NBDE Anatomic Sciences
what makes up 55% of blood volume? 45%?
55% = plasma 45% = formed elements
what are the major proteins that make up the 7% of plasma that proteins make up
55% albumins, 38% globulins, and 7% fibrinogen
which pharyngeal pouch gives rise to ultimbobranchial bodies which make C cells of thyroid
5th (some books consider 5th rudimentary thus say its 4th)
when can the sex of an embryo be determined? how many chromosomes do females have? when is the barr body found in males?
8th week; 45 active chromosomes and one inactive barr body; Klinefelters (XXY)
The otic ganglion is associated which cranial nerve
9
the characteristic feature of the axoneme is what arrangement? aka what?
9+2 or 9 pairs of doublet microtubules
Which of the following cranial nerves originate from medulla oblongate? -CN 11 -CN 5 -CN 9 -CN 10 -CN 12 -CN6
9, 10, 11, 12
Which three cranial nerves arise from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata
9,10,11,
The glossopharyngeal nerve supply sensation to what
Faring some posterior third of tongue
RNA and DNA can be distinguished from one another by what reaction
Feulgen reaction
Which of the following is often called the "shipping department" of the cell -ER -mitochondria -nucleolus -Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
which hormone from anterior pituitary controls secretion of adrenocortical hormones which in turn affect the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat
Corticotropin
what are the 4 steps in fracture repair?
1 blood clot formation 2 bridging callus formation 3 periosteal callus formation 4 new endochondral bone formation
what are the 4 steps of initiation of bone mineralization
1 holes or pores in collagen 2 release of matrix vesicles by osteoblasts 3 alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts and matrix vesicles 4 degradation of matrix phosphate to release an inorganic phosphate group
the bronchial arteries that come off of thoracic portion of the aorta are highly variable but normally there are what types?
1 on right side and 2 on left
which cells primary function is speciazlied macrophages in liver
Kupffer cells
The action of which of the following muscles would be affected if the hamulus was fractured? -Uvular - Palatopharyngeus - Tensor Veli Palatini - Palatoglossus - Levator Veli Palatini
Tensor Veli Palatini
what are flattened somewhat triangular shaped endocrine glands resting on superior poles of each kidney? what is outer part? what is inner?
adrenal gland; outer=cortex, inner = medulla
where is the primary location of the chromatin cell
adrenal medulla and paravertebral ganglia of sympathetic nervous system
where does sympathetic tone dominate?
adrenal medulla, sweat glands, piloerector muscles of skin, and some BV
What are postganglionic sympathetic receptors called for norepinephrine
adrenergic receptors
tropic hormones are hormones that do what?
affect activity of another gland
The intercostal muscles are mainly active during forced respiration. The external intercostal muscles depress the ribs and hence are considered to be muscles of expiration.
True then false
Spinal nerves are formed by union of a dorsal root and ventral root that emerge segmentally from spinal cord and join apprximatley ate level of intervertebral foramen. Nerve fibers in dorsal root consist of -afferent or sensory processes -efferent or motor axons -afferent and efferent -autonomic sensoyr fibers
afferent
do afferent or efferent lymph vessels carry lymph into node
afferent
lymph nodes are only lymph organs with both what?
afferent and efferent vessels
which division of PNS include somatic sensory neruons (from skin, facia joints, etc) and visceral sensory neruons (carry hunger pangs, blodo pressure etc)
afferent divison
when does a tumor that leads to excess GH lead to acromegaly?
after adolescence
the inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of what? and they travel through what foramen?
V3, travel through mandibular foramen
what is the region of neural tube dorsal to sulcus limitans
alar plate
all longitudinal muscles of pharynx are innervated by what nerve? what is only exception?
all by vagus except stylopharyngeus muscle which is CN 9
red bone marrow contains precursor cells called hemocytoblasts that give rise to what of blood
all formed elements
one motor neuron innervates numerous muscle fibers and when it transmits and impulse what contracts simultaneously?
all the muscle fibers that motor neuron innervates
the vagus nerve does proprioception to what muscles?
all the ones mentioned before this
All of the following statements concerning the brachial plexus are true EXCEPT one. which is the exception? -fomed by ventral rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve -spinal nerves are formed by union of dorsal and ventral roots -the roots of the brachial plexus are formed by ventral primary rami of spinal nerves -the ventral primary rams of 7th cervical nerve remains as middle trunk -all trunks directly give rise to muscular branches
all turns directly give rise to muscular branches (not true)
where is sour taste most sensitive
along sides
endocrine cells of islets are what 4? what do they secretate
alpha = glucagon beta = insulin delta = somatostatin (inhibits release of GH, insulin, and TSH) gamma = secretes polypeptides
which cells primary function is producing glucagon
alpha cell
which motor neurons innervate extrafusal fibers associated with contraction
alpha motor neuron
which of the following components of respiratory system does NOT have cilia? -tertiary bronchioles - primary bronchioles -alveolar ducts - respiratory bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
alveolar ducts
what are macrophages found in pulmonary alveolus near pneumocytes, but separated from the wall
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
which cells primary function is forming enamel
ameloblast
the inner enamel epithelium specifically turns into what the makes what
ameloblasts that make enamel
All of the following carry deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit and empty directly into right atrium EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -IVC -azygos vein -SVC -coronary sinus
azygos vein
Most sensory info of the face cross is the midline and travels to the contralateral what
VENTRAL POSTEROMEDIAL nucleus of the thalamus via the ventral trigeminothalamic tract
what are the 5 subclavian artery branches?
VIT C and D Vertebral artery Internal thoracic artery Thyrocervical Trunk Costocervical Trunk Dorsