surface of the body of mandible at what?

mandibular canal at mental foramen

the space between the jaws into which teeth erupt is generally considered to be provided by growth where?

mandibular condyles

muscles of mastication are innervated by what

mandibular division of CN V - 3

what does the sternal angle mark? what is it

junction of manubrium and body of sternum - approximate level of 2nd pair of costal cartilages, approximate beginning and end of aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea into left and right main bronchi, and boundary between superior and inferior portion of mediastinum

the vestibulocochlear nerve emerges from where?

junction of pons and medulla

the mylohyoid branch is given off of V3 where?

just before entering mandibular foramen

which T cells combine with antigen on surface of foreign cells causing lysis and release of cytoines

kilelr T

maxillary processes fuse with mandibular arch to form what?

labial commissures i.e. corners of mouth

the pterygoplatine ganglion sends post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers to what?

lacrimal gland and glands in palate

in the medial wall of the orbit there is a vertical lacrimal groove in the medial wall which forms a fossa for what?

lacrimal sac

what are the branches of opthalmic division V1

lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary, supraorbital ,supratrochlear, infratrochlear, external nasal nerves

mammary glands are formed from many small tubules grouped into a lobule and several lobules constitute a lobe and an interlobular duct which combine to form what

lactiferous duct

between rings of matrix, the osteocytes are located in spaces called what

lacunae

what is the intersection of sagittal and lambdoid sutures the site of posterior fontanelle in an infant

lambda

what is the suture between parietal and occipital bones

lambdoid

the haversian canal is surrounded by concentric rings of matrix called what?

lamellae

what is a very thin layer of bone

lamina

abundant lymph tissue is common to what in the LI

lamina propria

which cells primary function is antigen presenting cell located in skin

langerhans

why does the cytoplasm of osteoblasts appear to be basophilic w/ normal H&E stain?

large amounts of rough ER

another function of lymph system is to transport what from where

large fatty acids that are absorbed from lacteals in intestine

Tenia coli run the entire length of the: esophagus stomach large intestine small intestinee

large intestine

sinusoids have what kind of lumen compared to capillaries? are they more or less regular than capillaries? what do their walls partly consist of?

large lumen (30-40 microns); wider and more irregular than capillaries; phagocytic cells

what is protuberance that is formed by angle of thyroid cartilage surrounding larynx

laryngeal prominence - adams apple

the frontal process of maxilla, perpendicular plate of palatine bone, ethmoid bone, and superior middle and inferior conchae make up what walls of nasal cavity

lateral

what bounds the middle ear laterally and medially?

lateral = tympanic membrane, medially = round and oval windows

the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks of the brachial plexus unite to form what

lateral cord

which descending tract is for voulntary movement, contraction of individual or small groups of muscles, particularly those w/ hands, fingers, feet, and toes of opposite side

lateral corticospinal tract

side bending

lateral flexion

the signals from optic nerve are carried via optic nerves, chiasma, tract, to what nucleus?

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus then to visual centers of brain

which nasal processes will from the alae or sides of nose

lateral nasal processes

where is termination of lateral corticospinal tract

lateral or anterior gray columns

where is termination of anterior corticospinal tract

lateral or anterior grey columns

which major ascending tract is responsible for pain, temp, and crude touch on opposite side

lateral spinothalamic tract

the greater wings of the sphenoid bone make what wall? and contain which foramen?

lateral walls of orbit; contain foramen rotundum, ovale, and spinosum

what is location of rubrospinal tract

lateral white columns

where is lateral spinothalamic tract

lateral white columns

where is the lateral corticospinal tract located

lateral white columns

where is the spinotectal tracts

lateral white columns

which fiers of the thoracic sympathetic ganglion arise from the last thoracic ganglion ending in the renal plexus

least

the right visual field is interpreted by which hemisphere of brain

left

which coronary artery is usually bigger

left

where does apex of heart lie?

left 5th intercostal space medial to nipple line about 9 cm from midline

The base of the heart is formed mainly by the -right ventricle -left ventricle -right atrium -left atrium

left atrium

the great cardiac vein receives tributaries from which parts of heart and empties into what side of coronary sinus

left atrium and both ventricles; left extremity of coronary sinus

which border of heart is made up of left ventricle

left border

what supplies the descending colon w/ blood?

left colic and sigmoid branches of inferior mesenteric artery

what is the second branch of aortic arch that runs upward and to the left of trachea?

left common carotid

where do we listen for auscultation of bicuspid valve?

left fifth intercostal space medial to nipple line about 9 cm from midline

what gives stomach blood

left gastroepiploic artery, right gastroepiploic artery; short gastric artery, left gastric artery, and right gastric artery

which region involves the stomach, liver (tip), pancreas (tail), spleen, SI, transverse colon, descending colon, left kidney

left hypochondriac

which region contains the SI, descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary, left fallopian tube

left illiac

which kidney is superior to the other and anterior to 11th and 12th rib while other is anterior to 12th?

left is superior to right

A patient comes to the emergency room after boxing practice. He was hit with an upper cut and heard a crack in his jaw joint. A CT scan shows a conylar fracture with damage to disc. When the patient attempts protrusion, the mandible markedly deviates to left. Which muscle is unable to contract -left lateral pterygoid -right lateral pterygoid -left medial pterygoid -right medial pterygoid

left lateral pterygoid

which region contains the SI, descending colon, and left kidney

left lumbar

Which of the following nerve loops around Arch of the aorta near the ligament arteriosum? -right recurrent laryngeal nerve Facial nerve -left recurrent laryngeal nerve -internal laryngeal nerve

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

what are the 4 lobes of liver? which lobes do last 2 function as part of?

left right caudate and quadrate; caudate and quadrate function as part of left even though located more anatomically towards right

what is the final branch of aortic arch bedding the left common carotid artery that arches over apex of left lung

left subclavian artery

what does thoracic duct empty into? where?

left venous angle between left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

which ureter is slightly longer? where are ureters the narrowest?

left; narrowest where they originate at renal pelvis

what is a clear layer behind pupil that focuses light by changing shape

lens

what are the small deep penetrating arteries that branch of the middle cerebral artery sometimes called "arteries of stroke"

lenticulostriate arteries

what is AKA a saccular aneurysm that is an out pouching in cerebral blood vessel that can cause a stroke that are serious medical emergencies often found in region of circle of willis

intracranial berry aneurysm

which ossification is directly forming as bone

intramembranous

once intramembranous bone is formed, it only grows how? what about endochondral?

intramembranous = only apposition growth endochonrdal = both appositional and interstitial growth

what is an organ said to be when it is almost totally covered with visceral peritoneum

intraperitoneal

which fibers of the thoracic sympathetic ganglion formed from sympathetic fibers from T10-11 that pass through diaphragm to end in aorticorenal ganglion

lesser

the medials surface of the stomach is called the? -lesser curvatures -greater curvature -lesser omentum -greater omentum

lesser curvature

what is the neurovascular bundle of the soft palate?

lesser palatine vein, artery, and nerve

what is parasympathetic pathway from CN 9

lesser petrosal nerve > otic gangliion > auriculotemporal > parotid

what is the component of the peritoneal cavity that is smaller and lies behind the stomach

lesser sac

what separates the anterior and middle cranial fossa?

lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

what is the level of the nasopharynx? what type of epithelium is it lined with? what are the 4 openings?

level of soft palate; lined with ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium (respiratory); two auditory tubes and two posterior nares

what is the adult remnant of the umbilical vein

ligament teres

what is the adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus

ligamentum arteriosum

what is the adult remnant of the ductus venosus

ligamentum venosum

what are the two components of myosin filaments?

light meromyosin makes rod like backbone and heavy meromyosin forms shorter globular lateral cross bridges

what is often referred to as the emotional brain? where is it

limbic system - burried within cerebrum

the maculae of the utricle and saccule are sensitive to what?

line of linear acceleration relative to position of head

what is a small crest, usually somewhat straighter than a crest

linea

The right and left rectus abdomens muscles are entirely independent being separated by connective structure called the : -pyramidalis -gubernaculum -linea alba -iliopectinal arch

linea alba

The auricultemporal nerve arises from the: -ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve -maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve -mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve -facial nerv

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

all muscles of mastication are innervated by what

mandibular division of trigeminal CN V3

the tensor muscles receive motor branches from what

mandibular division of trigeminal CN V3

the condyle of mandible rests in what?

mandibular fossa

what nerve does the foramen oval transmit?

mandibular nerve CN V3

which nerves are in infra temporal fossa?

mandibular nerve including inferior alveolar, buccal and lingual nerves as well as chords tympani and otic ganglion

what is the concave area between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process? what do nerves and arteries run to through here

mandibular notch; masseter muscle

what is the faint ridge in midline of mandible where namdible forms from fusion of the mandibular processes

mandibular symphysis

what is a developmental defect that affects the derivatives of first branchial arch usually presenting as micrognathia, malar (zygomatic) hypoplasia, deformity of lower rim of orbit and malformed external ear

mandibulofacial dysostosis

what does clavicle connect to of sternum?

manubrium

what kind of nucleus do skeletal muscles have? striations? T-tubules?

many peripherally located nuclei; has striations; t-tubules are narrow

Which muscle below originates from the lower border and medial surface of zygomatic arch? -superifical head of medial pterygod -temporalis -lower head of lateral ptergoid -masseter

masseter

The concave area between the mandibular condyle and coronoid process is the mandibular notch (also known as the coronoid notch). The mandibular notch transmits arteries and nerves to the: -buccinator m - medial pterygoid m. - masseter m. - temporalis m.

masseter m.

what muscle attaches to the lower margin of the zygomatic arch

masseter muscle

what are the 3 groups of muscles that elevate the mandible

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoids

sensory information of the oral cavity travels to which side ventral posteriomedial nuclei of the thalamus

ipsilateral side

The colored part of the eye is called the: -pupil -iris -sclera -retina

iris

what is nerve supply of the pectorals minor muscle? action?

medial pectoral nerve from medial cord of brachial plexus; pulls shoulder downward and forward

the anterior cerebral artery is a smaller branch of internal carotid that supplies what? what connects left and right superior anterior cerebral artery?

medial portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes; anterior communicating artery connects them

what happens with premature infants where surfactant production hasn't happened yet and results in tachypnea, tachycardia, chest wall retractions, expiratory grunt, nasal flaring, and cyanosis

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

what is L shaped with an upper thicker part (body) and a lower thinner part (ramus) that bears the weight of body hen person is in an upright seated position

ischium

why can spleen be considered two organs in one?

it both filters and removes abnormal cells and makes disease fighting components of immune system

Which statement concerning the left vagus nerve is FALSE? -it can be cut on the lower part of the esophagus to reduce gastric secretion (termed a vagotomy) -it forms the anterior vagal trunk at the lower part of the esophagus -it passes in front of the left subclavian artery as it enters the thorax -it contains parasympathetic postganglionic fibers -it contributes to anterior esophageal plexus

it contains parasympathetic postganglionic fibers (false because it only contains preganglionic)

what makes bone hard and resist compression compared to osteoid ?

it has mineralized extracellular matrix of hydroxyapatite (primarily calcium phosphate) and water content decrease

what happens in tissues to T4?

it is converted to T3 which is major active form

in females, the genetic activity of both X chromosomes is essentially only during the first few weeks after conception and later development requires just one function X chromosome and what happens to the other

it is inactivated and appears as a dense chromatin mass called Barr body

which two hormones are made in the atnerior pituitary and not considered to be tropic/

prolactin and GH

rotating forearm with the palm turning inward

pronation

what are the 3 successive phases of development of an advanced kidney?

pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros

which stage of mitosis wis when chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and mitotic spindle apparatus forms at opposite poles of cell

prophase

what do a-alpha fibers carry info related to

proprioception

what hormone decreases platelet aggregation and cause vasodilation

prostacyclin (PGI2)

the ejaculatory duct penetrates the prostate gland to open into what

prostatic urethra

hepatocyte cells are involved with what functions

protein synthesis, protein storage and transformation of carbs, cholesterol synthesis, ill salts, phospholipids, and detoxification, excretion, and initiates formation and secretion of bile

draw forward

protraction

which function of spleen is handled by white pulp

provides lymphocytes and a source of plasma cells and antibodies for cellular and humoral immune defenses

what supplies the transverse colon w/ blood?

proximal 2/3 = middle colic artery from superior mesenteric artery distal 1/3 = left colic artery a branch of inferior mesenteric artery

where is where glucose, AA, metabolites, and electrolytes are reabsorbed from filtrate and returned to circulating

proximal convoluted tubule

what are the 4 regions of the tubular portion that the filtrate from the bowman's capsule passes into

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henley, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

what is a fracture that has not united in the stipulated time in which such fracture usually unite and has no change of union without intervention resulting in inadequate healing

pseudoarthrosis

snesory ganglia contani cell bodies of what two types of neurons? are their synapses?

pseudounipoloar or bipolar sensory neurons; no synapses in sensory ganglia

posterior abdominal muscles include what 4

psoas major, psoas minor, quadratus lumborum, iliacus

which bronchi (L/R) is more vertical?

right

which lung has a slightly larger capacity?

right

which testes is usually higher?

right

the greater curvature of the stomach is supplied by what on the right? and what on the left? the

right = right gastroepiploic artery and left = left gastroepiploic

the hepatic artery proper branches into what 2 arteries? what comes off the right one?

right and left hepatic artery; the right gives off cystic artery

what does right lymphatic duct drain

right arm and right halves of head and thorax

the anterior cardiac vein opens where?

right atrium

which border of heart is made up of right atrium

right border

what does the right common carotid artery come from? what does the left?

right from brachiocephalic trunk, left from aortic arch

the lesser curvature of stomach is supplied by what inferiorly? and what superiorly?

right gastric artery inferiorly; left gastric artery superiorly

which region involves the liver, gall bladder, SI, ascending colon, transverse colon, and right kidney

right hypochondriac

which region contains SI, cecum and ascending colon, right ovary, right fallopian tube

right iliac

which renal artery is usually longer? which is usually higher?

right is usually longer; the left is usually a little higher

which region involves the liver, gallbladder, SI, ascending colon, right kidney (lower than right hypochondriac)

right lumbar

the right lymphatic duct empties into what? where?

right venous angle at junction of right internal jugular vein

which lung does TB seem to be more common in? where do they best grow?

right, at apex

what is the main function of the von ebner glands?

rinse food away from papilla after being tasted by taste buds

what wall does the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone make? what foramen does it contain and what does it transmit?

roof or orbit and superior orbital fissure; optic canal which contains optic nerve CN II and ophthalmic artery

the vagus nerve gives taste sensation from where

root of tongue and epiglottis

rotating or pivoting around a long axis

rotation

the ampullae of semicircular ducts are sensitive to what

rotational acceleartion

does smooth or rough ER play role in synthesis of proteins for use outside of cell

rough ER

which organelle in hepatocytes manufacture membranes and secretory proteins

rough ER

what kind of saliva does parotid produce

serous

what type of glands are parotid glands, von ebner glands, pancrease, and uterine glands

serous

arterioles have what kind of diameter? what kind of lumen? and a thick tunica media composed of what? with very little what?

small diameter, small lumen, and a thick tunica media with very little elastic tissue

what does nasal cavity receive sensory innervation from? other sensation? blood supply?

smell = olfactory sensory = trigeminal for other sensation blood supply = ophthalmic and maxillary arteries

Which of the following muscle cells does NOT contain troponin -skeletal -cardiac -smooth

smooth

does smooth or rough ER play role in steroid synthesis, detoxification, and sarcoplasmic reticulum

smooth

which organelle of hepatocytes produce bile salts and detoxify poisons

smooth ER (peroxisomes can also do it)

At a picnic, the kids all decide to hang upside down on the monkey bars. One daring kid decides he wil try to eat a grape while upside down and finds no trouble doing this. Peristalsis and other similar movements are produced by which muscle type? -smooth muscle tissue -striated muscle tissue -skeletal muscle tissue -cardiac muscle tissue

smooth muscle

what are cells of macula dense sensitive to concentration of?

sodium chloride in distal convoluted tubule

what happens in the distal convoluted tubule?

sodium is reabsorbed under influence of aldosterone

what are the two types of motorneuron pathways

somatic (skeletal) and autonomic (symp and parasymp)

which fibers carry impules to skeeltal muscle

somatic motor

which fibers carry impules from cutaneous and proprioceptive receptors

somatic sensory fibers

what does the facial nerve provide sensation to?

some fibers from geniculate ganglion supply small area of skin of concha of auricle close to external acoustic meatus

what is the source of the maxillary artery? what is the course of it?

source = external carotid artery course = -3 branches that form plexus to supply the maxillary arch : anterior superior alveolar artery, middle superior alveolar artery, posterior superior alveolar artery -1 branch that supplies the mandibular arch : the inferior alveolar artery

what is newly formed organic bone matrix that has NOT undergone calcification. It is a specialized form of what sounded by what?

specialized for of type I collagen surrounded by glycosaminoglycan the posses a high affinity for calcium binding

sympathetic distribution is more diffuse whereas parasympathetic is more what

specific

the nasal cavity gets blood supply mainly from what

spehnopaltine branch of maxillary artery

what does FSH stimulate in males?

sperm production in testes

the ductus deferent and surrounding vessels and nerves form what that runs upward to level of pubic tubercle of pubic bone through the inguinal canal to enter pelvic cavity

spermatic cord

what type of epithelium lines the oropharynx? what is opening of oropharynx from mouth? which tonsil sets are in oropharynx?

stratified squamous epithelium; faces, lingual tonsils at base of tongue and palatine tonsils

when the esophagus joints stomach there is a distinct change in epithelium from what to what

stratified squamous to simple columna

where is the primary location of the prickle cell

stratum spinosum of epidermis

corticotropin releasing hromine is secreted in response to what

stress

what does the cricothyroid muscle do

stretches vocal cords

which part of an adenomere contain alot of mitochondria responsible for electrolyte and water transport during secretion? what lines these?

striated ducts; simple columnar epithelium

what makes up the bulk of the ovary that is the supporting structure

stroma

the branchial arches are stacked bilateral swellings of tissue taht appear inferior to what during the 4th week of embryonic development

stromodeum (primitive mouth)

which muscle of tongue controls retraction

styloglossus

which muscles that aren't considered muscles of facial expression are innervated by facial nerve (3)?

stylohyoid, stapedius, and posterior belly of digastric

what separates parotid and submandibular gland which is why pus does not exchange between them

stylolmandibular ligament

the main trunk of facial nerve exits from what foramen and enters into the substance of what?

stylomastoid foramen and enters into parotid gland

The glossopharyngeal nerve traverses the jugular foramen and its skeletal motor axons innervate a single muscle the: -salpingopharyngeus -stylopharyngeus -palatopharyngeus -superior constrictor -middle constrictor -inferior constrictor

stylopharyngeus

the vagus nerve innervates all of the muscles of the pharynx except what

stylopharyngeus

which of the following muscles elevates the larynx and pharynx during swallowing? -stylopharyngeus -palatopharyngeus -salpingopharyngeus

stylopharyngeus

All of the following structures are located above the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle except one. Which is the exception? - stylopharyngeus -audotory tube -levator palatini muscle -ascending palatine artery

stylopharyngeus muscle

afferent lymph vessels of lymph node enter convex surface of gland and drain into what systems (2)

sub capsular and medullary sinus system

what is the pathway through lymph node from afferent vessel (2 of them)

sub capsular sinus, cortical sinus, superficial cortex, and paracortex OR from cortical sinus into medullary sinus

what do the vertebral arteries branch from?

subclavian arteries

The axillary artery begins at the lateral border of the first rib as a continuation of the: - facial artery - subclavian artery - brachial artery - external carotid artery

subclavian artery

the internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior wall of the body from the clavicle to the umbilicus. it is a branch of the first part of the: -transverse facial artery -maxillary artery -superficial temporal artery -subclavian artery

subclavian artery

what muscles originate on the inner surface of each rib near the costal angle and insert on the inner surface of the first second or third rib below? what is function?

subcostal muscles; raise ribs during inspiration

what is a potential space between dura mater and arachoid membrane often site of hemorrhage after head trauma

subdural space

what branch of lingual artery supplies mylohyoid muscle, sublingual salivary gland, and mucous membranes of the floor of mouth

sublingual artery

Which parasympathetic ganglion of the head is located on the lateral surface of the hyoglossus muscle

submandibular

which salivary gland produces majority of saliva at rest?

submandibular

parasympethetics from facial nerve pass to what ganglion for subamndibular via what nerves?

submandibular ganglion via chorda tympani and lingual nerve

what regional group of lymph nodes are located between submandibular glands and mandible? where do they receive lymph from? what do they drain to?

submandibular lymph nodes, front of scalp, nose, adjacent cheek, upper and lower lips, paranasal sinuses, maxillary and mandibular teeth (except mandibular incisors), and anterior two thirds of tongue (Except tip), floor of mouth and vestibule, gingiva; drain to deep cervical

The os coxae or hip bone is formed by the fusion of the: -femur, ischium, and pubic symphysis - ileum, ischium, and pubis - ilium, ischium, and pubic tubercle - femur, tibia, and pubis

the ilium, ischium, and pubis

which region of mediastinum is subdivided into the anterior middle and posterior mediastinum?

the inferior mediastinum

the epiphysis is composed of what kind of bone? what bone marrow does it contain?

spongy bone surrounded by compact bone; contains red bone marrow

what separates the mandibular fossa from the tympanic plate posteriorly

squamotympanic fissure

what are the two muscles of the middl ear?

stapedius and tensor tympani

the second meiotic division is like mitosis in that the number of chromosomes does what

stays the same

what are osteoclasts derived from?

stem cells in bone marrow (same ones that make monocytes and macrophages)

what are long nonmotile microvilli that cover the free surfaces of some pseudo stratified columnar epithelium that lines the inside of the epidermis?

stereocilia

the anterior surface of the heart is also known as what

sternocostal surface

what are intraperitoneal organs?

stomach, jejunum, ileum, spleen, transverse colon, liver, gall bladder

what is formed by the union of inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein of Galen

straight sinus

which branch of internal thoracic artery enters the rectus sheath and supplies the rectus muscle as far as the umbilicus

superior epigastric artery

what is the sensory ganglia for the vagus nerve that lies within the jugular foramen

superior ganglion

blood supply to pituitary is from what

superior hypophyseals arteries and inferior hypophyseal arteries (branches of internal carotid)

what separates the temporal fossa from the infatemporal fossa?

the infra temporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone

does the inferior or superior compartment of TMJ act as the gliding component? what type of movement does it allow?

superior is gliding, translational movement

what are 3 branches of facial artery that supply anterior parts of nasal mucosa

superior labial, ascending palatine, lateral nasal

which branch of vagus divides into internal laryngeal and external laryngeal

superior laryngeal

which of the following receives the openings of the posterior ethmoidal sinuses? -superior meatus -middle meatus -inferior meatus -sphenoethmoidal recess

superior meatus

which part of mediastinum includes the arch of aorta, left and right subclavian arteries and veins, right and left common carotid, right and left internal jugular veins, right and left brachiocephalic veins, brachiocephalic artery, upper half of the superior vena cava, right and left primary bronchi, traces, esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus, phrenic nerve, vagus nerves, cardiac plexus of nerves, left recurrent laryngeal nerve

superior mediastinum

the thymus is a bilobed lymphoid organ positioned where in adults? with what positioning difference in kids?

superior mediastinum with inferior part contain in anterior mediastinum of kids

The adrenal gland receives arteries from three sources. Which is NOT one of them? -inferior phrenic artery -abdominal aorta -renal artery -superior mesenteric artery

superior mesenteric artery

Which of the following muscles depresses, abducts, and medially rotates the eyeball? -medial rectus -lateral rectus -superior rectus -inferior rectus -superior oblique -inferior oblique

superior oblique

All of the following comparisons between the jejunum and the ileum are correct except one. Which one is the exception? - the jejunum has more and larger plicae circulares -the jejunum has a thicker muscular wall for more active peristalsis - the jejunum contains more goblet cells which secrete mucus -the mesentery of jejunum contains less fat -the jejunum has a mucosal lining of greater diameter for absorption of nutrietns

the jejunum contains more goblet cells which secrete mucus

what gives sympathetics to hindgut? parasympathetic?

symp = inferior mesenteric plexus; parasymp = S2-S4

what gives sympathetic innervation to foregut? parasympathetic?

sympathetic = thoracic splanchnic nerve synapsing in celiac plexus; parasymp = vagus

what give sympathetic innervation to midgut? parasymp?

sympathetic = thoracic splanchnic nerve synapsing in superior mesenteric plexus; parasymp = vagus

The principal types of nerves found in the dental pulp are; -parasymapthetic and efferent -sympathetic and afferent -sympathetic and efferent -parasympathetic and afferent

sympathetic and afferent

paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are organised into two chains that run parallel to either side of spinal cord and connected to form what

sympathetic chain/trunk (3 cervical, 12 in thoracic, 4 in lumbar, 4 in sarcal, and single coccyx)

what innervates parathryoid glands? artery?

sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion; receive blood from superior thyroid artery and inferior thyroid artery

the pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs are classified as which of the following joints symphyses sutures synchondrosis syndesmoses

sympheses

what are secondary cartilaginous joints that are jointed by a plate of fibrocartilage and are slightly movable joints including pubic symphysis and IV discs

sympheses

what is joining of homologous chromosomes to produce tetrads

synapsis

The heart acts as a functional _________________

syncytium

what are primary cartilaginous joints that are joints are united by hyaline cartilage and permit no movement but growth in the length of the bone including epiphyseal cartilage plates and the first rib and sternum

syndchondrosis

what type of joints are connected by fibrous CT and occur as the inferior tibiofibular and tympanostapedial

syndesmoses

what is a clear, thick fluid secreted by synovial membrane which fills the joint capsule and lubricates the articular cartilage at the ends of articulating bones

synovial fluid

what type of joints are freely movable (diarthrodial) with movement limited only by joint surfaces, ligaments, muscles, or tendons

synovial joints

what produces synovial fluid (includes both bursa and articular cartilage)

synovial membrane

the smooth ER does what

synthesize lipids incorporated in cell membranes, steroid hormones, and certain carbs for glycoproteins

ribosomes attached to rough ER do what

synthesize proteins that leave cells via golgi complex

which descending tract is responsible for head and neck movement during visual reflexes

tectospinal tract

the olfactory and optic nerves derive from what

telencephalon and diencephalon

which stage of mitosis is when daughter chromosomes arrive at poles and microtubules disappear. the condensed chromomse expands and nuclear envelop reappears and cytoplasm divids

telophase

which bone is the carotid canal in? what are the contents?

temporal bone, internal carotid artery

what fossa is above the zygomatic arch? what is it filled with?

temporal fossa, temporalis muscle

which lobe of brain are the auditory, wernicke, and short term memory areas

temporal lobe

at the mental foramen, the inferior alveolar nerve ends by dividing into what to supply what?

the mental nerve to supply the skin of mental region, mucous membrane and attached gingiva of ipsilateral mandibular anterior and premolar teeth and the incisive branch which continues coursing through the mandible and supplies the pulp chambers of anterior teeth adjacent to mucous membrane

The diaphragm is located in the: -pelvic cavity -thoracic cavity -abdominal cavity -vertebral cavity

thoracic cavity

what drains everything EXCEPT right arm and right halves of head and thorax

thoracic duct

All of the following statemetns conerinng the adrenal glands are true EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -they are retroperitoneal organs lying on the superiomedial aspect of each kidney and surrounded by a capsule and renal fascia -they receive arteries from three sources; they are drained by one vein -thoracic splanchnic nerves carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers to medulla of each nerve -medulla is serived from embyronic neural crest cells -cortex is essential to life and produces steroid hormones like mineralcorticaoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones

thoracic splanchnic nerves carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers to medulla of each gland (because it receieves preganglionic sympathetic fibers)

what is nerve supply of the latissimus dorsi muscle? action?

thoracodorsal nerve from posterior cord of brachial plexus; extends/adducts/medially rotates the arm

at the optic chiasma, what nerve fibers do not cross?

those that arise from temporal half of the eye

what stimulates precursor cells in bone marrow to differentiate into megakaryocytic that give rise to platelets? what produces it?

thrombopoietin kidney and liver

what is produced by activated platelets that has prothrombotic properties and stimulate activation of new platelets as well as increasing platelet aggregation

thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

how does the aorta, azygos vein, and thoracic duct pass compared to diaphragm

through aortic opening

where does thoracic duct ascend through diaphragm?

through aortic opening on the right side of descending aorta

the vagus nerves enter abdomen in front of esophagus through what hiatus? as what?

through esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm as the anterior vagal trunk

the chorda tympani leaves the tympanic cavity through what fissure and then what happens

through the petrotympanic fissure where it enters the infra temporal fossa where it joins the lingual nerve

thymus gland produces what factor that confers immunological competence on thymus dependent cells and induces lymphopoeisis

thymic lymphopoeitic factor

what hormone does the thymus produce that stimulates maturation of lymphocytes?

thymosin

Mature lymphocytes constantly travel through the blood supply to the lymphoid organs and then back to the blood. This constant recirculation ensures that the body is continuously monitored for invading substances. The major areas of antigen contact and lymphocyte activation are the secondary lymphoid organs. These include all eXCEPt one; which is exception -spleen -lymph nodes -thymus gland -tonsils -MALT

thymus (because it and bone marrow are primary lymph organs)

The third pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the: -auditory tube -palatine tonsils -middle ear cavity -thymus gland

thymus gland - as well as inferior parathyroid glands

the thyroid gland forms as a median downgrowth at the base of the tongue connected by what

thyroglossal duct

All of the following infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis except one. Which is the exception? -sternohyoid -sternothyroid -thyrohyoid -superior and inferior bellies of omohyoid

thyrohyoid

All of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis (C1-3) EXCEPT one. Whichc is the execption -sternohyoid -sternothyroid -thyrohyoid -omohyoid

thyrohyoid which is supplied by C1 via hypoglossal nerve

Calcitonin is secreted by the: -thyroid -parathyroid -adrenal -thymus

thyroid

what are some big things of the middle cranial fossa?

temporal lobes of brain, optic chiasma, optic canal, sella tunica, pituitary gland, and a lot of nerves including trigeminal ganglion

which bone is the petrotympanic fissure found? what are contents?

temporal, chords tympani

which bone is the internal acoustic meatus found? what are contents?

temporal, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves

which bone is the external acoustic meatus found? what are contents?

temporal, opening to tympanic cavity

what are the 5 main branches that come off of the facial nerve?

temporal, zygomati, buccal, mandibular, cervical

which bone is the stylomastoid foramen in? what are contents?

temporal; facial nerve CN VII

which muscles are in the temporal fossa?

temporalis muscle

what does the tensor veli palatini do

tenses soft palate

the vagus nerve innervates all of the muscles of the palate except for what

tensor veli palatini

what muscles prevent food from entering the nasopharynx

tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini

what is the horizontal fold of dura mater that separates cerbrum and cerebellum? what does it contain

tentorium cerebelli; contains straight, transverse, and superior petrosal sinuses

the smallest airways in the conducting zone are the: -alveolar ducts - segmental branches - lobar branches - terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

what is S2-S4 parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?

terminal ganglia that innervate Li, rectum, genetalia, ureters, and urinary bladders

what is CN 10's parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?

terminal ganglia that innervate organs of thorax and abdomen

deficiency of PTH can lead to what

tetany

where is termination of anterior spinothalamic tract

thalamus

where is termination of lateral spinothalamic tract

thalamus

The diencephalon lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and contains which of the following? -select all that apply -thalmus -pons -medulla -hypothalamus

thalamus and hypothalamus

the celiac artery takes its origin from what? where?

the abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm at level of 12 thoracic vertebrae

the third ventricle is continuous with the fourth ventricle via the: -two formaina of Luschka -IV foramen -cerebral aqueduct -septum pellucidum -foramen of magendie

the cerebral aqueduct

all of the following statements concerning the common carotid arteries are true EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? -the common carotid arteries are the same length -the common carotid arteries differ in their mode of origin -the right common carotid is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk -the left common carotid artery is a branch of the aortic arch

the common carotid arteries are the same length

what is named in relation to second part of axillary artery?

the cords of brachial plexus because they run so closely (posterior, medial, and lateral parts)

which muscles attach the posterior surface of the lower sternum to the internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6? what do they do?

transverse thoracic muscles; pull ribs downward during expiration

what carries blood from confluence of sinuses into the signmoid sinsues

tranverse sinuses

what are the bones of the distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial?

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

what are granular and roughly cuboidal cells that produce surfactant

type II pneumocytes

Which of the following glands are purely serous? -select all that apply -submandibular glands -sublingual glands -parotid glands -glands of esophagus -glands of trachea

parotid (and also von ebner glands around circumvallate papillae)

what are the only adult salivary glands that are purely serous

parotid and von ebner glands

lymph nodes are small masses of lymph tissue located along cause of lymph vessels through which lymph is filtered on its way to what

venous system

which body cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

ventral cavity

do cardiac muscles have cell junctions?

yes- intercalated disks with desmosomes and gap junctions

before birth, formed elements of blood are produced in a number of other locations such as what

yolk sac, liver, spleen, lymph nodes

which element is invovled in almost every aspect of immunity

zinc

what are the most critical 3 nutrients involved in function and secretion of thymic hormones

zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin C

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex from outer in?

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Which of the following bones forms the major part of the lateral wall of orbit? - frontal bone - zygomatic bone - maxillary bone - sphenoid bone

zygomatic bone

A nervous dental student is performing the IANB for first time, his injection passes the ramus but he thinks deposition of the anesthetic will work. The patient complains that he cant move his face on that side. What did he most likely penetrate -lateral pterygoid muscle -submandibular gland -parotid gland -medial pterygoid muscle

parotid gland

what is the part of the abdomen surrounded by peritoneum that is a potential space between parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

peritoneal cavity

what is a thin serous membrane lining walls of abdominal and pelvic cavities that can be thought of as a balloon in which organs are pressed from the outside

peritoneum

what drains the tonsils? what is pathway

peritonsillar plexus into lingual and pharyngeal veins into internal jugular vein

what contains enzymes that detoxify harmful substances. Catalase breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

peroxisomes

what separates the middle and posterior cranial fossa ?

petrous part of the temporal bone

GALT includes both tonsils and what component of lymph system

peyer patches

what are intestinal tonsils? where?

peyer patches, mostly in ileum of SI

lymph nodes contain what kind of cells that filter blood and fight infection

phagocytic cells

which major function of the spleen is handled by the reticuloendothelial tissue

phagocytosis of erythrocytes and cell debris from blood stream

the ascending pharyngeal artery is the smallest branch of external carotid artery and branches include what 2?

pharyngeal and meningeal arteries

what branch of vagus nerve arises from the inferior ganglion and forms the pharyngeal plexus, supplies all muscles of pharynx except stylopharyngess, all muscles of soft palate except tensor veil palatine

pharyngeal branch

what goes though pharyngeal canal

pharyngeal branch of CN V2

all pharyngeal constrictors are innervated by what?

pharyngeal plexus

most of the palatal muscles receive motor innervation from what?

pharyngeal plexus of nerves

what is the major sensory nerve to the parietal pericardium

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

what gland lies at back of third ventricle of brain? what does it produce?

pineal gland; produces melatonin (regulates sleep wake, body temp, and appetite)

what type of movement is when ring of one bone rotates around the process of another like atlas C1 and axis C2

pivot

The formed elements of blood include all of the following except one, which is the exception plasma RBC platelets WBC

plasma

which cells primary function is antibody synthesis

plasma

which subcompartment of ECF circulates as the ECF component of blood making up about 1/4 of ECF

plasma

the lymph system of inner medullary regions is arranged in medullary cords which are sources of what? and also contain what?

plasma cells (secrete antibodies) and contain medullary sinuses

what are the two things B cells can develop into?

plasma cells or memory B cells

regarding the difference between plasma and serum, which of the following statements is true? - serum is yellow, plasma has no color - serum contains antibodies, plasma does not - plasma contains clotting proteins, serum does not - plasma contains hemoglobin, serum does not

plasma contains clotting proteins, serum does not

what serves as a boundary of the cell, maintaining its integrity with protein molecules embedded to perform various functions

plasma membrane

which organelles are single membraned

plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

the thoracic cavity is further divided into what cavities?

pleural cavities (each contains a lung and the mediastinum) and the pericardial cavity (between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium)

what fills the space between the visceral and parietal pleura? what is cavity?

pleural cavity, serous fluid

ventral primary divisons of spinal nerves form what that allows multiple spinal nerves to contitute a peripheral nerve

plexus

what syndrome presents as a triad of dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia

plummer-vinson syndrome

what is air in pleural cavity? what is blood in it? what happens to lung?

pneumothorax, hemothorax, instantly shrinks to size of tennis ball

trigeminal, abducens, and facial nerves originate from what

pons

vestibulocochlear nerve arise in inner ear and go to what

pons

what lies below the midbrain and connects with both the cerebellum and cerebrum and can also link to medulla

pons (respiratory center)

where is fourth ventricle located

pons and medulla

what is the point where vessels and ducts enter and leave liver? where is it?

porta hepatitis; ventral surface

what occurs when a capillay bed drains into another capillary bed through veins

portal venous system

histone are +/- charged? acidic or basic?

positively charged basic (positively charged so they can interact w/ negatively charged DNA

the auriculotemporal nerve supplies which part of theTMJ

posterior

the pars nervosa and infundibulum are parts of which lobe of pituitary

posterior

which mediastinum is the thoracic duct found

posterior

what are the 3 cords of brachial plexus? which spinal nerves?

posterior lateral medial C5-C8 and T1

the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve conveys general sensation and taste from what

posterior 1/3 of tongue

what does left coronary artery arise from from the aorta

posterior aortic sinus

transection of the pituitary stalk would result in a decrease in all pituitary hormones except which

prolactin

what forms the base of the axilla?

skin and fascia of concave axilla (armpit)

the pterygopalatine fossa communicates superiorly with what through what?

skull through foramen rotundum

how is the mandibular foramen located compared to mandibular molars?

slightly above occlusal plane and posterior to molars

is contraction process of smooth muscle cells fast or slow

slow

all of the arterial branches from the thoracic portion of the aorta are what? big/small

small

what 4 vessels drain into coronary sinus?

small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, and oblique vein

is TMJ a synovial joint?

yes

rule 3: anything with gloss in name is innervated by which CN

12

how many ribs are there? which ones attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae?

12 pairs (24 ribs) all attach posterirly

which of main salivary glands is first to form? which is sceond? which is last?

1st = parotid 2nd = submandibular glands 3rd = sublingual

The smooth muscle coat of the large intestine consists of three bands called taeniae coli. The walls of large intestine have more villi than small intestine.

1st true, 2nd false

how many lobes does the left lung have? how many secondary bronchi? how many bronchial segments? how many bronchial arteries?

2 lobes, 2 secondary bronchi, 8 bronchial segments, 2 bronchial arteries

the thoracic cavity is surrounded by ribs and chest muscles and it is subdivided into what three things?

2 pleural cavities and the mediastinum

how are proximal bones arranged? what are the rows?

2 rows of 4; proximal and distal rows

what are average # of platelets/ mm3? description of cell? function?

200,000-400,000, small cellular fragments, hemostasis

defect in what chromosome can cause DiGeorges syndrome that result in a small thymus gland or sometimes none at all

22

normal human cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes? what is diploid number? how many homologous chromomses aka autosomes?

23 pair,s 46 diploid, 22 homologous or autosomes

vertebral column has how many individual vertebrae? yow many fused w/ sacrum? how many fused w/ coccyx? how many are in each segment of column

24; 5 sacrum; 3-5 fused; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

how many cusps do semilunar valves have

3

how many phalanges are in fingers and thumb?

3 in fingers 2 in thumb (heads form knuckles)

how many lobes does right lung have? how many secondary bronchi? how many bronchial segments? how many bronchial arteries?

3 lobes, 3 secondary bronchi, 10 bronchial segments (corresponding to tertiary bronchi), 1 artery

what is about 80% of adrenal medula hormone released? 20%

80% = epinephrine 20% = norepi

what main muscles do accessory nerve innervation

SCM and trap

how is CSF absorbed absorbed into blood stream

arachnoid granulations

where do blood vessels enter and efferent vessels emerge from of lymph node

hilum

where does bronchi, vessels, nerves, and root enter lung

hilum

some of what kind of cells are produced in lymph node

lymphocytes

what makes up outer cortex of thymus gland

lymphocytes

what are osteoblasts derived from?

mesenchyme (fibroblasts)

4 histone proteins make up what fundamental subunit of chromatin

nucleosome core

which muscles of tongue controls lateral movement

palatoglossus

what is aka the posterior pillar of fauces

palatopharyngeal arch

what moves urine through the ureters?

peristaltic waves about 1-5 times per minute

vagus nerves gives parasympathetic to what

thoracic and abdominal viscera

what cells are responsible for gas exchange

type I pneumocytes

do lymphatics have valves? what do they do?

yes, cause unidirectional flow

rank C fibers, a-beta, a-alpha, and a delta in orer of size?

(largest) a-alpha, a-beta, a delta, C (smallest)

what is a good nemonic for remembering eye muscles innervation

(LR6SO4)3

what is the source of the middle superior alveolar artery? what does it supply?

(Not always present) infraorbital artery of maxillary artery - supplies maxillary sinus and plexus at canine

All of the following statements regarding differences between meiosis and mitosis are FALSE EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -both require one division to complete process -crossing over occurs in mitosis not meiosis -meiosis occurs in germ cells only -in mitosis the daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell (2n to n) while in meiosis they have the same - in meiosis the daughter cells have the same genetic info as parent cell while i mitosis the daughter cells are genetically different from parent

- meiosis occurs in germ cells only

Consider the following structures: -penile urethra -ductus deferens -prosthatic urethra -epididymis What is the path sperm travel upon ejactulation? -1,2,3,4 -2,4,1,3 -4,2,1,3 -4,2,3,1

-4,2,3,1 epididymis, ductus deferens, prosthetic urethra, penile urethra

how many brachiocephalic arteries are there? veins?

1 artery and 2 veins

what does the right coronary artery give rise to ?

-anterior right atrial branch which gives rise to the sinoatrial nodal artery -marginal branch which supplies right ventricle -posterior IV branch which supplies both ventricles and anastomoses with circumflex artery

The crista galli is part of which bone? -sphenoid -fronta -ethmoid -occipital

-ethmoid

All of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary EXCEPT TWO. which TWO are exceptions? -growth hormone -oxytocin -prolactin -follice stimulating hormone -luteinizing hormone -corticotropin -antidiuretic hromne -thyroid stimulating hormones

-oxytocin -antidiuretic hormone

what arteries make up circle of willis (6)

-terminal part of internal carotid artery (L and R) -Anterior cerebral artery (L and R) - middle cerebral artery (L and R) -Posterior cerebral artery -Anterior communicating artery -Posterior communicating artery

...

...

what is the first sceond third and fourth heart sounds

1 - closure of AV valves 2 - closure of semilunar valves 3 - rapid ventricular filling 4 - atrial contraction

what does rib #1 attach to anteriorly? ribs 2-7? 8-10? 11 and 12?

1 = manubrium, 2-7 = body of sternum, 8 -10 = anterior attachment to cartilage of rib above them, 11-12 = no anterior attachment

the function of the golgi apparatus is two fold; what are the two?

1- modification of lipids and proteins 2 - storage and packing of materials that will be exported from cell

what are ribs 1-7 called? 8-10? 11-12?

1-7 = true 8-10 = false ribs 11-12 = floating

Which four cranial nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic axons out of brain stem? -3,5,7,10 -2,4,7,11 -5,7,9,12 -3,7,9,10

3, 7, 9, 10

rule 2: anything with palat in name is innervated by which CN

10

Extracellular fluid comprises _______________________ too the amount of total body water

33%

what is the saying to remember parasympathetic ganglion nerves and targets

3977 COPS EPLS ISLAG ZC

Neurlation is the stage of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos during which the neural tube is transformed into the primitive structures that will later develop into central nervous system. When does this begin -week 1 -week 3 -week 5 -week 7

3rd

Name the following structures of nephron in order they are encountered from blood to urine 1. distal convoluted tubule 2 bowman capsule 3. collecting duct 4. glomerulus 5. loop of henley 6. proximal tubules

4, 2, 6, 5, 1, 3

which branchial arches do superior laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus come from

4-6

which pharygneal arch is the future laryngeal cartilages

4-6

what are average # of RBC / mm3? description of cell? function?

4.2-6 million, biconcave enucleated, transport O2

which branchial arches are the future laryngeal cartilages?

4th and 6

what are average # of leukocytes per mm3

5,000-10,000

what kind of life span do plasma cells?where are they mainly found?

5-10 days, in bone marrow and CT

what are % of leukocytes of each type

60-70% neutrophils, 20-30% lymphocytes, 2-6% monocytes, 1-4% eosinophils, 0-1% basophils

intracellular fluid comprises what % of total body water

66%

The esophagus begins at the level of the: -4th cervical vertebrae -6th cervical vertebrae - 10th cervical vertebrae - 12 thoracic vertebrae

6th cervical vertebrae

when does yellow marrow begin to appear in distal bones of limbs? how does replacement of marrow move?

7 years, proximally so by the time a person is an adult red marrow is only in bones of skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, girlde bones, and head of humerus and femur

what is lifespan of platelet? how are they removed?

7-10 days, in spleen and liver

blood makes up what % of bodyweight? how much L? pH?

8% body weight, 4-6 L, pH of 7.35-7.45

how much of calcium and phosphorus or stored in bone and teeth?

95% of calcium and 90% of phosphorus

at what level does risk of infection for a patient decrease dramatically of neutrophils

<500/mm3

what part of sarcomere is one end of myosin to another end

A band

An endodontist is performing root canal therapy on his anxious dental patient. His anesthesia has been successful through access preparation, cleaning, and shaping. Just before he starts to obturate, he sticks a paper point in the canal first to dry it out. The patient jumps up from pain from the stimulus. Which type of primary afferent fibers carry info related to shart pain and temp A-alpha fibers A-beta fibers A-delta fibers C fibers

A delta fibers

out of A-alpha fibers, A-beta fibers, A-delta fibers, C fibers, which are myelinated?

A-alpha, a beta and a delta are all myelinated

what is neurotransmitter of preganglionic sympathetic neurons

ACH

what is postganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

ACH

what is preganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

ACH

A young girl presents to physician with a large, round face, a buffalo hump, and central obesity. she also has history of HTN and insulin resistance as a result of increased cortisol. Which anterior pituitary hormone controls production and secretion of coritsol -FSH -LH -ACTH -TSH -CRH

ACTH (aka corticotropin)

which hormone controls rate of water reabsorption in kidneys

ADH

the posterior pituitary serves as a storage area for what?

ADH and oxytocin

strong vagal stimulation to heart may cause what?

AV block

which valves open during ventricular diastole?

AV valves

which hormone from anterior pituitary promotes growth in general, particularly skeletal system

GH

Where is the middle cervical ganglion

At level of cricoid cartilage

B cells and plasma cells are the main cell types found in the A. outer cortical region B. Medullary cords C. medullary sinuses D. germinal centers

B

which of the following is not a function of the spleen A. removal of old or defective blood cells from blood B. forming crypts that trap bacteria C. storage of blood platelets D. storage of iron

B

what is a portion of medulla of lymph node which tonics lymph tissue and project into the medullary sinus? what are main cell types?

B cells and plasma cells

plasma cells are immediate derivations of which cell type? CD8+ T CD4+ T B lymphocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil

B lymphocytes

which cells primary function is humoral immunity (also differentiate into plasma cells)

B lymphocytes

what are the 4 cutaneous branches of the mandibular nerve V3

BAIL -Buccal nerve; auriculotemporal nerve; inferior alveolar nerve; lingual nerve

what does the red pulp of spleen contain and what does it do

BV (splenic sinusoids) interwoven with CT (splenic cords) and it filters blood and removes defective blood cells

what is the metaplasia of epithelium at lower end of esophagus? it has a strong associated with what?

Barretts esophagus; esophageal adenocarcinoma

what is the sublingual duct?

Bartholin duct

Where is the superior cervical ganglion

Between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein

what are cells of the primary motor cortex

Betz cells

Histones are a special group of proteins found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells responsible forDNA folding and chromatin formation. The nucleosome is the fundamental subunit of chromatin.

Both statements are true

the adult thymus: A. has both afferent and efferent lymph vessels B. is more active than the infant thymus C. contains adipocytes and fibrous CT D. directly removes pathogens for lymph circulation

C

the posterior 1/3 of tongue drain into the A. facial nodes B. submandibular nodes C. deep cervical nodes D. submental nodes

C

which of the following begins as a dilated sac, called the cisterns chyli? A. internal jugular vein B. subclavian vein C. thoracic duct D. lymphatic duct

C

what provides sensory info the skin of cheek, skin of mandible, lower lip and side of head, mandibualr teeth, mucous membranes of cheek, floor of mouth, and anterior part of tongue

CN V3

the brachial plexus is a somatic nerve plexus formed by intercommunications among the ventral rami (roots) of what? they do all motor innervation of muscles of upper extremity except what?

C5-8 and T1; except trapezius and levator scapula

where do vertebral arteries enter transverse process and pass via transverse foramen? how do they enter skull?

C6; via foramen magnum

What level is the inferior cervical ganglion

C7

motor innervation of tongue is from which CN? what is exception?

CN 12 except for paltoglossus which is innervated by 10

After being seen by a neurologist, a patient is diagnosed with pituitary adenoma. As the neoplasm increases in size, it will most likely affect which CN? -CN I - CN II - CN III -CN IV

CN II

sensory innervation of palate is provided by what?

CN V2

the skin of lower eyelid is supplied by branches of infratrochlear at medial angle, but everywhere else is it supplied by branches of what?

CN V2

choroidal are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function

CNS; form inner layer of choroid plexus that seceret CSF

oligodendrocytes are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function

CNS; form myelin sheaths

ependymal cells are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function

CNS; line most ventricles

microglia are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function

CNS; main phagocytic cell

astrocytes are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function

CNS; provide structural support

what fills the subarachnoid space?

CSF

where is the primary location of the interstitial cell

CT of ovary and testis

___________ ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to _______________ in the _____________ filament, allowing ________________ to shift from its position blocking the active sites of _________________ molecules.

Calcium, troponin, thin, tropomyosin, thick

what is a temporary loss of consciousness that sometimes accompanies convulsive seizures because of the intensity of the carotid sinus reflex when pressure builds in one or both carotid sinuses

Carotid sinus syndrome

what are the largest papillae but fewest in number arranged in a V shaped row on back of tongue

Circumvallate papilla

What are the three main functions of the cerebellum

Coordination of movement, maintenance of equilibrium, regulation of muscle tone

lymph is moved through lymphatic vessels because of: A. pumping by smooth muscle of lymph capillaries B. flapping of lymphatic valves C. atrial contraction D. contractile action of skeletal muscle through which lymphatics flow

D

what is a congenital malformation caused by underdevelopment of third and fourth branchial pouches leading to absence or hypoplasia of parathyroid glands that usually lead to congintal heart defects and compromised immunity

DiGeorge syndrome

which nucleus contains parasympathetic ganglionic cells whose efferents in the oculomotor nerve travel to ciliary gaglion

Edinger westphal nucleus

which hormone from anterior pituitary stimulates growth of graafian follicles in the ovary and promotes spermatogenesis in male

FSH

which branchial arch is the future CN V2 and V3, muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

First (mandibular) arch

what kind of actin molecules are arranged into what shape for actin

G-actin arranged into double helical chains called F-actin

what is the resting phase where cell has left cycle and stopped dividing

G0

what are the parts of interphase?

G1 (growth 1), S phase (DNA synthesis), G2 (growth 2)

what is mnemonic for anterior pituitary hormones

GPA B-FLAT = GH, Prolactin from Acidophils. Basophils : FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

what does the chorda tympani nerve convey?

GVE of parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion and SVA for taste

what is the center of the sarcomere with only myosin?

H zone

What is the combination of drooping eyelid constriction of the pupil in sometimes accompanied by decreased sweating of the face on the same side

Horner syndrome

what are structures found in the medulla of the human thymus formed from eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically? what is their function?

Hassall corpuscles; unknown

Kupffer cells reside in the : -tunica media of arteries -hepatic sinuses -centra nervous system -lung alveoli

Hepatic sinuses

the secetory products of the posterior hypothalamus (oxytocin and vasopressin/ADH) are transported down the axons and stored in axon terminals called what

Herring bodies

what is a congenital disease cause by absence of myenteric plexus that leads to decreased parasympathetic activity which results in decreased motility and obstruction of intestines

Hirschsprung disease

what is a small hollow created on the bone surface by osteoclastic activity?

Howship lacuna

what part of sacromere is only filled w/ actin

I band

what allows the lateral ventricles to communicate with the third ventricle

IV foramen (of monro)

all of the following make up the portal triad except one. which is exception -portal vein -IVC -hepatic artery -bile duct

IVC

tonsils are involved in production of mostly which Ig?

IgA which goes to surface and provides local immune protection

why do mast cells and basophils play an important role in some types of allergic reactions?

IgE has special propensity to become attached to them and when it does bind it causes them to rupture and release histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, heparin SRS-A, and lysosomal enzymes

which hormone from anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of sex hormones by ovary and testis

LH

which cells primary function is producing testosterone

Leydig

All of the following are considered as specialized types of macrophages EXCEPt one, which is EXCEPtion? -kupffer cell -Leydig cell -microglial cell -osteoclasts

Leydig cell

protein synthesis occurs in all of the following faces except one. which is exception -G1 S G2 M

M phase

what are areas of diffuse lymph tissue throughout body?

MALT/GALTBALT

Which trigeminal nuclei as a group of second order neurons that receives information about discriminative sensation in light touch of the face

Main sensory nucleus

what is a double membraned structure with their own cyclic DNA that is transmitted from mother to fetus

Mitochondria

what part of cell cycle is when both growth and protein production stop and all cells energy is focused on complex orderly division into similar daughter cells

Mitosis phase (M-phase)

which glycosylations are most common and occur in ER?

N-linked

what is neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

NE (except for adrenal medulla and sweat glands)

ECF is primarily composed of what

NaCl and NaHCO3

what is a proteinous inter-doublet linkage that prevents microtubules in outside layer of axonemes from movement with respect to each otehr

Nexin

what is origin and insertion of deep head of medial pterygoid?

O = medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate I = medial surface of angle of mandible

the masseter muscle originates from where? runs where? how much does this muscle control mastication

O = medial surface of zygomatic arch I = lateral aspect to ramus of mandible strongest muscle of mastication

what is a doubled membraned structure that houses genetic code which dictates protein synthesis

Nucleus

what is origin and insertion of temporalis

O = bony floor of temporal fossa I = coronoid process of mandible

what is the O, I, and Action of salpingopharyngeus muscle?

O = cartilage of auditory tube I = muscles of pharynx A = elevates nasopharynx; opens auditory tube

what is origin and insertion of upper head of lateral pterygoid

O = infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid I = articular disc and fibrous capsule of TMJ

what is origin and insertion of lower head of lateral pterygoid?

O = lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate I = neck of condyle of mandible

what is origin and insertion of masseter

O = lower border and medial surface of zygomatic arch I = lateral aspect of ramus and mandible

what is the O, I, and Action of palatopharyngeus muscle?

O = posterior border of hard palate from aponeurosis of soft palate I = thyroid cartilage and muscles of pharynx A = elevates pharynx and closes nasopharynx

what is the O, I, and Action of stylopharyngeus muscle?

O = styloid process of temporal bone I = thyroid cartilage and muscles of pharynx A = elevates larynx and pharynx during swallowing

what is origin and insertion of superficial head of medial pterygoid?

O = tuberosity of maxilla and pyramidal process of palatien bone I = medial surface of angle of mandible

which glycosylations occur in golgi

O-linked

which ECG part is atrial depolariztion

P wave

do CNS or PNS myelin sheaths have capacity to regenerate?

PNS yes, CNS no

satellite are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function

PNS; support cel bodies in ganglia

which ECG part is impulse between SA and AV node

PR

what stimulates osteoclasts?

PTH

Which cells, located in crypts of lieberkuhn, secrete an antibacterial enzyme that maintains gastrointestinal barrier? -paneth cells -enteroendocrine cells -sertoli -absortpive cells

Panted cells

the ileum is almost devoid of plicae circulares but does have large accumulations of lymph tissue that are known as what?

Peyer patches

what are the 6 branches of the third part (pterygoidpalatine) of the maxillary artery? what do they supply

Posterior superior alveolar artery = descends on maxilla's infra temporal surface with branches traversing alveolar canals to supply maxillary molar and premolar teeth, adjacent gingival and mucous membrane of maxillary sinus Infra-orbital artery = traverse inferior orbital fissure, infra-orbital groove, canal, and foramen; supplies inferior oblique and rectus muscle, lacrimal sac, maxillary canines, and incisor teeth, mucous membranes of maxillary sinus and skin of infra-orbital region of face Artery of pterygoid canal = passes posterior through pterygoid canal; supplies mucosa of upper pharynx, pharyngotympanic tube, and tympanic cavity Pharyngeal branch =supplies mucosa of nasal roof, nasopharynx, sphenoidal air sinus, and pharyngotympanic tube Descending palatine artery = descends through palatine canal to mucosa and glands of hard and soft palate Sphenopalatine artery = terminal branch of maxillary artery to supply walls and septum of nasal cavity, frontal themoidal sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses and anteriormost palate

almost all human body cells have mitochondria EXCEPT one, which is exception? -fibroblasts -RBS -osteoblast -osteoclasts

RBC

which hormone from anterior pituitary promotes mammary gland development and milk production

Prolactin

which ECG part is ventricular depoalirization

QRS

which ECG part is ejection of blood

QT wave

during the developmetnal stage (about third week) a diverticulum called ________________ arises from the roof of the stomoodeum and grows towards brain and goes on to become what

Rathke's pouch; goes on to become adenohypophysis

The second branchial arch cartilage is referred to as : -Reichert cartilage -Meckel cartilage -Laryngeal Cartilage -Johnson Cartilage

Reichert Cartilage

Which of the following provides parasympathetic stimulation to sigmoid colon? -vagus nerve -phrenic nerve -T1-L2 -S2-S4

S2-S4

what is SA node rate? what about AV node? ventricular conductin system?

SA = 60-100 bpm, AV = 40-60 bpm; ventricular = 30-40 bpm

what is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right auricle

SA Node

Which of the following is the correct conduction pathway through the heart? -SA node - ventricular muscle - AV node - bundle of His - bundle branches - purkije fibers - atrial muscle -SA node - atrial muscle - AV node - bundle branches - bundle of his Purkinje fibers - ventricular muscle -SA node - atrial muscle - AV node - bundle of his - bundle branches - purkinje fibers - vneticular muscle -SA node - purkinje fibers - AV node- bundle of his- bundle branches, - atrial muscle - ventricular muscle

SA node - atrial muscle - AV node - bundle of his - bundle branches - purkinje fibers - ventricular muscle

what is pathway of conduction of heart

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, left and right bundle branch

what type of sensation is hearing?

SSA

which type of sensation is sight?

SSA

which cells primary function is forming myelin sheath around axons of PNS

Schwann

A neurilemoma is a benign usually encapsulated neoplasm derived from: -astrocytes -oligodendrocytes -Schwann cells -microglial cells

Schwann cells (aka Schwannoma)

Which cell lines lumen of seminiferous tubules and secretes hormones, androgen binding proteins and other proteins that facilitate spermatogenesis -intersitial cells of leydig - principal cells -sertoli cells -clara cells

Sertoli cells

which types of muscles have most developed SR? and less?

Skeletals > Cardiac > smooth

what are branches of external carotid artery from inferior to superior

Some Lady Found An Orange at PMS Superior thyroid artery (supply thyroid gland, gives off branch to sternocleidomastoid muscle and superior laryngeal artery) Lingual artery - supplies tongue Facial Artery - supplies face, lips, and submandibular gland Ascending Pharyngeal Artery - supplies pharyngeal wall Occipital Artery - supplies pharynx and sub occipital triangle Posterior Auricular Artery - supplies back of scalp Maxillary Artery - terminal branch that gives off branches to mandible and middle meningeal artery before passing through pterygomaxillary fissure into fossa Superficial Temporal Artery - terminal branch of external courted that supplies skin over frontal and temporal regions of scalp

When walking to his car late at night a Prof. hears footsteps behind him. His sympathetic response results in dilated pupils a dry mouth and constriction of blood vessels in his face resulting in an ash and look the sympathetic response for the head and neck is mediated by cell bodies located where? -superior cervical ganglion -middle cervical ganglion -inferior cervical ganglion -ganglion impar

Superior cervical ganglion

what cell type dominates paracortex of lymph node

T cells

which cells primary function is cell mediated immunity

T lymphocytes

which ECG part is ventricular repolarization

T wave

sympathetic division of ANS are derived from what spinal nerves

T1-L2

at what level does the esophagus join the stomach; what is the part of the stomach where it joins?

T10; joins at cardiac orifice of cardia of stomach

the sympathetic fibers of the heart arise from what spinal cord segments? which ganglia are they distributed to?

T2-T4 segments; distributed to middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglia and the first four ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic chain

which T is triiodothyronine

T3

the thyroid produces about 90% what?

T4

which T is thyroxine

T4

which hormone from anterior pituitary controls secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland

TSH

overproduction of what leads to graves disease

TSH from pituitary

The right kidney is superior to the left kidney and is situated anterior to the 11th and 12th ribs; the left kidney is situated anterior to the 12th rib. The kidneys are in contact with the diaphragm and the transversus abdominus, quadrates lumborum, and posts major muscles

The first statement is false, the second is true

The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is a thin elastic structure 7.5-10 nm thick. This type of membrane is called a fluid mosaic and is found only in eukaryotic cells.

The first statement is true the second is false (found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic)

The barr body is the condensed, active X chromosome. Normal males never express these bar bodies.

The first statement is true, the second is false

what is the source of the posterior superior alveolar artery? what does it supply?

Third part of maxillary artery (before maxillary artery enters pterygoplatine fossa) and supplies maxillary sinus, premolars and molars

the splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, and least) arise from the -cervical sympathetic ganglion Thoracic sympathetic ganglion -lumbar sympathetic ganglion Sacral sympathetic ganglion

Thoracic sympathetic ganglion

what does the inferior alveolar nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

V3, mandibular premolar region and molar teeth and lingual surfaces in molar region

rule 1: anything tensor in the name is innervated by which CN

V

what does the anterior superior alveolar nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

V2, maxillary anterior teeth and buccal surfaces in maxillary anterior teeth

what does the posterior superior alveolar nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

V2, maxillary molar teeth except for MB root of first molar, buccal surfaces along molar region

what does the middle superior alveolar nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

V2, maxillary premolar teeth, mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molar, and buccal surfaces in maxillary premolar region

what does the infraorbital nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

V2, upper lip

what does the buccal nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

V3, buccal surfaces of molar region

what is the lingual nerves origin and what does it supply

V3, general sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue, lingual gingiva of lower arch

A tuberosity is defined as: -a small rounded process - a prominent elevated ridge or border of a bone - a large rounded roughened process - a sharp, slender, projecting process

a large rounded roughened process

what are the 3 groups of tonsils referred to as

Waldeyer tonsillar ring

which area of brain interprets significance of sentences as they are heard and written

Wernicke

what is the submandibular duct?

Wharton duct

what is a girl w/ chromosomes? boy?

XX girl, XY male

how does intramembranous ossification happen?

a condensed plate of mesenchymal cells forms ossification center and these mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts that deposits bone matrix

a split appears in the theca internal and expands to form a fluid filled cavity that pushes the oocyte too one side. the follicle is now what

a graafian follicle

flagella resemble centrioles in that they have 9 sets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder, but unlike centrioles each set is a doublet rather than what in centrioles?

a triplet

what are the two subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Which of the following nerves innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball? -optic -olfactory -oculomotor -trochlear -abducens

abducens

moving away from midline

abduction

what does lateral rectus do to eye? what innervates it?

abducts; CN 6

where do other spinal nerves come out

above respective vertebrae

auditory tube, levator palatini muscle, ascending palatine artery all go where in relation to a pharyngeal constrictor

above superior pharyngeal constrictor

what characterizes filiform papillae?

absence of taste buds and increased keratinization

what is the purposes of the meniscus that is found in 10% of synovial joints between bone ends (3)

absorb shock, stabilize, and spread synovial fluid

what is a slightly movable joint (cartilaginous joint) ex. pubic symphysis

amphiarthrosis

the common bile duct passes down through the head of pancreas to drain into what

ampulla of Vater

the ductus deferent goes towards back of prostate glands where it expands into what? and joins what?

ampulla where it joins seminal vesicle

A synarthrosis is: a slightly movable joint a freely movable joint an immovable joint none of the above

an immovable joint

A lesion of the facial nerve just after it exits from the stylomastoid foramen would result in: -an ipsilateral loss of taste to anterior tongue -a decrease in saliva production in floor of mouth -a sensory loss to the tongue -an ipsilateral paralysis of facial muscles -a contralateral paralysis of facial muscles

an ipsilateral paralysis of facial muscles

how are all energy needs of RBC supplied

anaerobic glycolysis

which stage of mitosis is when centromeres divide and sister chromatids separate and move toward corresponding poles

anaphase

what does the zona reticularis make?

androgens - mainly deydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione which are then made into testosterone

what does the theca interna secret?

androgens in response to LH that are the precursors of estrogens

what is failure of neural tube to close anteriorly

anencephaly

to anesthetize a region of dermatome T5 what would you have to do

anesthetize all doralroots of T4 T5 and T6 to make sure to get overlap

which of the following is the terminal branch of the facial artery? -angular artery -submental artery -superior labial artery -ascending palatine artery

angular artery

what supplies infrahyoid muscles except for thyrohyoid

ansa cervicalis

the pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia are part of which lobe of pituitary

anterior

which region of inferior mediastinum contains lymph nodes, branches of internal thoracic artery

anterior

which part of the tongue do the three swellings and tuberculum impar form

anterior 2/3

what forms the anterior 2/3 of hard palate? posterior 1/3?

anterior 2/3 =palatine process of maxilla; posterior 1/3 = horizontal plates of palatine bones

the lingual nerve supplies sensation to what?

anterior 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth, and mandibular lingual gingiva

what supplies taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue? what about posterior 1/3?

anterior = chords tympani from CN 7; posterior = CN 9

what is the depression at distal end of humerus on anterior side? posterior?

anterior = coronoid fossa, posterior = olecranon fossa

what do the anterior fibers of temporalis do? posterior?

anterior = elevate mandible; posterior = retract jaw and maintain resting position of closure of mouth

anterior zone of palatal submucosa contains what? posterior zone contains what?

anterior = fat posterior = mucous glands

what provides sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue? posterior 1/3?

anterior = trigeminal; posterior = glossopharyngeal

which coronary artery is most often involved with coronary occlusion and thus most often bypassed during surgery

anterior IV artery

Thrombosis in the coronary sinus might cause dilation of all the following veins EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? -great cardiac vein -middle cardiac vein -anterior cardiac vein -small cardiac vein -oblique cardiac vein

anterior cardiac vein

which descending tract of spinal cord has the same function as lateral corticospinal tract except mainly muscles of same side

anterior corticospinal tract

The mylohyoid nerve is derived from the inferior alveolar nerve just before it enters the mandibular foramen. The mylohyoid nerve descends in a groove on the deep surface of the ramus of the mandible, to supply the mylohyoid and what other muscles? -anterior digastric -geniohyoid -stylohyoid -genioglossus

anterior digastric

what is termination of reticulospinal tract

anterior gray columns

what is termination of rubrospinal tract

anterior gray columns

what is termination of vestibulospinal tract

anterior gray columns

what does the palatine process of maxillaa form

anterior hard palate

which branch of internal thoracic artery supplies the upper 6 intercostal spaces

anterior intercostal arteries

what artery accompanies the great cardiac vein?

anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery)

what are the two branches the left coronary artery branch into?

anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch

what does frontal process of zygomatic bone form

anterior lateral orbital wall

the middle meningeal artery is the largest of the 3 paired arteries which supply the meninges, the other being ____________________ and ____________________.

anterior meningeal artery and posterior meningeal artery

which part of temporalis helps with medial pterygoid and master muscles elevating the jaw?

anterior part of temporalis

which major ascending tract is responsible for crude touch and pressure

anterior spinothalamic tract

how is tracheal located compared to esophagus? what is it made of?

anterior to esophagus; cartilaginous rings with open posterior

what is location of reticulospinal tract

anterior white columns

what is location of tectospinal tract

anterior white columns

what is location of vestibulospinal tract

anterior white columns

what is the location of the anterior corticospinal tract

anterior white columns

where is the anterior spinothalamic tract

anterior white columns

in some leukocytes , the rough ER produces what? what about in pancreatic cells?

antibodies; insulin

All of the following are anatomic structures of the auricle EXCEPT one. which is the EXCEPTION? -tragus -helix -antrum -cochlia

antrum

what are the retroperitoneal organs?

aorta, IVC, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, ureters, most of duodenum, ascending and descending parts of colon

how does the inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve pass through diaphragm

aortic opening

what type of exocrine glands are mammary glands and some sweat glands

apocrine

which mode of secretion is secretion of products plus a small portion of cytoplasm like fat droplet by mammary gland

apocrine

what supplies the appendix w/ blood?

appendicular artery which is a branch of the posterior cecal artery

the superior mesenteric artery supplies all of the following except one which is the exception? -duodenum -jejunum -ileum -appendix

appendix

which humor is watery in the front of eyeball

aqueous

what is it when a head of one bone fits into shallow depression of second bone with motion in 3 different planes

ball-and-socket

what reflex provides negative feedback loop in which an elevated BP reflexively causes heart rate to decrease therefore causing BP to decrease and likewise when a decreased BP causes HR to increase and causes an increase in BP

baroreflex

from what part of centriole and flagella do fibers project into the cytoplasm that is essential to function

basal body

what are gray matter structures deep within each cerebral hemisphere that help control skeletal muscle activity

basal nuclei

what is the region of neural tube ventral to sulcus limitans

basal plate

what are the parts of metacarpals?

base (proximal); shaft and heads

what type of surface is base of lung? costal surface? mediastinal?

base = concave, costal = convex, mediastinal = concave

where is the base of the lung? where is the apex?

base = inferior by diaphragm, apex = superior above clavicle

which cell type of cerebellar cortex is an inhibitory interneuron that uses GABA to inhibit perkinje cells

basket cells

Each dorsal root has a dorsal root ganglion that contains sensory cell bodies of all the functional modalities associated with that individual spinal nerve. Nerve fibers in ventral root contain motor axons. The cell bodies of motor axons are found in gray matter inside the spinal cord.

both true

the subclavian triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?

boundaries = SCM, inferior belly of omohyoid, and clavicle floor = first rib and serratus anterior contents = subclavian artery and vein and brachial plexus and supraclavicular nerves

the carotid triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?

boundaries = SCM, posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid floor = thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, pharyngeal constrictors contents = bifurcation of common carotid, internal jugular vein, vagus and hypoglossal nerve

the occipital triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?

boundaries = SCM, trapezius, inferior belly of omohyoid floor = splenius capitis, elevator scapulae, and middle and posterior scalenes contents = accessory nerve

the digastric triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?

boundaries = anterior and posterior digastric and inferior border of mandible floor = mylohyoid and hyoglossus contents = submandibular gland

the submental triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents

boundaries = anterior belly of digastric, hyoid bone, and midline of neck floor = mylohyoid contents = submental lymph nodes and floor of mouth

the muscular triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?

boundaries = superior belly of omohyoid, SCM, midline of neck floor = sternohyoid and sternothyroid contents = infra hyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands

the axillary artery terminates at lower border of the teres major muscle and continues downward as what artery?

brachial artery

the coronoid process of ulna gives attachment to what?

brachial muscle

which muscles origin is the front lower half of humerus and inserts on the coronoid process of ulna

brachialis

the right common carotid arises from the ___________, while the left common carotid arises from the __________ directly. anterior cerebral artery, circle of willis brachiocephalic trunk, aortic arch external carotid artery, brachiocephalic trunk circle of willis, aortic arch

brachiocephalic trunk, aortic arch

what 3 arteries does the aortic arch give rise to?

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian

what is an extremely short artery that is first branch of aortic arch that psses upward and to the right of trachea? what does it divide into?

brachiocephalic; into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

what is nerve supply of the teres minor muscle? action?

branch of axillary nerve; laterally rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder

pharyngeal branches of which two CN's make up pharyngeal pellxus

branch of vagus and glossopharyngeal

what are aka compound glands like pancreatic glands

branched

the two vertebral arteries are branches of what? and converge to become what?

branches of subclavian arteries, converge to become basilar artery

the branchial arches are covered externally by ectodermal lined what

branchial clefts

what is the intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures where the anterior fontanelle is in an infant

bregma

what delivers oxygen rich blood to lungs?

bronchial arteries

A 16 year old girl who is just about to have her junior prom comes crying into the physicians office but is lacrimating only from her right eye. The left half of her face is also paralyzed. An oral exam reveals trauma to her buccal mucosa where her teeth have bitten her cheek. which muscle is responsible for keeping mucous membranes out of the plane of occlusion and food out of the buccal vestibule? -medial pterygoid -lateral pterygoid -buccinator -masseter -temporalis

buccinator

what is a fluid filled sac that is lined with a synovial membrane with the function of reducing friction

bursa

Skeletal muscle posses a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. This along with T tubules and terminal cisternae function in the release and reuptake of: -sodium -phosphate -calcium -glucose

calcium

parathyroid hormone is the most important regulator of what

calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid

what takes on regulatory protein role in smooth muscle

calmodulin

the aqueous humor flows between two chambers (in front of iris and behind. what canal drains water in this region? what happens when it is blocked off

canal of Schlemm; glaucoma

what are small channels that radiate from lacunae to haversian canal to provide passageways through the hard matrix to provide oxygen and nutrients to osteocytes

canaliculi

what is aka spongy/trabeculae bone

cancellous

the tunica media and adventitia are absent in which blood vessel type? -arteries -arterioles -capillaries -venules -veins

capillaries

herring bodies are in close contact with what?

capillaries to allow posterior pituitary hormones to get into bloodstream

what is the lateral condyle at distal end of humerus ? what does it articulate with?

capitulum, radius

which region of stomach is immediately distal to GEJ

cardia

what other 2 things does left lung as that right doesn't?

cardiac notch on superior lobe and lingula that corresponds to middle lobe of right lung

where does trachea bifurcate? what epithelium lines tracheal?

carina at level of sternal angle; ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and mucous secreting goblet cells

what are type of joints joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage? what are examples

cartilaginous; synchondroses (joined by hyaline cartilage) and symphyses (joined by fibrocartilage)

what is where spinal nerves continue as nerve roots

cauda equina

the cranial part of the accessory nerve arise from what?

caudal part of nucleus ambiguus

what are the dural venous sinuses situated lateral to body of sphenoid bone and pituitary gland that receive blood from cerebral veins? what do they drain into

cavernous sinuse; drain into superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

what is appendix attached to?

cecum

what are the 5 parts of colon

cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

which part of LI is a bag like structure that receives ileum of SI? what is the appendix?

cecum; appendix contains large lymphoid tissue

what is the arterial supply for foregut? what is venous drainage? what is lymphatic drainage?

celiac trunk; hepatic portal system (via left gastric and splenic veins); celiac nodes

what are the 3 pre-vertebral ganglia

celiac; superior and inferior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric

where are cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neruons? where do axons go?

cell bodies in gray column of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae; axons exit ventral root into white ramus then synapse with postganglionic axons in peripheral ganglion

what surrounds the plasma membrane and serves to protect cell from changes in osmotic pressure, anchor flagella, and maintain cell shape and control transport

cell wall

in the first meiotic divines the number of cells change how? the number of chromosomes ?

cells double but chromosomes don't resulting in 1/2 as many chromosomes per cell

the dental follicle turns into what 3 cell types? what make what?

cementoblasts = cementum fibroblasts = periodontal ligament osteoblasts = alveolar bone

where does CSF travel in spinal cord

central canal

the 9+2 microtubules form a ring around what?

central pair of single microtubules

where is the primary location of the purkinje cell

cerebellar cortex

what are some big things of the posterior cranial fossa?

cerebellum, medulla, pons, internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum

where is the primary location of the pyramidal cell

cerebral cortex

the midbrin relays motor signals from what to what

cerebral cortex to pons

what are the bridging veins that traverse the subdural space between the aranchoid and meningeal dural to drain the dural sinuses

cerebral veins

what provides cutaneous innervation to skin of neck, shoulder, and upper anterior chest

cervical plexus C1-C4

what are the 4 major lymph nodes

cervical, axillary, cubital, and inguinal

what does the aortic body measure? what innervates it? where is it?

changes in BP and composition of arterial blood flowing past it including Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and pH; innervated by vagus; it is along aortic arch

what are cell bodies in CNS? in PNS?

cns = nuclei pns = ganglion

within what part of ear is the organ of corti

cochlea of inner ear

what does the carotid boy measure? where is it?

chemoreceptor that detects changes in composition of arterial blood, mainly O2 but some CO2 and also sensitive to changes in pH and temp; bifurcation of common carotid artery

what is it when the chromosomes partially separate in late prophase, the areas where crossing over occurred remain attached and hold chromosome together until they separate during anaphase

chiasmata

which cell of parathyroid produce parathyroid hromone

chief cells

what stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxation of sphincter of oddi to release bile

cholecystokinin hormone after fatty meal

upon entering the internal acoustic meatus, the facial nerve give rise to what branch? what is it responsible for?

chorda tympani - parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands and provides sensory taste fibers to anterior 2/3 of tongue

what is parasympathetic pathway from CN 7 (2)

chorda tympani > submandibular > submandibular/sublingual

what are thin fibrous cords that attach cusps of tricuspid valve to papillary muscles of right ventricle

chordae tendinae

Which of the following structures prevent the AV valves from everting (or being blown out) back into aorta during ventricular contraction -crista terminalis and ppapillary muscles -chordae tendineae and papillary muscles -pectinate muscles and papillary muscles -chordae tendineae and pectinate muscles

chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

what part of adrenal medulla acts as modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons

chromaffin cells

what are maximally condensed forms of chromatin?

chromosomes

Which parasympathetic ganglion of the head it Is located in the posterior part of the orbit on the lateral side of the optic nerve

ciliary

what is CN 3's parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?

ciliary ganglion to eye for acommodation and sphincter pupillae

what type of epithelium cover pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsils

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

Kartagener syndrome is hereditary; its characterized by recurrent upper and lower tract infections. Dysfunctions of which organelle is responsible for this syndrome? - centriole - flagellum - vacuole -ciilum

cilium

what is a short hair like projection from cell membrane where coordinated beating of many cilia produce proganized movement

cilium

what is the vertical muscular ridge that runs along the right atrial wall from the opening of the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava that provides origin for pectinate muscles

cista terminalis

the glogi apparatus (similar to ER) is composed of flat membranous sacs called what? what are the two faces?

cisternae; convex cis face which receives materials and concave trans oriented towards cell membrane for transport

what are dome shaped cells with short microvilli found in small airways of lungs in ciliated simple epithelium that produce glycosaminoglycans to protect the bronchiole lining

clara cells

what forms the apex of the axilla

clavicle (anterior), scapula (posterior), first rib (medial)

what does aryepiglottic muscle do

closes the vestibule

what does thyroarytenoid muscle do

closes vestibule

during swallowing, the soft palate and uvula are drawn upward doing what?

closing nasopharynx

when platelets adhere to collagen they release ADP and other chemicals to form their secretory vesicles which contain chemicals that promote what

clotting

what are the 5 branches of the first part (mandibular part) of maxillary artery and what do they supply

deep auricular artery = supplies external acoustic meatus, external tympanic membrane, and TMJ anterior tympanic artery = supplies internal aspect of tympanic membrane middle meningeal artery = enters cranial cavity via foramen spinosum to supply periosteum, bone, red bone marrow, dura mater of lateral wall and calvaria of neurocranium, trigeminal ganglion, tympanic cavity, and tensor tympani muscle accessory meningeal artery = enters cranial cavity via foramen ovale to distribute to muscle of infra temporal fossa, sphenoid bone, mandibular nerve, and otic ganglion inferior alveolar artery = descends to enter mandibular canal via mandibular foramen, supplies mandible, mandibular teeth, chin, and mylohyoid

all lymph vessels from head and neck ultimately drain into what

deep cervical lymph nodes

efferent lymph vessels of parotid lymph nodes drain into what

deep cervical nodes

what branch of lingual artery supplies apex of tongue

deep lingual (terminal branch)

which of the following muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve? select all that apply -pectoralis major -pectoralis minor -teres major -teres minor -deltoid -lattisimus dorsi

deltoid and teres major

Which structural component of a neuron sends impulses toward the cell body? -intercalated disk -perikaryon -dendrine -axon

dendrite

what does the sternohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?

depress hyoid; ansa cervicalis

delta cells of pancreas secrete somatostatin which acts locally within islets to do what

depress secretion of both insulin and glucagon

what does the omohyoid do? what is innervation?

depresses hyoid bone; ansa cervicalis

what does sternothryoid muscle do? what is inenrvation

depresses larynx, ansa cervicalis

what does thyrohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?

depresses the hyoid; first cervical nerve via hypoglossal nerve

what does superior oblique do to eye? what innervates it?

depresses, abducts, and medially rotates; CN IV

what does inferior rectus do to eye? what innervates it?

depresses, adducts, and laterally rotates; CN III

the pattern of distribution of peripheral nerves (musculocutaneous) is different from what

dermatome pattern

within the intercalated disks of cardiac muscle, what attach one cell to another? what spread impulses from cell to cell

desmosomes = connection gap junction = electrical impulses

what is the fold of dura mater that covers pituitary gland

diaphragma sellae

the central region of a bone that is composed of a thick collar of compact bone surrounded by the periosteum is called the: - metaphysis - diaphysis - endosteum - epiphysis

diaphysis

what is the long shaft of long bones? what is the ends?

diaphysis, ends = epiphysis

what is another word for freely moveable joint

diarthroses

when do coronary arteries receive a majority of their blood flow?

diastole

where is third ventricle located

diencephalon

which of the following triangles is bounded by anterior and posterior bellies of digastric muscle and inferior border of the body of the mandible? -submental -digastric -carotid -muscular -occipital -subclavian

digastric

where is the carotid sinus? what innervates it? what does it measure?

dilation of internal carotid artery at its origin; innervated by glossopharyngeal; measures blood pressure via baroreceptors

what is the CT layer surrounding each muscle fiber

endomysium

A patient comes into the orthodontist's office as referred by his general dentist. The orthodontist notes the patient's tongue thrusts and notes that early treatment could prevent skeletal problems. Soft tissue development is thought to encourage mandibular growth: - upward and forward -upward and backward -downward and forward -downward and backward

downward and forward

what is the accessory pancreatic duct that when present opens separately into duodenum

duct of Santorini

A pancreatic cancer patient has a tumor that presses on the ampulla of Vater. This has been causing GI problems because it obstructs the common bile duct and main excretory duct of pancreas which is known as? -Wharton duct -Duct of Wirsung -Bartholin duct -Wolffian duct -Stensons duct

duct of Wirsung

what is the main pancreatic duct that begins at the tail and joins the common bile duct to form what ampulla of vater

duct of Wirsung

Circumvallate papilla are associated with what glands

ducts of Von ebner glands

what conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

ductus deferens

sperm are formed in testes then pass along the what?

ductus deferens to join the duct of seminal vesicle

the duodenum receive the common bile duct and pancreatic duct ate what

duodenal papilla

Brunner glands are found in the submucosa of the? -cecum -transverse colon -jejunum -duodenum -ileum

duodenum

what is produced in duodenum to regulate pancreatic juice secretion

duodenum

what does thymus make T cells

during development in womb and childhood

what are the motor complexes that allow the axoneme to bend that are anchored to the microtubules?

dynein arms

which disfunction of cerebellum is altered range of motion

dysmetria

capillaries consist of a single layer of what? what does it allow? how many erythrocytes do they accommodate

endothelial cells; blood and tissue cells exchange gases and metabolites; only one erythrocyte at a time

the oral cavity appears as a shallow depression in the embyronic surface what

ectoderm

which layer of trilaminar disc forms parotid gland

ectoderm

all neuroglia derive from what? what is exception?

ectoderm except microglia from mesoderm

what is the origin and future tissue of stomodeum

ectodermal depression enlarged by disintegration of oropharyngeal membrane; oral cavity proper

between the 6th and 8th weeks of prenatal development the three major salivary glands begin as epithelial proliferations from what

ectodermal lining of primitive mouth

what is origin and future tissues of frontonasal processes?

ectodermal tissue and neural crest cells; medial and lateral nasal proceses

what is the mesenchyme derived from ectoderm? especially from what part

ectomesenchyme (aka mesectoderm) especially from neural crest cells

the thymus and spleen have only what kind of lymph vessels

efferent lymph vessels

what is the joining of the ductus deferent and seminal vesicle called

ejaculatory duct

what does mylohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?

elevates floor of mouth and hyoid bone or depresses mandible; trigeminal nerve

what does geniohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?

elevates hyoid bone or depresses mandible; first cervical nerve via hypoglossal nerve

what does stylohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?

elevates hyoid bone; facial nerve

what does inferior oblique do to eye? what innervates it?

elevates, abducts, and laterally rotates, CN III

what does superior rectus do to eye? what innervates it?

elevates, adducts, and medially rotates; CN III

what is an oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical shape of another like metacarpals and phalanges

ellipsoidal (condyloid)

what are valveless veins that pass through openins in the skull and allow dural sinuses to communicate with extracranial veins

emissary veins

bile does what to neutral fats? what does it absorb

emulsifies neutral fats; absorbs fat acids, cholesterol, and certain vitamins

the cervial loop, outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum reticulum, inner enamel epithelium all come from what

enamel organ

the ectoderm of first arch and ectomesenchyme from neural crest give rise to the tooth germ. What are the 3 components of the tooth germ

enamel organ, dental papilla, dental follicle

Which of the following lines the chambers of the heart? -epicardium -myocardium -endocardium -pericardium

endocardium

which ossification is going through a cartilaginous stage?

endochondral

The bones of the extremities and those parts of the axial skeleton that bear weight (e.g. vertebrae) develop by: -subchondral ossification -primary ossification -intramembranous ossification -endochondral ossification

endochondral ossification

pharyngeal pouches develop as invaginations of what

endoderm

the GI tract is a derivative of what?

endoderm

the liver is a derivative of what?

endoderm

the lung is a derivative of what?

endoderm

the middle ear and auditory tube are derivatives of what

endoderm

the pancreas is a derivative of what?

endoderm

the parathyroid is a derivative of what?

endoderm

the submandibular and sublingual glands are derivatives of what

endoderm

the thymus is a derivative of what?

endoderm

the thyroid is a derivative of what?

endoderm

which layer of trilaminar disc forms sublingual gland

endoderm

which layer of trilaminar disc forms submandibular gland

endoderm

what lines the branchial arches internally

endodermal lined branchial pouches

what is a fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of inner ear with a main cation of potassium whose jobs is depolarizing electrical current in the hair cell

endolymph

A 62 year old female visits the family physician with complaints of right sided hearing loss, ringing in right ear (tinnitus), numbness over the right half of her face, and dizziness. The physical diagnoses her with an acoustic schwannoma that is occluding her right internal acoustic meatus. The internal acoustic meatus pierces the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The internal acoustic meatus transmits which two structures? Trigeminal and facial facial and vestibulocochlear vestibulocochlear and vagus trigeminal and vagus

facial and vestibulocochlear nerve

the facial nerve enters internal acoustic meatus goes through which canal in temporal bone and emerges where?

facial canal in temporal bone and emerges from stylomastoid foramen

the nerve to stapedius aries from what to supply the stapedius muscle

facial nerve

the stylomastoid foramen transmits the: trigeminal nerve internal carotid artery facial nerve trochlear nerve

facial nerve

what innervates the platysma

facial nerve

how does the pterygopaltine ganglion receive pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers

facial nerve by way of the greater petrosal nerve

what ligaments attach liver to diaphragm (3). what about stomach? duodenum?

falciform, triangular, and coronary ligaments = diaphragm; lesser momentum to stomach, hepatoduodenal ligaments to duodenum

if genioglossus muscle is paralyzed the tongue has a tendency to do what

fall back and obstruct the oropharyngeal airway

which of the following contains occipital sinus in its posterior border -falx cerbri -tentorium cerebelli -diaphragma sellae -falx cerebeli

falx cerebelli

what is the dura mater vertical fold that separates the two lobes of cerbellum? what does it contain

falx cerebelli; occipital sinus

what is the dura mater vertical fold that lies in longitudinal fissure and separates cerebral hemisphers? what does it contain

falx cerebri; inferior sagittal sinus and superior sagittal sinus

Which of the following ascending tracts of SC functions in discrimnationg touch and pressure sensations? -spinotectal -faciculus gracilis and cutaneous -anterior and posterior spinoccerebellar tracts -lateral spinaothalamic tract

fasciculus gracilis and cutaneous

the bundle of cells surrounded by the perimysium is called what

fasiculus

which major ascending tract is responsible for discriminating touch and pressure sensations including vibration and two=point discrimniation

fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus tract

is urinary bladder lower in males or females

females

are there more or fewer efferent vessels compared to afferent

fewer efferent

the right optic tract contains: -fibres from left eye only -fibers from the right eye only -fibers from the nasal half of the right eye and temporal half of the left eye -fibers from the temporal half of the right eye and nasal half the left eye

fibers from the temporal half of right eye and nasal half of left eye

serum = blood plasma without what?

fibrinogen (after coagulation)

which cells primary function is producing collagen and reticular fibers

fibroblasts

what are some cells mesenchymal cells can differentiate into? what type of tissue do mesenchymal cells form?

fibroblasts chonroblasts odontoblasts and osteoblasts; form mesenchyme aka embryonic CT

what type of cartilage does TMJ contain

fibrocartilage

what type of cartilage is in articular discs that separate joint cavity into two cavities

fibrocartilage

what is meniscus made of? does it have blood supply, nerve supply or lymphatic channels?

fibrocartilage, no no and no thus cannot heal itself

sutures and syndesmoses are which type of joint based on CT

fibrous

at puberty, thymus undergoes involution and stops growing and is replaced by what

fibrous and adipose tissue

the posterior slope of the articular eminence is lined by what?

fibrous connective tissue

what is another name for synarthrosis? what are examples?

fibrous joint, suture of skull

what type of joints are joined by fibrous connective tissue? what are the two types

fibrous joints (synarthrosis) : sutures of skull and syndesmoses (between ulna and radius)

the left and right ventricles rest on what

fibrous part of diaphragm

what surrounds each kidney supported by adipose tissue

fibrous renal capsule

what are the 3 parts of the axillary artery? what do they supply?

first = medial to pectorals minor = superior thoracic artery is only branch second = behind pectorals minor = thoracoacromial and lateral thoracic artery third = lateral to pectorals minor = sub scapular artery, anterior humeral circumflex, and posterior humeral circumflex

which branchial arch is the future malleus and incus of middle ear including anterior ligament of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament, and portions of sphenoid bone

first arch

which branchial arch cartilage is closely related to developing middle ear and becomes ossified to malleus and incus of middle ear, sphenomandibular ligament, and portions of sphenoid bone? what is it aka

first arch catilage; aka Meckel cartilage

after formation of the stomodeum two bulges of tissue inferior to mouth called mandibular processes occur from what arch?

first branchial arch

what do the three swellings (tuberculum impar) that make the tongue come from

first branchial arch

The AV node is referred to as the "pacemaker" of the heart. The conducting system of the heart is all modified cardiac muscle fibers and not nerves

first false; sceond true

Bone density and structural integrity decrease after age 30 in women and after 45 in men. Therefore a relatively steady quantitive loss of bone matrix occurs. Bones store mineral salts, for example, approximately 55% of body's calcium is stored in bones and teeth.

first is true, second is false

what is the source of the inferior alveolar artery? where does it enter and end / supply

first part of maxillary artery - follows IAN to enter mandibular foramen and terminate into mental and incisive arteries at region of second premolar - supplies all mandibular teeth

the muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine, and anterior belly of digastric are all derived from what?

first pharyngeal arch

The trigeminal nerve contains no parasympathetic component at its origin. The maxillary divions CNV2 passes through the foramen spinosum and provides sensory innervation to midface, palate, paranasal sinues, and maxillary teeth.

first statement is true and second is false (it passes through the foramen rotundum)

The interior cervical ganglion is often found fuse to what? What does that form?

first thoracic sympathetic ganlgion; forms the stellate ganglion

During the 4th week of embryonic development the tongue appears in the form of two lateral lingual swellings and one medial swelling; the so called tuberculum impar. These three swellings originate from second branchial arch.

first true; then false

what is a sharp, narrow cleft like opening between the parts of a bone that allows for passage of blood vessels and nerves

fissure

what kind of movement does flagella move with? cilia?

flagella = undulating snake like motion; cilia = coordinated waves

what are some bones that form as intramembranous ossification?

flat bones - of skull, maxilla, parts of mandible, and clavicles

decreasing inner angle of joints?

flexion

the mylohyoid muscles join at the midline to form what

floor of mouth

the hard palate forms not only roof of oral cavity but also what

floor of nasal cavity

what are the major components of lymph

fluid portion that resembles plasma, WBC, and a few RBC

what papillae are found on lateral margins as 3-4 vertical folds

foliate

what are the thyroid epithelial cells that are responsible for the synthesis of thyyroid hormone

follicles

what is the hallmark of lymph vessels in upper limbs

follow the veins

what is an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass

foramen

what is the remnant of proximal end of thyroglossal duct at apex of terminal sulcus of tongue

foramen cecum

the greater petrosal nerve emerges on the superior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone and runs forward to enter what foramen where it is joined by what nerve to form the nerve to tpergyoid canal

foramen lacerum; joined by deep petrosal nerve

accessory nerve enters cranial cavity through what foramen

foramen magnum

the mandibular condyles intersect at what position? which indicates the axes are directed how?

foramen magnum; posteromedially

what is the median aperture that allows fourth ventricle to communicate with subarachnoid space

foramen of magendie

A patient comes to the emergency room presenting with jaundice and intense pain in upper abdominal region between the shoulder blades. The physician suspects choledocholithiasis that is caused by cholesterol stones formed in which organ that stores and concentrates biles? -appendix -gallbladder -liver -pancreas -spleen

gallbladder

which motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers which are part of muscle spindles

gamma motor neurons

What is the unpaired ganglion lying in front of the coccyx

ganglion impar

the common hepatic artery gives rise to what 3 arteries?

gastroduodenal artery, right gastric artery, and hepatic artery proper

which muscle of tongue controls protrusion

genioglossus

what are sites within lymph nodes where mature B lymphocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate, mutate their antibodies, and class switch during normal immune response

germinal centers

what part of adenomere synthesizes glycoproteins

glandular cells

what part of scapula articulates with head of humerus?

glenoid cavity

what type of movement occurs when bones slide over each other like carpals and tarsal bones

gliding

the carotid sinus branch of what nerve innervates the carotid body and carotid sinus

glossopharyngeal

what nerve innervates circumvallate papillae

glossopharyngeal

what nerve provides the afferent limb of the gag reflex

glossopharyngeal

what inhibits release of corticotropin releasing hormone

glucocorticoids

what does the zona fasciculata make?

glucocorticoids - mainly cortisol

which hormone of adrenal cortex are produced as a result of ACTH? what does it do?

glucocorticoids; influences metabolism of fat, protein, and carbs promoting breakdown and release of fat and sugars into the bloodstream

what genetic deficiency causes severe hemolytic crisis in affected individuals secondary to decreased NADPH and inability of RBC's to maintain membrane integrity induced by sulfa drugs, oxidants, and fave beans

glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase

the golgi apparatus are where what kind of proteins are assembled for extracellular use?

glycoproteins

what store sugar in hepatocytes

glycosomes

the large intestine lacks villi and is characterized by many tubular intestinal glands with large numbers of what cells? it is sometimes described how?

goblet cells; as glandular epithelium

which way does uvula go with a unilateral lesion?

goes toward opposite side

what is composed of membranous sacs that synthesize carbs and combine it with protein and packages the product as globules of glycoprotein

golgi apparatus

what is the joint that binds teeth to bony socks in mandible and maxilla? what is it a type of?/

gomphosis, type of synarthrosis

which layer of the cerebellar cortex is the deepest layer consisting of small neurons called granule cells

granular layer

which cell of cerebellar cortex is intrinsic and use glutamate as an excitatory transmitter

granule cell

Which of the following cells is the only excitatory fell in the cerebellum -basket cells -stellate cells -purkinje cells -granule cells -golgi cells

granule cells

which leukocytes are granulocytes? which are agranulocytes

granulo = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils agranulo = monocytes, macrophage, lymphocytes

what is hormone that stimulates precursor cells in bone marrow to differentiate into WBC

granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

the ova begin as primordial oocytes that are surrounded by a layer of what

granulosa cells

which rami conect the sympathetic trunk to every spinal nerve

gray

the cranial nerves that supply motor innervations to the muscles that move the eyeball all enter the orbit through a foramen that is between the: lesser wing of sphenoid and frontal lesser wing of sphenoid and ethmoid greater and lesser wings of sphenoid lesser wing of sphenoid, frontal, and ethmoid bones

greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone

what is the lateral surface of stomach called

greater curvature

the greater palatine artery emerges from what foramen? it then courses anteriorly and passes through what foramen to anastomoses with posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery

greater palatine foramen; incisive foramen

what does the left coronary artery supply?

greater part of left atrium, left ventricle, and ventricular septum

what is parasympathetic pathway from CN 7 (1)

greater petrosal nerve > ptergyopalatine > zygomatic > lacrimal gland

what is the component of the peritoneal cavity that extends from the diaphragm down to the pelvis

greater sac

the organ of corti contains what cells that convert vibrations into nerve impulses

hair cells

what is a process of the medial pterygoid plate that provides origin for tensor veil palatini muscle

hamulus

what forms floor of nose?

hard palate

all of the following are true concerning the right lung except one. which is the exception - has three lobes and three secondary bronchi - contains ten bronchial segments (corresponding to tertiary bronchi) - usually receives one bronchial artery - has slightly smaller capacity than left lung - the azygos vein leaves an impression on the right lung as the vein arches over the root

has slightly smaller capacity than left lung

osteons or haversian systems consist of central canal called what?

haversian canal

compact bone consists closely of packed osteons , aka what

haversian systems

which t cells help activate other T cells? which one is affected by HIV

helper T; CD4+ T helper cells

what does the thyroepiglottic muscle do

helps close vestibule

what is proportion of erythrocytes in a sample of blood? what is usual %?

hematocrit 46% males and 40% females

what give rise to various committed progenitor cells which give rise to different types of formed elements

hemocytoblasts

what are the differentiation stages of erythroblast

hemocytoblasts > common myeloid progenitor > unipotent stem cells > pro erythroblast > basophilic erythroblast > polychromatophilic erythroblast > normoblast > reticulocyte > erythrocyte

the cervical loop turns into what? and what is product

henrtwigs tooth sheath > root form

Mast cells are large cells with coarse metachromatic granules containing what two main substances

heparin and histamine

what are the three parts of the portal triad

hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct

the hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood to the liver while the ____________________ brings food-laden blood from the abdominal viscera

hepatic portal vein

the sinusoids of each liver lobule empty into a common central vein which then empty into one of three what? that then empty into what?

hepatic veins; the inferior vena cava

which cells in liver make bile

hepatocytes

the barr body is an excellent example of what type of chromatin

heterochromatin

what is highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive DNA

heterochromatin

lungs and trachea drain into which lymph nodes

hilar lymph nodes

spleen is entirely covered by peritoneum except what part?

hilum

the large splenic artery runs to the left in a wavy course along the upper border of the pancreas and behind the stomach where upon reaching the left kidney enters the lienorenalligament and runs to the what? what are the 3 branches?

hilum of spleen; pancreatic branches, left gastroepiploic artery, and short gastric arteries

what is the indentation of each kidney on the medial border? what enters/leaves here?

hilum; ureters, renal vessels, and nerves enter/leave

what branch of gut tube includes distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

hindgut

what type of movement is elbow and knee

hinge

Chromatin consist of strand son DNA wound around a protein base of primary what

histones

where is yellow marrow found? aka?

hollow center of diaphysis (long shaft of bone) aka medullary cavity

what type of exocrine glands are sebaceous glands

holocrine

which mode of secretion is secretion of entire cells with secretory product like sebaceous glands of skin and nose

holocrine

what are the 4 parts of the ethmoid bone?

horizontal/cribiform plate, perpendicular plate, two lateral masses/labyrinths

what forms the lateral wall of the axilla

humerus specifically coracobrachials and biceps muscles

most bones are endochondral forming meaning they begin as what kind of cartilage? how does it happen generically? what bones does it happen to?

hyaline - osteocytes replace chondrocytes - bones of base of skull, condyles of mandible, short and long bones, and vertebrae

which muscles of tongue controls depression

hyoglossus and genioglossus

the hypoglossal nerve enters the floor of the mouth between what two muscles

hyoglossus and mylohyoid

all depressor muscles have what as a common site of attachment? what are the supra hyoid depressors of mandible?

hyoid bone; mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and digastric muscles

laryngopharynx extends from what to what? what type of epithelium?

hyoid to esophagus; stratified squamous epithelium

at the loop of henley, first through electrolyte exchange and reabsorption produce what kind of fluid?

hyperosmolar

resistance to pulmonary blood flow in lungs causes a strain on the right ventricle and results in what

hypertrophy

which region contains the SI, sigmoid colon, rectum, right and left ureters, urinary bladder (female), uterus, right and left ovaries, right and left fallopian tubes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate

hypogastric

most tongue muscles develop from myoblasts originating in the occipital somites and therefore tongue msuculature is innervated by what

hypoglossal nerve

what innervates all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue except palatoglossus? what does palatoglossus

hypoglossal; vagus

Which portal venous system is critical for proper endocrine function? -hypophyseal -renal -hepatic -none of the above

hypophyseal

the left and right superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries form what

hypophyseal portal system

the posterior lobe of pitutiary (neurohypophysis and pars nervos), infundibulum and pituitary stalk all arise from what

hypothalamus

where are ADH and oxytocin produced?

hypothalamus

what refers to the way in which secretions by the anterior pituitary are controlled by hormoens called hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting facotrs

hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal tract

what happens to corteus luteum if the ovum is fertilized? what if its not?

if ovum is fertilized corpus luteum remains and persists and continues secreting progesterone and if not it shrinks into mass of collagenous tissue called corpus albicans

what supplies the ascending colon w/ blood?

ileocolic and right colic branches of superior mesenteric artery

what is the preferred site for B12 absorption

ileum

where are goblet cells most abundtant

ileum

where are paneth cells most commonly found

ileum

Peyer patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found prominently through the: -duodenum of small intestine -jejunum of small intestine -ileum of small intestine - none of the above

ileum of small intestine

A 15 year old patient comes into the emergency room with diffuse abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and a fever. On palpation of the lower right abdomen he feels pain, and even greater rebound pain when the pressure is released. The diagnosis is appendicitis. It is located in which abdominal region? -umbilical -epigastric -hypogastric -lumbar -hypochondria -iliac

iliac

what is the uppermost and largest bone in pelvis?

ilium

the otic ganglion is located: -deep within the pterygopalatine fossa -on lateral side of optic nerve -immediately below foramen ovale in inratemporal fossa -on lateral surface of hyoglossus muscle

immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa

upper motor nuerons originate where

in brain

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse where?

in ganglia close to organs

where is the primary location of the ganglionic cell

in ganglion peripheral to CNS

On the surface of the chest, the apex of the heart is located: -at level of xiphoid process -in 5th right intercostal space -in left fourth intercostal space -in left fifth intercostal space

in left 5th intercostal space

where is albumin produced? what does it do?

in liver, transports hormones, fatty acids, buffers pH, maintains osmotic pressure

where are the lateral ventricles? how do they communicate with each other?

in right and left cerebral hemispheres; communicate via septum pellucidum

pro collagen filaments aggregate in the cistern of Golgi apparatus; it is formed where?

in the lumen of ER then it will move to cis face of Golgi

the neurhypophysis contains abundtnat axons whose cell bodies are located mainly where

in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

papillary muscles are found only where; do they help valve close

in ventricles; no

metabolically inactive follicular colloid stains what color? active?

inactive = acidophilic active = basophilic

where is an incision made for tracheotomy?

incision through median cricothyroid ligament that runs between cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage and is inferior to space between the vocal cords where aspirated objects usually get lodged (cricothyroid space)

Which of the following nerves innervates the mandibular anterior teeth -mental branch of inferior alveolar -incisive branch of inferior alveolar -buccal -lingual

incisive branch of inferior alveolar

what is a deep indentation on the border of a bone

incisure

what goes through the inferior orbital fissure

infraorbital and zygomatic branches of maxillary nerve, infraorbital artery, and part of inferior ophthalmic vein

what is the source of the anterior superior alveolar artery? what does it supply?

infraorbital artery of maxillary artery - supplies maxillary sinus and anterior teeth via alveolar canals

what does the maxillary process of zygomatic bone form

infraorbital rim and portion of anterior lateral orbital wall

what are the main branches of the maxillary nerve? does it have motor?

infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal, no pruely sensory

pituitary connects to the hypothalamus via what

infundibulum

the anterior ethmoidal sinuses drain into what of the lateral wall of middle meatus

infundibulum which drains into hiatus semilunaris

what connects the pubic tubercle of the pubis to the anterior superior iliac spine of ilum

inguinal ligament

which membrane of mitochondria contain many enzymes important for oxidative phosphorylation

inner

which part of ear consists of closed, fluid filled spaces within the temporal bone that is a bony labyrinth including the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea

inner ear

Which of the following statements if CORRECT regarding vertebral arteries? -inside the skull the two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery - they arise from thyrocervical trunk - they enter the skull through the carotid canal - they pass through transverse foramina of all 7 cervical vertebrae

inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries join up to form the basilar artery

which disfunction of cerebellum is oscillating motion, especially of the head during movement

intention tremor

which part of an adenomere are lined by low cuboidal cells?

intercalated ducts

what transport lymph from left and right intercostal spaces to thoracic duct

intercostal lymphatic vessels

what is a phase of meiosis similar to interphase except DAN synthesis does not occur

interkinesis

as renal arteries pass into the kidneys, they branch into successively smaller arteries; what are they?

interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles to nephrons

what arises as a result of fusion of two medial nasal processes and frontonasal processes within the embryo

intermaxillary segment

the vestibulocochlear nerve enters the temporal bone through what

internal acoustic meatus

the facial nerve enters the temporal bone through what

internal auditory meatus

what supplies sensation above the vocal folds?

internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

the ophthalmic artery that gives rise to anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries is a branch of what aretery

internal carotid

where is the primary location of the sustenacular cell

internal ear (organ of court), taste bud, olfactory epithelium

the urinary bladder has blood supplied by the vesicular branches of what?

internal iliac arteries

the tongue is supplied by the lingual artery, tonsillar branch of facial artery, and ascending pharyngeal artery all which drain into what

internal jugular vein

what does the sheath that the common carotid runs into under the SCM muscle also contain (2)

internal jugular vein and vagus nerve

deep cervical lymph nodes are located along the length of the what on each side of neck deep to SCM muscle? how are deep cervical lymph nodes classified?

internal jugular vein; as either superior or inferior to SCM

which tonsils are smaller and more numerous and are found on posterior portion of dorsum of tongue? what kind of epithelium?

lingual, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

the mandibular foramen is located on the medial surface of the rams just below what?

lingula

where is the primary location of the endothelial cell

lining blood vessels, lymph vessels, and endocardium

where is the primary location of the ependymal

lining brain ventricles and spinal cord

where are minor salivary glands

lips, cheek, tongue (von ebner glands), hard palate

Which of the following organs or structures are retroperitoneal except one. Which is the exception? -aorta -adrenal glands -pancreas -liver -inferior vena cave -ureteres -kidneys

liver

what are the largest of the subunits of a salivary gland and separated by connective tissue septa?

lobes

each lobar branch corresponds to what? what is next branch?

lobes, tertiary or segmental is next

the livers functional unit is what? what cells does it use?

lobule, hepatocyte

what are the subunits of lobes of salivary glands that are separated by thin extensions of septa

lobules

what innervates serrates anterior? what is action?

long thoracic nerves from C5-7, pulls scapula forward and downward

are preganglionic parasympathetic neurons long or short? myelinated or unmyelinated?

long; myelinated

are postganglionic sympathetic neurons long or short? myelinated or unmyelinated?

long; unmyelinated

stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus are all what kind of muscles of pharynx

longitudinal muscles

what are the 3 types of intrinsic muscles of tongue that squeeze, fold, and curl it

longitudinal, transverse, and vertical

where are interstitial cells of ledge found?

lose vascular CT surrounding seminiferous tubules

the ventral rami of C8 and T1 unite to form what trunk of brachial plexus

lower

what does the infra temporal fossa contain?

lower portion of temporalis muscle, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, pterygoid plexus of veins, mandibular nerve, maxillary artery, chords tympani and otic ganglion

what is nerve supply of the trees major muscle? action?

lower sub scapular nerve for posterior cord of brachial plexus, medially rotates and adducts arm

the gallbladder is firmly attached where? on what side of abdomen?

lower surface of liver on right side of abdomen

what innervates external oblique, internal angle, transversus abdominus, rectus abdominis

lower thoracic spinal nerves

kidneys drain lymph into what nodes

lumbar lymph nodes

which plexus of spinal nerve is formed in the psoas major muscle and supplies the lower abdomen, parts of lower limb? what are main branches

lumbar plexus; femoral and obtrurator nerves

Which of the following are NOT derived from mesoderm? -select all that apply -heart -vessels -lung -bone -spleen -kidney -liver -dura mater

lung; liver

The mediastinum contains all of the following structures EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? -heart -lungs -trachea -esophagus -thymus gland

lungs

T cells made in thymus grow in thymuss and then travel where?

lymph nodes

after lymph leaves node they enter larger collecting vessels called what? that do what?

lymphatic trunks that unite to form either the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

what are the 4 branches of the second part (pterygoid part) of the maxillary artery? and what do they supply?

masseteric artery = traverses mandibular notch supplying TMJ and master deep temporal arteries = anterior and posterior arteries ascend between temporals muscle and bone of temporal fossa pterygoid branches = supply pterygoid buccal artery = buccal oral mucosa, buccinator, and buccal fat-pad

On the playground at recess, a young girl is stung by a bee and immediately breaks out in hives and starts grasping for air. The teacher grabs an epinephrine auto injector from the first aid kit and is able to save the girl. What cells, when bound by IgE are responsible for anaphylactic reaction? -mast -macrophages -platelets -Kupffer cells

mast

which cells primary function is mediating inflammation on contact with antigen

mast

what branches of maxillary artery supplies masseter? temporalis? medial and lateral pterygoid?

master = masseter temporalis = deep temporal branch medial and lateral pterygoid = pterygoid branch

what is formed from mergin of two smaller maxillary processes of first branchial arches

maxilla

which bones are the lacrimal canal in? what are the contents?

maxilla and lacrimal bones, nasolacrimal tear duct

A young patient arrives in the physicians office with unexplained persistent symptoms. they have bloody nasal discharge and painful oral lesion. a chest x-ray reveals coin lesions and labs reveal kidney failure. ultimately the isolation of the ANCAs - IgG antibodies yield a diagnosis of Wegener granulomatosis The dentist who referred this patient to the physical made a note of the necrotizing oral lesion that had perforated the hard plate into the nasal cavity. The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the : -ethmoid and palatine bones - maxilla and nasal bones - maxilla and palatine bones - nasal and vomer bones

maxilla and palatine bones

which bone is the incisive foramen found? what are contents?

maxilla, nasopalatine nerve and branches of spehnopalatine artery

which sinus drains directly into the hiatus semilunaris

maxillary

What is the major arterial origin supplying the mandibular anterior teeth? -mandibular artery -facial artery -vertebral artery -maxillary artery

maxillary artery

what good vessels are in pterygopaltine fossa?

maxillary artery and branches including infraorbital and sphenopalatine arteries

what goes through foramen rotundum

maxillary nerve

what nerve does the foramen rotundum transmit?

maxillary nerve CN V2

failure of fusion of which of the following will lead to cleft lip? -frontonasal process, lateral nasal process -maxillary process, medial nasal process -lateral nasal process, medial nasal process -maxillary process; lateral nasal process

maxillary process; medial nasal process

The midface is formed from which embryonic structure(S)? -stomodeum -maxillary processes -frontonasal process -medial nasal processes

maxillary processes

what is a tube like passage running through a bone

meatus

the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilages form what wall of nasal cavity

medial (nasal septum)

what is nerve supply of the pectorals major muscle? action?

medial and lateral pectoral nerves from medial and lateral chords of brachial plexus; adducts arm and rotates it medially

the anterior division of the lower trunk forms what cord of brachial plexus

medial cord

what does frontal process of maxilla form

medial infraorbital rim

axons of cells ihtin the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus cross as internal arcuate fibers and form what

medial lemniscus (large ascending bundle of heavy myelinatd axons whose cell bodies lie in contralateral nucleus gracilis and nucleus cutaneatus

The primary palate or median palatal process is formed by the merging of the frontonasal process with which other processes? -lateral nasal processes -medial nasal processes -maxillary processes -mandibular processes

medial nasal processes

which nasal processes fuse to form the middle portion of the nose from root to apex and also the philtrum region

medial nasal processes

A prosthodontist designs maxillary removable complete and partial dentures to engage the hamular notch behind the maxillary tuberosities. The hamulus is a small slender hook, which accommodates the action of the tensor veil palatine. The hamulus is a component of which bone? - lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid - medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone - maxilla - horizontal plate of palatine bone - perpendicular plate of palatine bone

medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

what is origin of superior constrictor

medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone and pterygomandibular raphe

what is the adult remnant of the umbilical arteries

medial umbilical ligaments

what are the parts of the sphenoid bone?

median body, 2 great and 2 small wings, and 2 pterygoid processes

what other nerve is immediately lateral to brachial artery?

median nerve

which terminal branch of the lateral and medial cords supplies motor innervation to most of the flexor muscles in the forearm and intrinsic muscles of the thumb

median nerve

where do all of the pharyngeal constrictors insert? what are their actions?

median pharyngeal raphe; superior = upper pharyngeal constriction and middle and inferior = lower pharyngeal constriction

what artery comes off proximal to the bifurcation of aorta into two common iliac arteries what is an unpaired parietal branch?

median sacral artery

what branch of internal thoracic artery goes to contents of anterior mediastinum like thymus gland

mediastinal arteries

what separates right and left lungs? what divide each lung into lobes?

mediastinum, fissures

what is termination of fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus tract

medulla

what is termination of tectospinal tract

medulla and anterior gray columns

what is the most inferior portion of brain stem that joins the spinal cord at level of foramen magnum

medulla oblongata

what is the inner dark brown layer of kidneys? what do they contain?

medullar; contain renal pyramids that are separated by renal columns

what is centrally positioned space within diaphysis? what does it contain

medullary cavity; fatty yellow bone marrow

platelets are actually fragments of large bone marrow cells called what

megakaryocytes

platelets develop from what

megakaryocytes

spermatogenesis and oogenesis both occur via what process

meiosis

what is the portion of male urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm

membranous urethra

which T cells main inactive until further exposure to same antigen

memory T

upon interacting with a specific antigen, T lymphocytes become sensitized and differentiate into several types of daughter cells that include what

memory T, killer T, and helper T

what branch of vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion to supply dura mater of posterior cranial fossa

meningeal nerve

which of the following foramina appears as a small round radiolucent area on the mandibular premolar and can be confused with a periodical abscess if not recognized correctly mandibular foramen incisive foramen mental foramen foramen ovale

mental foramen

which mode of secretion is only cell secretory product released from membrane bound secretory granules like pancreatic acinar cells

merocrine

which type of exocrine glands are salivary glands, pancreatic acinar glands, and some sweat glands

merocrine

pancreatic acinar cells are classified as: -merocrine glands -apocrine glands -holocrine glands -endocrine glands

merocrine glands

Which trigeminal nuclei is involved with proprioception of the face

mesencephalic

Which type of cells that the potential to proliferate and differentiate into diverse cell types? -stellate reticular cells -mesenchymal cells -neurolemma cells -chromaffin cells

mesenchymal cells (also called mesoblastic cells)

what does spleen develop from?

mesenchymal cells of mesentery attached to primitive stomach

neural crest cells develop from the neuroectoderm but migrate from crests of neural folds and disperse within what

mesenchyme

during a boxing match, a boxer was struck on the lateral side of the skull, immediate he fell unconscious for several seconds. he was asymptomatic for the first 24 hours then he developed symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure (HA, N, V). Which of the following arteries is most likely involved? -inferior alveolar artery -middle meningeal artery -infraorbital artery -deep temporal artery -middle cerebral artery

middle meningeal artery

the jugular foramen transmits all the following structures EXCEPT one. which is the exception? inferior petrosal sinus sigmoid sinus glossopharyngeal nerve middle meningeal artery vagus nerve spinal accessory nerve

middle meningeal artery

what does the foramen spinosum transit?

middle meningeal vessels and nerves to tissues covering brain

what does the two medial nasal processes contribute to

middle of upper lip

which division of gut tube includes distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and 2/3 transverse colon

midgut

what are the 3 single bones centered on the midline of skull? what are the 6 bilateral pairs of bones? and what are the pneumatized bones?

midline bones = mandible, ethmoid, and vomer bilateral bones = maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal bones pneumatized = frontal, tempora, zygomatic, sphenoid, and ethmoid

which hormone of the adrenal cortex enhances sodium reabsorption in collecting ducts of kidneys

mineralcorticoids

what does the zona glomerulosa make?

mineralcorticoids - mainly aldosterone

the interior of the duodenum has folded surface which increase available surface area of absorption of what

minerals especially iron

what are doubled membraned organelles

mitochondria and nucleus

Which of the following valves guards the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle? -pulmonary valve -aortic valve -tricuspid valve -mitral valve

mitral valve

what kind of secretion does the submandibular gland have?

mix with serous mainly and some mucous

the cranial nerves that innervate the derivatives of the branchial arches (5,7,9,10) are the only _________________ cranial nerves, the rest are either sensory or motor

mixed

what type of glands are submandibular, sublingual salivary, glands of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

mixed

what kind of secretion does sublingual gland have?

mixed with mucous mainly and some serous

which layer of cerebellar cortex is the most superficial conssiting of axons of granule cells and basket and stellate cells

molecular level

which WBC has kidney shaped nucleus what is function?

monocytes, phagocytosis and differentiate into macrophages

there are typically _______ afferent lymph vessels entering a lymph node than there are efferent lymph vessels leaving a lymph node. this causes the flow of lymph to ____________ as it passes through the lymph node

more, slow down

where is the primary location of the fibroblast cell

most common cell of CT

the smallest cardiac veins open where?

most in atria but few in ventricles

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the articular cartilages? select all that apply they are covered by discs most of them are covered by hyaline cartilage they are covered by perichondrium they are covered by periosteum they are vascular

most of them are covered by hyaline cartilage

what are the 3 parts of sternum from superior to inferior?

most superior = manubrium, then body, then xiphoid

what produces erythropoietin?

mostly kidneys

is basal plate associated with motor or sensory

motor

what does ventral horn relay

motor

what innervates the buccinator for motor? for proprioception?

motor = facial nerve; proprioception = buccal branch of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

which area of brain controls thin muscles of body, coordinates movements, and controls speech

motor area

what is the origin of the lateral corticospinal tract

motor areas or cerebral cortex of opposite side from tract location in cord

A 50-year old female was diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer and underwent aggresive surgery to remove most of thyroid. unfortunately, the surgeon also excised the parathyroid glands. which of the following could result from excision of parathyroid glands? -strengthening of muscles -weakening of bones -muscle cramping -decalcification of bones

muscle cramping

where does facial nerve provide motor to?

muscles of facial expression and inner ear, posterior digastric, stylohyoid, and stapedius

what does accessory nerve control?

muscles of neck

which terminal branch of the lateral cord of brachial plexus innervates the muscles in the flex compartment of arm that caries sensation from lateral side of forearm

musculocutaneous nerve

what innervates corachobrachialis? what is action

musculocutaneous nerve; flexes arm

what innervates brachialis? what is action?

musculocutaneous nerve; flexor of elbow joint

what innervates biceps brachii? what is action?

musculocutaneous nerve; supinates forearm and flexes elbow joint

which branch of internal thoracic artery runs around the costal margin of the diaphragm and supplies the lower intercostal spaces and diaphragm

musculophrenic artery

All of the following muscles are derived from the sceond brachial arch EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -stapedius -orbicularis oris -mylohyoid -posterior belly of digastric -stylohyoid

mylohyoid

All of the following muscles are responsible for elevating the mandible EXCEPT one. which is exception? -masster -medial pterygoid -mylohyoid -temporalis

mylohyoid

The sublingual gland sits on which muscle -omohyoid -mylohyoid -genioglossus -styloglossus

mylohyoid

when film is palced for a periapical view of the mandibular molars, what muscle gets in the way if not relaxed

mylohyoid

the nerve to mylohyoid supplies what

mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric

what is homolgous with the tunica media of blood vessels and forms the bulk of heart mass

myocardium

what are contractile cells of salivary glands that lie between basement membrane and plasma membrane that squeeze to move products toward excretory duct

myoepithelial cell

what are nonsecretory cells that are known to have contractile properties in sweat glands and mammary glands located between secretory cells and their basement membrane

myoepthelial cells

muscular branches of dorsal and ventral rami supply what muscle mass from a single spinal nerve

myotime

muscles of tongue are derived from myoblasts that migrate from what

myotomes of occipital somites

the pterygopalatine fossa communicates medially with what? through what?

nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen

what forms in the anterior portion of the frontonasal process superior to stomodeum that later develop into olfactory cells for sensatin of smell

nasal placodes

what is origin and future tissues of nasal pits

nasal placodes; nasal cavities

what nerve senses touch of eye to stimualte corneal reflex? what does motor?

nasociliary branch of V1 does sensory facial nerve initates motor

the inferior meatus lies below and lateral to inferior conchae and receives the opening of what

nasolacrimal duct

what is origin and future tissues of nasolacrimal cord

nasolacrimal groove; lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct

If the palatal mucosa opposite to the maxillary lateral incisor was lacerated and bleeding occurred, which of the following arteries is most likely to be involved? -greater palatine artery -descending palatine artery -nasopalatine artery -lesser palatine artery -middle superior alveolar artery -posterior superior alveolar artery

nasopalatine artery

what is a parasympathetic and sensory nerve that arises in pterygopaltine ganglion and passes through sphenopalatine foramen? what does it innervate?

nasopalatine nerve; it innervates glands and mucosa of nasal septum and anterior part of hard palate

the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are located in the posterior wall of the: -laryngopharynx -oropharynx -nasopharynx -larynx

nasopharynx

the oblique cardiac vein ends in coronary sinus where

near left extremity

the middle cardiac vein ends in the coronary sinus where

near right extremity

meninges (pia and arachnoid), adrenal medulla, pigment cells, odontoblasts, pharyngeal arch cartilage, endocardial cushions, ganglia, aorticopulmonary septum, schwann cells, parafollicular C cells are derivatives of what

neural crest cells

what gives rise to spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) and ganglia of autonomic nervous system, Schwann cells, cells of meninges,, pigment cells, chromatin cells, and other components of head

neural crest cells

neurons in ganglia are derived from what

neural crest ectoderm

what is the indentation that runs along the back of the embryo that is formed form folding of ectoderm

neural groove

what is a band of cells that extend the length of embryo where neuroectoderm cells are localized

neural plate

the adrenal medulla develops from what?

neuroectoderm

CNS, astrocytes, neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), pineal gland, retina and optic nerve, and oligodendrocytes are derivatives of what

neuroectoderm (neural tube)

what are the support cells of the nervous tissue

neuroglial cells

which portion of the pituitary is the nervous portion? what does it originate from?

neurohyophysis - neuroectoderm

which WBC has lobed nucleus and fine granules what is function?

neutrophils, part of immune system (phagocytosis)

What are autonomic preganglionic synapses receptors called?

nicotinic Receptors

Are C fibers myelinated?

no

are there chordeae tendineae or papillary muscles associated with semilunar valves?

no

do skeletal muscles have cell junctions?

no

does articular cartilage contain blood vessels or nerves

no

does rectum posses teniae coli?

no

does thymus contain lymph nodules or vessels?

no

is lymph system connected to arterial portion of blood circulatory system

no (thus not moved via hydrostatic pressure of heart)

does the number of muscle fibers ever increase?

no - but size of each fiber does

do smooth muscles contain troponin?

no > instead have calmodulin, caldesmon, and calponin

the vagus nerve innervates all muscles of larynx except what?

no exception; it does them all

are trabeculae placed randomly?

no follow lies of stress and can realign to make strongest bone

do bronchioles have glands ? smooth muscle? cartilage?

no glands, smooth muscle yes, no cartilage

platelets are minute, irregularly shaped disc-like cytoplasmic bodies found in plasma that promote clotting and have no what 3 things

no nucleus, no DNA, and no hemoglobin

are mast cells normally found in circulation? where are they normally?

no, most in loose CT along past of blood vessels

do individual endothelial cells in sinusoids overlap? what does this mean?

no; means that small and medium sized proteins like albumin can enter and leave and even blood cells, oxygen, CO2, nutrients, proteins, and wastes to be exchanged

what are gaps in myelin sheath

nodes of Ranvier > responsibe for saltatory conduction

the pars intermedia and tuberalis have what function in mammals?

none

hemocytoblasts are stem cells that - can become eosinophils but neutrophils - can become megakaryotes but not erythrocytes - can become platelets but not monocytes - can become erythrocytes but not basophils - none of the above

none of the above

which of the following vessels supply blood to the bronchi? - pulmonary arteries - pulmonary veins - subclavian arteries - none of the above

none of the above

what type of epithelium surrounds palatine tonsils

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

what are structures of upper respiratory tract

nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx

what makes up conducting zone of respiratory system? what are functions?

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles; function is to filter, warm, moisten, and conduct

The H zone is at the center of the A band of each sarcomere. This is the region in which there are: - only thin and no thick filaments -only thick and no thin -both thick and thin -no thick or thin

only thick and no thin

what allows the greater and lesser sac of peritoneal cavity to communicate

opening of lesser sac - epiploic foramen

internal carotid artery has no branches outside the skull and enters the skull through carotid canal which then inside the skull gives off what artery to supply optic nerve, eye, orbit and scalp

ophthalmic artery

the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are branches of what artery? what do they supply?

ophthalmic artery; supply anterosuperior part of mucosa of lateral wall of nasal cavity and nasal septum

what does calcitonin do?

oppose PTH > reduces blood calcium

what is the blood supply for all extraoccular muscles

opthalmic artery

The optic nerve leaves the orbit through the optic canal and forms the ______________, where fibers from the nasal side of either retina cross over to the opposite side of brain -ciliary ganglion -optic disk -central nerve -optic chiasma

optic chiasma

axons of the ganglion cells of the retina converge where

optic disc

what is the small blind spot on the surface of the retina about 3 mm to nasal side of macula

optic disk (contains no photoreceptors)

where does optic nerve exit skull

optic foramen

All the following exit the cranium through the superior orbital Fissure except one. Which is a exception? -optic nerve -oculomotor nerve -trochlear nerve -abducens nerve

optic nerve

every cranial nerve that innervates the eye passes through the superior orbital fissure except what

optic nerve

The lesser wing of the sphenoid bone transmits the: - mandibular nerve (CN V3) - optic nerve - oculomotor nerve - maxillary nerve (CN V2)

optic nerve (CN II)

which part of visual pathway contain a combination of crossed and uncrossed optic nerve fibers

optic tracts

which nerves sesnses the light associated with the pupillary light reflex? which nerve is responsible of the reflex?

optic; oculomotor

the pterygopalatine fossa communicates anteriorly with what? through what?

orbit through inferior orbital fissure

the medial wall of orbit is paper thin and is formed by what?

orbital lamina of ethmoid bone

the superior roof of orbit is formed almost completely by what?

orbital plate of frontal bone with posterior part some by lesser wing of sphenoid

the inferior wall of the orbit is formed mainly by what?

orbital surface of maxillary bone (forms maxillary sinus)

which of the following is the true organ of hearing? -organ of corti -utricle -saccule -macula

organ of corti

the facial artery originates from what artery? what two branches does it give off?

originates from external carotid; gives off cervical portion and facial portion

where does aorta originate? where does it descend (in relation to vertebral column), where does it pass through the diaphragm? where does it divide and what does it divide into inferiorly?

originates from upper part of left ventricle, it descends to the left of the vertebral column, passes through diaphragm at level T12, and splits into two common iliac arteries at L4

the first event in development of the face during the 4th week of prenatal development is disintegration of what? what odes this do?

oropharyngeal membrane; this increase depth and size of oral cavity

which cells primary function is specialized macrophages in bone

osteoclasts

bronchioles have a diameter of 1 mm or less, what type of epithelium?

progress from ciliated pseudo stratified columnar to simple cuboidal

during distalization of molars in bodily orthodontic movement, the alveolar bone distal to the tooth must resorb and the alveolar bone medial to the tooth must appositionally grow. In orthodontic movement, the alveolar bone is being remodeled. This remodeling is a function of: -osteoclasts and osteoblats -chonrdoblasts and osteoblasts -osteoblasts and osteocytes -chondrocytes and osteocytes

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

osteoblasts synthesize collagenous fibers and bone matrix and when dropped in own matrix develop into what

osteocytes

Which parasympathetic ganglion is situated just below the Foreman ovale and is medial to the mandibular nerve

otic

what is CN 9's parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?

otic ganglion - parotid salivary gland

which ganglion do glossophrayngeal nerve supply parotid gland via? and which nerve?

otic ganglion and lesser petrosal nerve

the auriculotemporal nerve carries some secetory fibers from what to what

otic ganlgion to parotid salivary gland

what are the 3 layers of smooth muscle from outer in?

outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique

what are the two layers of dura mater

outer periosteal and inner meningeal

what does FSH stimulate in females?

ovarian follicle development and secretion of estrogens

where is the tricuspid valve best heard ?

over right half of lower end of body of sternum

where is pulmonary valve best heard

over second left intercostal space

A patient with a "heart valve problem" comes into the dental clinic for periodontal therapy. She says that her old periodontist always gave her antibiotics before treatment. Where should dentist place stethoscope to listen to sound of triscuspid valve -left fifth intercostal space medial to nipple line -in a sceond right inetercostal space -over a right half of lower end of body of sternum -in the second left intercostal space

over the right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum

what takes place in middle of menstrual cycle when the graafian follicle ruptures to release its ovum which enters the uterine tube

ovulation

hemoglobin molecules in RBC combine with oxygen to form what

oxyhemoglobin

which cells of parathyroid has undetermined function

oxyphil

which hormone has a number of function many of which are associated with labor and deliver and nursing mothers. During labor, oxytocin facilitates rapid and efficient delivery and after birth promotes milk production

oxytocin

what do a-delta carry info related to

pain and temp

what do c fibers carry info related to

pain, temp, and itch

the soft palate is continuous with the hard palate posterior and is "soft" because it does not have a bony substrate but contains a tough fibrous connective tissue sheet called what

palatal aponeurosis

what transverse ridges are located along mucous membranes of hard palate? what do they do?

palatal rugae; serve as friction bands

which salivary glands are beneath mucous membranes of hard and soft palate? what type are they?

palatal salivary glands; mostly mucous type

what are the specific part that make up roof of oral cavity

palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plates of palatine bones (union forms hard palate)

The anterior and posterior pillars of the faces enclose which area of lymphoid tissue? -lingual tonsils -pharyngeal tonsils -palatine tonsils -none of above

palatine tonsils

which tonsils are located on posterolateral walls of throat that reach max size during early childhood and diminish in size after puberty (except when sore throat)

palatine tonsils

which bone is the greater palatine foramen found? what are contents?

palatine, greater palatine n, a, v

which bone is the lesser palatine foramen found? what are contents?

palatine, lesser palatine n, a, v

what is aka the anterior pillar of fauces

palatoglossal arch

All of the following muscles receive motor innferation from the hypoglossal nerve EXCEPT one, which is the exception? -genioglossus -styloglossus -hyoglossus -palatoglossus

palatoglossus

All the muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve EXCEPT one. which is the exception? -hyoglossus -styloglossus -palatoglossus -genioglossus

palatoglossus

which regional group of lymph nodes receive lymph from a strip of scalp above parotid salivary gland from anterior wall of external auditory meatus and from lateral parts of eyelids and middle ear

parotid lymph nodes

what is the major secretory part of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland

pars distalis

what does the foramen ovale allow blood to do during fetal development?

pass from right atrium to left atrium

how does internal carotid artery terminate?

passes through cavernous sinus to join the circle of Willis and supply the brain

what happens when the ductus arteriosus does not close

patent ductus arteriosus

what form the anterior wall of the axilla

pec major, pec minor, and subclavius

the cista terminalis provides origina for what muscles

pectinate

what is lymph draining of most of breast?

pectoral nodes to axillary nodes

The axilla is a localized region of body between upper humerus and thorax. It provides a passageway for the large, important arteries, nerves, veins, and lymphatics that ensure that the upper limb functions properly. the ________ and ____________ form prominent anterior and posterior axillary folds respectively. =lat dorsi; pec major -teres major, teres minor -subscapularis, lat dorsi -pec major, lat dorsi

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi

the os coxae articulates with the sacrum to form what?

pelvic girdle

where does descending and sigmoid colon, along with rectum and anus get parasympathetics from

pelvic splanchnic nervs

which branch of internal thoracic artery accompanies the terminal branches of the corresponding intercostal nerves

perforating arteries

which branch of internal thoracic artery accompanies the phrenic nerve and supplies the pericardium

pericardiacophrenic artery

what is aka cell body (not soma)

perikaryon

what fluid fills space between bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth of inner ear

perilymph

what is an extracellular fluid located within the cochlea in two of its three compartments: the scala tympani and scala vestibule with an ionic concentration comparable to plasma and CSF? what is major cation?

perilymph; major cation is sodium

what is a continuation of epimysium that divies the interior of the muscle into bundles of muscle cells

perimysium

what is the outer part of the shaft that is composed of compact bone covered by connective tissue sheath

periosteum

which proteins in cell wall can be removed with detergents nd change in pH? which cannot be removed without disruption of membrane

peripheral can be changed; integral cannot

where are cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons

peripheral ganglia

All the following muscles are innervated by the same nerve that innervates the muscles of mastication EXCEPT one, which is exception? -mylohyoid -tensor tympani -tensor veli palatini -anterior belly of digastric -posterior belly of digastric

posterior belly of digastric (facial nerve)

all 3 posterior divisions from each of the 3 trunks unite to form what

posterior cord

what artery accompanies the middle cardiac vein?

posterior dsecending artery

the superior meatus lies below and lateral to the superior concha and receives openings of what?

posterior ethmoidal sinus

what is origin of anterior spinothalamic tract

posterior gray column on opposite site

where is origin of lateral spinothalamic tract

posterior gray column on opposite site

what is origin of spinotectal tracts

posterior gray columns

which region if inferior mediastinum contains thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, trachea, left and right main bronchi, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian, arch of aorta, esophageal plexus, sympathetic chain ganglia, azygos and hemiazygos veins

posterior mediastinum

branches of vagus nerve pass behind root of each lung to form what?

posterior pulmonary plexus

what goes through peterygomaxillary fissure

posterior superior alveolar vein, artery, and nerve and maxillary artery

mucosa of hard palate posterior to canine is supplied by what artery? anterior to canine supplied by what artery? soft palate and tonsils by what artery?

posterior to canine = greater palatine artery; anterior to canine = nasopalatine artery; soft palate and tonsils by lesser palatine artery

when do cells of optic nerve become myelinated?

posterior to optic disk

where are pharyngeal tonsils located? what makes anterior all of nasopharynx?

posterior wall of nasopharynx; soft palate and uvula form anterior wall

through the pharyngeal plexus which contains vagus nerves and postganglionic sympathetics, the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the mucous membranes where

posterior wall of oropharynx and nasopharynx inferior to entrance of auditory tube

where is the fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus tract

posterior white golumns

ICF fluid is primarily composed of what

potassium and organic anions, proteins, etc.

which area of brain elaborates thinking process and planning of complex movements and broca's area

prefrontal area

what is the common component to all lymph tissues

presence of lymphocytes

what ganglia provide axons that are distributed near origins of teh abdominopelvic arteries

prevertebral ganglia

what completion of the palate? when does it happen?

primary and secondary palate fuse during the 12th week of prenatal development

what does root of the lung contain?

primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein

what does the intermaxillary segment give rise to around 5th week

primary palate (anterior 1/3 of final palate)

what happnes if during IANB the needle is well below manidbular foramen

probably penetrate medial pterygoid muscle

what happens if during IANB the needle passes posteriorly at level of mandibular foramen

probably penetrate parotid and paralyze facial muscles of expression

what is the most generic term for bone projection that serves as a point for attachment of other structures

process

where is bile continuously produced? which sphincter keeps bile from going into SI when it is empty? what happens to bile then

produced in liver; sphincter of Oddi keeps it from going in to ampulla of vater, forces it into gallbladder for storage

erythrocytes develop from what

proerythroblasts

the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery which runs beneath what that makes it vulnerable to injury? what type of hematoma does it result in?

pterion; epidural hematoma

what does the tensor veli palatini curve around ? what does it prevent? what innervates it?

pterygoid hamulus; food from entering nasal cavity; branch of nerve to medial pterygoid of CN V3

the inferior alveolar vein artery and nerve along with the lingual nerve are found in the space between what? what is this called

pterygoid muscle and rams of mandible; pterygomandibular space

which muscles are in the infra temporal fossa?

pterygoid muscles and lower part of temporals muscle

All of the following are contents of the pterygopalatine fossa EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -maxillary nerve -pterygopalatine ganglion -pterygoid plexus of veins -maxillary artery

pterygoid plexus of veins

what descend perpendicularly from regions where the body and great wings unite. Each consisting of a medial and lateral plate

pterygoid processes

which blood vessels are in the infratemporal fossa?

pterygoid venous plexus and maxillary artery and branches including middle meningeal artery, inferior alveolar artery, and posterior superior alveolar artery

the infection site for the inferior alveolar nerve block is probed with a cotton tip applicator at the depth of the ____________________ on the medial surface of the ramus. The needle is inserted into the tissues of this space until the mandible is contacted and then withdrawn 1 mm from tissues to protect periosteum.

pterygomandibular space

the pterygoplatine fossa communicates laterally with the infra temporal fossa through which opening? -sphenopalatine foramen -foramen rotundum -foramen lacrem -pterygomaxillary fissure -inferior orbital fissure

pterygomaxillary fissure

in the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary artery gives rise to the descending palatine artery which travels to palate through what canal? which then terminates in both the ____________________ and ____________________ by way of the greater and lesser palatine foramina to supply the hard and soft palates

pterygopalatine canal which terminates in both the greater palatine artery and lesser palatine artery

All of the following are paravertebral sympathetic ganglia EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -middle cervical ganglion -thoracic ganglion -pterygopalatine ganglion -sacral ganglia

pterygopalatine ganglion

what is CN 7's parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?

pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland, oral and nasal mucosa submandibular ganglion - to sublingual and submandibular glands

what does the greater palatine nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

pterygopalatine ganglion, palatal side of maxillary teeth (except for incisal area)

what does the nasopalatine nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to

pterygopalatine ganglion, palatal side of maxillary teeth (incisal area)

what nerves are in the pterygopaltine fossa

pterygopaltine ganglion and maxillary nerve

which valves open during ventricular systole?

pulmonary and aortic valves

what are the exceptions for veins that carry oxygenated blood to heart

pulmonary and umbilical

the vagus nerve gases behind the root of the left lung and forms what? then continues and forms what?

pulmonary plexus; esophageal plexus

the dental papilla can turn into fibroblasts that make what

pulp

what are the principal functions of cardiac muscle

pumping of blood

what is the dark black circle of eye

pupil

which cell of cerebellar cortex is the only output neuron that uses GABA to inhibit neurons deep in cerebellar nuclei

purkinje cell

which layer of cerebellar cortex is the middle layer consiting of a single layer of large neuronal cell bodies

purkinje layer

what is the lower portion of stomach between body and gastroduodenal junction

pylorus

what muscle tenses the linea alba? what innervates it

pyramidalis; 12 thoracic nerve

nucleolus is the site of what?

rRNA synthesis

what innervates the triceps brachii?

radial nerve

which terminal branch of posterior cord is called the great extensor nerve because it innervates the extensor muscles of the elbow, wrist, and fingers

radial nerve

what is a protein complex important in regulating motion of axoneme that is housed in axoneme that projects from each set of outer doubles toward the central microtubules

radial spoke

how is blood flow in capillaries? what does the decrease in vessel diameter do to resistance to blood flow? the rate of blood flow is directly proportional to what power of the radius of the verse?

radius to the 4th power

what does parathyroid hormone do?

raises concentration of calcium in blood and reducing concentration of phosphate ions

what is a major branch or division of the main body of a bone that may have its own articulations or processes

ramus

what is the anterior cranial fossa adapted for?

reception of frontal lobes of brain and olfactory nerves and bulbs

esophagus receives motor fibers from what?

recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus nerve

A surgeon performing a thyroidectomy accidently transects a nerve. The patient then presents with hoarseness and difficulty breathing. There is a loss of sensation below the vocal folds and loss of motor innervation to all of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid muscle. Which was transected during the surgery? -recurrent laryngeal nerve -internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve -external branch of superior laryngeal nerve -accessory nerve -glossopharyngeal nerve

recurrent laryngeal nerve

what supplies sensation below the vocal folds?

recurrent laryngeal nerve

what supplies all intrinsic muscles of larynx? what is exception

recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid

at birth, all bone marrow is what

red

cavities in cranial bones, vertebrae, his, sternum, and ends of long bones contain what? what is process of making WBC, RBC, and platelets?

red boen marrow, hemopoiesis

what is origin of rubrospinal tract

red nucleus of midbrain

the outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum reticulum, and inner enamel epithelium all turn into what?

reduced enamel epithelium > primary epithelial attachment

which of the following describes the function of the surfactant? -increasees surface area of alveoli -reduces the attractive forces of O2 molecules and increases surface tension -reduces cohesive forces of H2O molecules and lowers surface tension -increases cohesive force of air molecules and raises surface tension - none of the above

reduces cohesive forces of H2O molecules and lowers surface tension

the vestibulocochlear nerve enters the internal acoustic meatus and remains within what bone to do which functions?

remains w/in temporal bone to cochlear duct (hearing), semicircular ducts, and maculae (balance)

what is the major function of the large intestine?

removal of water from chyme entering it (does not secrete enzymes)

each kidney receives its blood supply from what? a branch of what?

renal artery; branch of abdominal aorta

what is extension of renal pelvis

renal calyx

what are extension of renal cortex into medulla

renal columns

what is the glomerulus and doubled walled cup bowman's capsule that surrounds the glomerulus to collect filtrate

renal corpuscle

where is the primary location of the juxtaglomerular cell

renal corpuscle of kidney

what is the apex of renal pyramids where the collecting ducts pour into minor calyces

renal papilla

what is the hollow inner structure of kidney that joints with ureters that receives urine through calyces

renal pelvis

a single taste bud contains 50-100 taste cells which do what?

represent all taste sensations (all tastes are detected on all parts of tongue)

other than the contractile actions of skeletal muscle, what else can help lymphatics flow

respiration pressure in chest cavity

each terminal bronchiole gives rise to several what which divide into what?

respiratory bronchioles that subdivide into alveolar ducts which end in clusters of alveoli

what make up respiratory zone? what is function?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli; gas exchange

when T lymphocytes migrate to thymus from bone marrow and mature and differentiate, they do not do what

respond to pathogens or antigens (only respond once matured and enter blood and other lymph organs)

what does broca's area do?

responsible for producing language

what is origin of reticulospinal tract

reticular formation (midbrain pons and medulla)

the medulla oblongata contins a central core of gray matter called what? what does it function in?

reticular formation; regulates sleep, arousal, pain perception, breathing, and heart activity

which descending tract of spinal cord maintains posture during movement

reticulospinal tract

what is the innermost sensitive tissue layer of eye that allows images to be transferred to brain consisting of both words and cones

retina

all of the following surface ectoderm derivates EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -nails -inner and outer ear -retina and optic nerve -epidermis -anterior pituitary gland -hair -parotid gland

retina and optic nerve because they are neuroectoderm derivatives

draw back

retraction

what is an organ said to be when it is those that lie behind the peritoneum only partially covered with visceral peritoneum

retroperitoneal

what is the area behind the peritoneum

retroperitoneal space

what innervates the rhomboids? and elevator scapulae?

rhomboids = dorsal scapular nerve; levator scapulae = third and fourth cervical nerves and dorsal scapular nerve

Which of the following are commonly called "protein factories" of cell -ER -ribosomes -golgi apparatus -nucleolus

ribosomes

Which of the following cell structures lack membranes? select all that apply -mitochondria -ribosomes -lysosomes -cytoskeleton -nucleus -nucleolus

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, nucleolus

what are "protein factories"? what makes these?

ribosomes; nucleolus makes them

the gag reflex uses sensory fibers from what nerve? motor fibers from what nerve?

sensory from glossopharyngeal motor from vagus

Which of the following descending tracts of the spinal cord is responsible for coordination of body movement and posture -lateral corticospinal tract -rubrospinal tract -anterior corticospinal tract -tectospinal tract

rubrospinal tract

which descending tract of spinal cord functions include coordination of body movements and posture

rubrospinal tract

what is law for naming head and neck muscles

rules 1, then 2, then 3 so tensor 5 before palat 10 before gloss 12

what plexus of spinal nerve lies in the posterior pelvic wall in frot of the piriformis muscle to supply lower back, pelvis, and parts of thigh, leg, and foot with main branch being sciatic

sacral plexus

what type of joint is between carpals and metacarpals

saddle

what is the suture between two parietal bones

sagittal

usually symp and parasymp are opposite but where do they cooperate

salivary glands

deep cervical lymph nodes receive direct efferents from what? (many) all these vessels join to form what?

salivary glands, thyroid glands, posterior 1/3 of tongue, tonsils, nose, pharynx, and larynx; jugular lymph trunk

how many T-tubules lie within a single skeletal muscle

sarcomere

what cell is responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration

satellite cell

what are the bones of the proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial

scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform

which branchial arch cartilage is also closely related to middle ear and becomes ossified to form stapes of middle ear, styloid process of temporal bone, styloid ligament, and lesser cornu of hyoid bone and upper half of body of hyoid bone; what is it AKA?

sceond arch cartilage; Reichert cartilage

where is aortic valve best heard

sceond right intercostal space

what are glial cells that form myelin for only a single part of axon in PNS

schwann cells

what is largest single nerve in human body

sciatic

what is the outer white part of the eye that provides protection and structure for inner parts of eye

sclear

which exocrine glands are associated with hair follicles and derived from ectoderm

sebaceous glands

which branchial arch does facial nerve come from

second

which pharyngeal arch is the future reichert cartilage, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser cornu and upper part of hyoid bone and stapes

second

which pharyngeal pouch contributes to formation of palatine tonsils

second

which branchial arch is the future stapes and portions of malleus and incus of middle ear, stylohyoid ligament, styloid process of temporal bone, lesser cornu of hyoid bone, and upper portion of body of hyoid bone

second (hyoid)

which branchial arch is the future facial nerve, stapedius muscle, muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle

second arch (hyoid)

around the 6th week bilateral maxillary processes give rise to two palatal shelves which elongate and move medially to fuse and form what

secondary palate (posterior 2/3 of final palate)

what does the choroid plexus do?

secrete CSF

bicarbonate secretions from pancreas are stimulated by what?

secretin produced from duodenum

what does LH stimulate in females?

secretion of estrogen by ovarian cells to result in ovluation and formatino of corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone

what part of sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland and sphenoidal sinuses?

sella turcica

the maxillary sinus drains into the middle meatus through the: -nasolacrimal duct -posterior nares -semilunar hiatus -inferior conchae

semilunar hiatus

Sertoli cells together with stratified layer of developing gametes comprise the cellular majority of what

seminiferous tubules

what does glossopharyngeal sensory supply

sensation and taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue

is alar plate associated with motor or sensory

sensory

what does dorsal horn relay

sensory

A pathologist receives a salivary tissue biopsy of what the dentist believes is a pleomorphic adenoma. However, the dentist forgot to mention the site of the biopsy. The pathologist identifies certain histological structures that would indicated this sample is not from the parotid gland. What structures can be seen in a histologic exam of the submandibular and sublingual glands but NOT in the adult parotid gland? -myoepithelial cells -serous cells -intercalated ducts -serous demilunes -striated ducts

serous demilunes

what are the serous caps on mucous cells called

serous demilunes

which cells primary function is producing testicular fluid

sertoli

The Barr body's presence is the basis of what tests

sex determination tests (like amniocentesis)

which are stores short term memory

short term memory area

are preganglionic sympathetic neurons long or short? myelinated or unmyelinated?

short; myelinated

are postganglionic parasympathetic neurons long or short? myelinated or unmyelinated?

short; unmyelinated

what does the vocalis muscle do

shortens vocal cords

what is autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder in which body produces abnormally shaped RBC which leads to anemia and also results in blocked blood vessels; what is AA substitutition that causes it

sickle cell anemia; valine in place of glutamic acid

what does the maxillary processes contribute to

sides of upper lip

what supplies the sigmoid colon w/ blood?

sigmoidal branches of inferior mesenteric artery

what is the epithelium of LI?

simple columnar with microvillus border to increase water absorption and mucus secreted by goblet cells lubricates fecal mas

what kind of nucleus do smooth muscles have? striations? T-tubules?

single nucleus near wides part of fiber; no striations; no T-tubules

what kind of nucleus do cardiac muscles have? striations? T-tubules?

single nucleus; striations are present; t-tubules are large in diameter

palatine tonsils contain many crypts but no what

sinuses

what is a small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a discontinuous epithelium? where are they found?

sinusoid; liver, lymph tissue, endocrine organs, hematopoietic organs such as bone marrow and spleen

in certain structures like liver, spleen, bone marrow, and certain glands, arterioles connect with what instead of capillaries?

sinusoids

all blood supplied to liver from hepatic artery and portal vein empties into what? thus it contains a mixture of what?

sinusoids of the liver thus it contains a mixture of arterial and venous blood

which branchial arch is the future recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve, all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

sixth arch

which bone is the infraorbital foramen and canal found? what are contents?

sphenoid and maxilla, infraorbital nerve artery and vein

what bones are the inferior orbital fissure in? what is the contents?

sphenoid and maxilla; infraorbital and zygomatic branches of V2, infraorbital artery, and part of inferior ophthalmic vein

which boone is the optic canal and foramen in? what are contents?

sphenoid bone, optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic artery

what bone is the superior orbital fissure in? what are the contents?

sphenoid bone; Oculomotor CN III, trochlear CN IV, abducens VI, lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve CN V1, superior and inferior divisions of ophthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus

the floor of the sella turcica is the roof of what

sphenoid sinus

which bone is the pterygoid canal found? what are contents?

sphenoid, area nerves and vessels

which bone is the foramen ovale found? what are contents?

sphenoid, mandibular nerve V3

which bone is the foramen rotundum found? what are contents?

sphenoid, maxillary nerve V2

which bone is the foramen spinosum found? what are contents?

sphenoid, middle meningeal artery

which bone is the foramen lacerum found? what are contents?

sphenoid, occipital and temporal; nerve of pterygoid canal and artery of pterygoid canal

what is a small space posterior and superior to the superior conchae which the sphenoidal sinus opens

sphenoidalethmoidal recess

what does the lingula serve as attachment for?

sphenomandibular ligament

which two arteries below are the most important arteries to the nasal cavity? -sphenopalatine artery -greater palatine artery -posterior ethmoidal artery -anterior ethmoidal artery

sphenopalatine artery and anterior ethmoidal artery

what goes through sphenopalatine foramen

sphenopalatine artery and vein and nasopalatine nerve

the maxillary artery ends by becoming what artery to supply the nasal cavity? what branches does this artery give rise to?

sphenopalatine artery; posterior lateral nasal and septal branches that includes a nasopalatine branch that goes through incisive foramen

what is a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies most of the blood of the nasal mucosa? how does it enter to send branches to posterior regions of lateral wall and nasal septum?

sphenopalatine artery; sphenopalatine foramen

The communication between the pterygopalatine fossa and the nasal cavity is the : - sphenopalatine foramen - foramen spinosum - infraorbital foramen - foramen ovale

sphenopalatine foramen

wht is failue of neural tube to close posteerioly

spina bifida

neural tube forms the future what

spinal cord

the midbrain relays sensory signals from what to what

spinal cord to thalamus

what is origin of fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus tract

spinal ganglia on same side

what is it where dorsal and ventral roots meet

spinal nerve

Which of the following trigeminal nuclei mediates pain and temperature from the head and neck -spinal nucleus -pontine nucleus -mesencephalic nucleus -chief nucleus

spinal nucleus

what is a sharp, slender projection process

spine

which major ascending tract is responsible for touch related to visual reflexes

spinotectal

what is the sympathetic nerve that passes through celiac plexus to slow motility of small intestine

splanchnic nerve

what is the larges lymph organ formed by reticular and lymphatic tissue

spleen

what are the two sites of blood promotion in fetus and infant

spleen and liver

how does blood enter spleen? drained ?

splenic artery at hilum and drained by splenic vein which joins superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein to liver

what is the cellular material of spleen? and what is it made of?

splenic pulp, made of lymphocytes and macrophages

the celiac artery supplies the foregut; what are the 3 terminal branches?

splenic, left gastric, common hepatic arteries

On a patient's panoramic radiograph, the dentist notices a small, well defined radiolucency that sits inferior to the mandibulr canal. The dentist performs a sialograph that rules out a true cyst and makes the working diagnosis a static bone cavity. Which of the following salivary glands creates the depression in bone that radiographically gives the above appearance. -sublingual gland -von ebner gland -submaxillary gland -parotid gland

submaxillary gland (submandibular gland)

what are the regional group of lymph nodes located behind the chin on the mylohyoid muscle? where do they receive lymph from? what do they drain to?

submental, from tip of tongue, floor of mouth beneath tip of tongue, mandibular incisors and gingiva, center part of lower lip, skin over chin; drain to submandibular and deep cervical

does gall bladder contain submucosa? what about rugae?

submucosa no, rugae yes

what forms the posterior wall of the axilla

subscapularis, teres major, and lat. dorsi

what in the midbrain help control movement and lesions result in parkinson

substantia nigra

what are some stroke warning signs?

sudden weakness/paralysis/numbness of face/arm/leg on one or both sides, loss of speech or difficulty understanding it, dimness or loss of vision particularly in one eye, unexplained dizziness, sudden severe headache and loss of consciousness

what is a shallower and less abrupt cleft than a fissure that makes a wide groove on the surface of a bone that allows for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and tendons

sulcus

what is the crista terminalis represented by on externl surface?

sulcus terminalis

what is origin and insertion of biceps brachi?

superaglenoid tuberlce of scapula and coracoid process of scapula insert on tuberosity of radius

the external carotid artery terminates within the parotid gland, just behind the neck of the mandible, where the external carotid artery gives off two final branches. which two arteries below are those final branches -superior thyroid artery -superficial temporal artery -posterior auricular artery -occipital artery -facial artery -maxillary artery -anterior ethmoidal artery

superficial temporal artery maxillary artery

the blood supply to the rectum is from the superior, middle, and inferior rectal arteries. What do each of these come from

superior = continuation in inferior mesenteric artery middle = branch of internal iliac inferior = branch of internal pudendal artery in perineum

what makes up the borders of the infra temporal fossa

superior = greater wing of sphenoid bone anterior = maxillary tuberosity medial = lateral pterygoid plate lateral = mandibular rams and zygomatic arch inferior = no bony border posterior = no bony border

what makes up the borders of the pterygopalatine fossa

superior = inferior surface of sphenoid bone anterior = maxillary tuberosity medial = lateral = pterygomaxillary fissure inferior = pterygopalatine canal posterior = pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

what makes up the borders of the temporal fossa

superior = inferior temporal line anterior = frontal process of zygomatic bone medial = surface of temporal bone lateral = zygomatic arch inferior = infra temporal crest of sphenoid bone posterior =inferior temporal line

what is superior origin of lateral pterygoid? what is inferior origin of lateral pterygoid? what is insertion?

superior = infra temporal crest of great wing of sphenoid inferior = lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone insertion = both insert at articular disc of TMJ and neck of mandibular condyle

what is the origin and future tissue of maxillary process(es)?

superior and anterio swelling(s) from mandibular arch and neural crest cells; midface, upper lip sides, cheeks, sceondary palate, posterior portion of maxila with associated tissues, zygomatic bones, portion of tmeporal bones

what all does the superior orbital fissure transmit

superior and inferior divisions of oculomotor nerve CN III, trochlear nerve CN IV, lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve CN V1, abducens nerve CN VI, superior and inferior divisions of ophthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus

what supplies blood to anus?

superior and inferior rectal arteries

postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers in the teeth originate where

superior cervical ganglion

what is termination of spinotectal tracts

superior colliculus

what is origin of tectospinal tract

superior colliculus (midbrain)

the internal thoracic artery descends on the pleura behind costal cartilages just lateral to the sternum and ends in the 6th intercostal space by dividing into what two arteries?

superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries

where does abducens exit skull

superior orbital fissure

where does oculomotor nerve exit skuull

superior orbital fissure

where does opthalmic division V1 enter orbit through

superior orbital fissure

where does trochlear nerve exit skull

superior orbital fissure

the duodenum receives blood from what arteries?

superior pancreatic duodenal (branch of gastroduodenal) and inferior pancreatic duodenal (branch of superior mesenteric)

the duodenum proximal to the entry of the bile duct receives its arterial supply from what?

superior pancreatic duodenal artery

parasympathetic fibers from what nucleus and nerve go to submandibular gland

superior salivatory nucleus and facial nerve

what are the 4 anterior branches of external carotid? what are the 4 posterior?

superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, maxillary arter ascending pharyngeal, occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal ST AP FLO PMS

what is the external circular layer of muscle in pharyngeal area?

superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

what forms the acetabulum

superiorly by ilium posteroinferiorly by ischium anteromedially by pubis

the mylohyoid muscle divides the submandibular gland into what two lobes? which makes up most of gland?

superirifal and deep; deep makes up most

what is it when there is more than one renal arteries supplying each kidney (happens in 25-40% of time)

supernumerary renal arteries

rotating forearm with palm turning outward

supination

The bone of alveolar process exists only to do what?

support teeth (why it resorbs w/ extraction and never forms if tooth never erupts)

what are some functions of skeletal system

support, protection, body movement, hemopoeises (Red bone marrow), reservoir for calcium and phoshorus

what are 4 branches of lingual artery?

supra hyoid, dorsal lingual, sublingual, deep lingual branches

what branch of lingual artery supplies supra hyoid muscles?

suprahyoid artery

what drains the adrenal gland?

suprarenal vein into IVC on right and renal vein on left

nails ,inner ear, outer ear, lens of eye, epidermis, adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary), hair, enamel of teeth, mammary glands, anal canal below pectinate line, and parotid gland are derivatives of what

surface ectoderm

small bronchioles have nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (Clara cells) that secrete what?

surface-active lipoprotein

what is a substance containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins? what makes it? what does it line?

surfactant; type II alveolar cells; lines alveoli and smallest bronchioles

All of the following statements concerning the breast and mammary gland are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -breast cancer causes dimpling of overlying skin and nipple retraction -the mammary gland is connected to skin by strong CT strands called cooper ligaments -the nipple usually lies at level of 6th intercostal space -the mammary gland is modified sweat gland located in superficial fascia -the breast receives arterial blood through branches of lateral thoracic and internal thoracic arteries

the nipple lies at level of 6th intercostal space is false because its usually at level of 4th intercostal space

the main distinguishing feature of the duodenum is what?

the presence of gland in the submucosa called Brunner glands that counteract gastric acids

the optic nerve consists of axons of ganglion cells of what

the retina

the small left gastric artery runs to the cardiac end of the stomach, gives off a few esophageal branches, and turns to the right along with the lesser curvature of the stomach an anastomoses with what

the right gastric artery

the right vagus nerve gives rise to right recurrent laryngeal nerve which hooks around what

the right subclavian artery

all of the following statements are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -there are two brachiocephalic veins but only one brachiocephalic artery -the brachiocephalic artery is an extremely short artery and is the first branch of aortic arch -the right subclavian artery arises from aortic arch behind right common carotid -the head and neck are supplied by right and left common carotid arteries

the right subclavian artery arises from the aortic arch behind the right common carotid artery

at puberty, the granulosa cells begin to multiply and form the multilayered _____________

theca interna

why are mast cells and basophils considered different cells?

they are derived from different precursor cells in bone marrow

which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the left and right renal arteries? - they both arise from the abdominal aorta below the superior mesenteric artery -the left renal artery is longer than the right -the right renal artery is somewhat higher than the left -the right renal artery arises below the superior mesenteric artery, while the left one arises below the inferior mesenteric artery

they both arise from the abdominal aorta below the superior mesenteric artery

all of the following statements concerning sinusoids are true except one. which is the exception? -they have a small lumen (5-10 micrometers) they are wider and more irregular than capillaries -they have walls that consist partly of phagocytic cells -they form part of the reticuloendothelial system which is concerned chiefly with phagocytosis and antibody formation

they have a small lumen (5-10 micrometers)

all of the following statements concerning erythrocytes are true except one, which is the exception? they are biconcave in shape they have average life span of 60 days they rely completely on anaerobic metabolism they have no nucleus they have no mitochondria they are disposed of by the spleen

they have an average lifespan of 60 days (its 120)

which branchial arch does glossopharyngeal nerve come from

third

which pharyngeal arch is the future greater cornu and lower part of hyoid bone

third

which pharyngeal pouch contributes to formatin of inferior parathyroid glands and thymus glands

third

what do parathyroid glands develop from

third and fourth pharyngeal pouches

which branchial arch is the future glossopharyngeal nerve and stylopharyngeus muscle

third arch

which branchial arch is the future greater cornu of hyoid bone, lower portion of body of hyoid bone

third arch

which branchial arch cartilage ossifies to form the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and the lower half of the body of the hyoid bone

third arch cartilage

The manubrium of the sternum articulates with all of the following structures except one, what is exception? - body of sternum - first rib - second rib -third rib -clavicle

third rib (articulates with body of sternum)

Which of the following is the first endocrine gland to appear in embryonic development and develops from endoderm invaded by mesenchymal cells? -hypothalamus gland -pituitary gland -thyroid gland -pineal gland

thyroid gland (day 24)

where is salti taste most sensitive

tip and sides

the vagus gives visceral sensory to what

tongue, pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, carotid sinus, stomach, small intestine

what are the two branches of facial artery off of the cervical portion?

tonsilar (to tonsils) and ascending palatine (ascends alongside pharynx to base of skull)

what are secondary lymph organs? what do they do?

tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix; filtering component

what do a-beta fibers carry info related to

touch

unilateral lesions of the hypoglossal nerve result in deviation of the tongue towards which side?

toward affected side

overdistenion of valves of AV orifices of heart is prevented by papillary muscles and what

trabeculae carneae

what are the structures of the lower respiratory tract

trachea, bronchi, lungs

which subcompartment of ECF is a set of fluids that are just outside of normal compartments that make up CSF, digestive juices, mucous, etc

transcellular fluid

what type of epithelium is found lining the urinary bladder that are specialized to change shape in response to pressure (cuboidal when empty and flattened when full)

transitional epithelium

where is the primary location of the globular cell

transitional epithelium (kidneys and bladder)

what is the process of taking information from DNA, encoding on RNA and using it to create proteins that ribosomes do

translation

autonomic ganglia contain motor cell bodies which are synpatic sitess where impulse does what

transmitted from axon of preganglionic to dendrites of postganglionic

what is the primary function of arteries? what about arterioles? capillaries? veins?

transport blood away from heart that rich in oxygen; control blood pressure; diffusion of nutrients/oxygen; carry blood back to heart

Most of the muscles that act on the shoulder girlde and upper limb joints are supplied by branches of the brachial plexus. Which of the following is NOT? -levator scapulae -rhomboid major -rhomboid minor -trapezius -serratus anterior -pectoralis minor -subclavius

trapezius (CN XI)

what word refers to a T-tubule sandwiched between two dilated cisternae of SR?

triad

Which muscle below inserts on the olecranon process of the ulna? -brachialis -triceps brachii -biceps brachii -coracobrachialis

triceps brachii

Preganglionic parasympathetic axons are associated with all of the following cranial nerves except one. Which is the exception? -oculomotor -facial -trigeminal -glossopharyngeal -vagus

trigeminal

Which cranial nerve supplies the derivatives of the first branchial arch? -trigeminal -facial -glossopharyngeal -vagus

trigeminal

sensory nerve fibers in the dental pulp originate from which CN

trigeminal

what is a large blunt projection for muscle attachments on femur

trochanter

what is the medial condyle at distal end of humerus ? what does it articulate with?

trochlea, ulna

what is the only cranial nerve that emerges from the back aspect of the brain stem

trochlear

the pituitary gland regulates many other glands via what type of hrmones

tropic hormones

The thymus is a predominent feature of the superior mediastinum during infancy and childhood. The thymus has numerous afferent lymphatics and lymphatic nodules

true then false (no afferent or lymphatics nodules)

what is a small rounded process

tubercle

what is a large rounded roughened process

tuberosity

the tuberosity of the radius gives attachment to what? styloid process to what?

tuberosity = biceps brachii tendon styloid process = brachioradialis muscle

what shape are sweat glands

tubular

after filtrating, fluid in tubules of nephrons undergo two more processes, both which involve the peritubular capillaries: what are they?

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

what shape are major salivary glands

tubuloacinar gland

what are all the major salivary glands classified as

tubuloalveolar or tubuloacinar

when does a tumor that leads to excess GH lead to pituitary Gigantism?

tumor prior to adolescence

which layer (or tunic) of the larger vessels is infiltrated with a system of tiny blood vessels called vasa vasorum that nourish the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall? -tunic intima -tunica media -tunica adventitia -none of the above

tunica adventitia

what is the outer layer of CT of BV? what does it contain? what nourishes it?

tunica adventitia; CT w/ elastic and collagenous fibers; vasa vasorum

what is the innermost layer of blood vessels? what type of epithelium does it have? what is this epithelium called? what type of vessels is this present in?

tunica intima; simple squamous epithelium - called endothelium and a thin basement membrane; ONLY layer present in all vessels of any size

what is the middle layer of BV that is usually very thick in arteries? what does it consist of?

tunica media; consists of smooth muscle fibers mixed with elastic fibers

what is the result of mitosis?

two identical daughter cells with same chromosomal content as parent cell

what is efferent pathway of autnomic nervous system

two nerve fibers from CNS to effector w/ synapse at ganglion

Which nerve supply preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to otic ganglion

tympanic and lesser petrosal branches of glossopharyngeal

the coronoid process is part of which bone? - radiums -humerus -ulna -scapula - clavicle

ulna

does the ulna contact any carpal bones? radius?

ulna no, radius = all of proximal row but pisiform

which terminal branch of medial cord of brachial plexus supplies motor innervation mainly to intrinsic muscles of hand and caries sensory innervation from medial 1.5 digits

ulnar nerve

which region contains stomach, pancreas, SI, transverse colon, right and left kidneys, right and left ureters, and cisterna chyli*****

umbilical

what are aka simple glands like sweat glands

unbranched

does gray matter of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies or myelinated nerve fibers

unmelinated nerve cell bodies

are the axons that converge on optic disk myelinated or unmyelinated

unmyelinated

Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are transported to the pituitary gland for storage by way of: -myelinated nerve fibers -both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers -unmyelinated nerve fibers -none of above

unmyelinated nerve fibers

the ventral rami of C5 and C6 unite to form what trunk of brachial plexus

upper

what is the upper surface of liver? and lower?

upper = diaphragmatic, lower = visceral

external carotid artery supplies neck, face, scalp, maxilla, and tongue, and begins at upper border of what? (where the termination of common carotid artery is) and terminates where?

upper border of thyroid cartilage and terminates within parotid gland

what forms the medial wall of the axilla

upper four or five ribs and intercostal muscles along with serratus anterior

upper limbs are supplied by what arteries? head and neck by what?

upper limbs by subclavian arteries; head and neck by common carotid arteries

where is olfactory epithelium very prominent of nasal cavity? what type of epithelium is it?

upper medial portion; pseudo stratified columnar epithelium (contains olfactory sensory cells)

what is the only trunk of brachial plexus that sends branches to innervates muscles

upper trunk

what dos TSH stimulate ?

uptake of iodine and synthesis and release of TH

what is the adult remnant of the allantois

urachus

what are long, slender, fibromuscular tubes that transport urine from pelvis of kidney to base of urinary bladder

ureter

where does filling of bladder constrict the ureters

ureterovesical junction

what is a fibromuscular tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of body (in males also carries semen)

urethra

what is a distensible sac that is situated in pelvic cavity posterior to pubic symphisis

urinary bladder

The aortic body is one of several small clusters of chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and supporting cells located along the aortic arch. It is innervated by the: -glossopharyngeal -vagus -accessory -hypoglossal

vagus

what is the parasympathetic nerve that supplies SI via celiac plexus to increase motility

vagus

what provides parasympathetic control to heart?

vagus

The accessory nerve CN 11 exits skull through jugular foramen with the: -vagus and hypoglossal nerve -facial and abducens nerves -glossopharyngeal and vestibulocochlear nerves -vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

where does ascending and transverse colon get parasympathetics from

vagus nerve

Which of the following travels with the esophagus through the esophageal opening in diaphragm? -aorta -thoracic duct -azogos vein -vagus nerve -Right phrenic nerve

vagus nerve (vAGUS travels with esophAGUS)

vertebral arteries give rise to what artery that supplies cerebellum? what about basilar artery?

vertebral arteries give rise to posterior inferior cerebellar artery; basilar to anterior inferior cerebellar artery and superior cerebellar artery

what supplies the posterior 2/5 of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

vertebrobasilar arteries

what is origin of vestibulospinal tract

vestibular nucleus

which disfunction of cerebellum is nystagmus, head tilt

vestibular sign

what epithelium lines vestibules? what about conchae?

vestibules = nonkeratinized stratified squamous; conchae = pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

which descending tract is responsible for coordination of posture and balance

vestibulospinal tract

what are some things that small intestine epithelium have

villi, brush border microvilli

do smooth muscles have cell junctions?

visceral = many multiunit = few

In the peripheral nervous system, which fibers carry impulses from viscera? -somatic affarent fibers -visceral afferent fibers -somatic efferent fibers -visceral efferent fibers

visceral afferent fibers

which fibers carrie impulses to smooth and caridac muscle

visceral motor

what type of peritoneum covers the organs

visceral peritoneum

which fibers carry impulses from viscera

visceral sensory fibers

which humor is a gel like substance in back of eyeball to provide shape

vitreous

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cardiac muscle? -voluntary -intercalated discs -less extensive SR than skeletal muscle -single nucleus

voluntary

plasma is 91% what? what is the other portion of plasma that is not water?

water, formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

in most cases, ptosis is caused by either a weakness of what muscle? or a problem with what nerve?

weakness of levator muscle or problme with occluomotor nerve

when does a tumor result in pituitary dwarfism?

when GH deficiency results in early displacement of epiphyseal cartilages of bone

what is the important point of whether gigantism or acromegaly will occur

whether the epiphyses of long bones have fused with shaft or not

which matter is inner and outer in SC?

white = outside gray = inside

what do neuronal cell processes group together as in brain

white matter

what type of mater makes up the cerbral medulla

white matter

all sympathetic preganglionic neurons enter paravertebral ganglion chain via what?

white ramus communicans (myelinated)

evntually the foramen ovale becomes permanently closed with what and becomes what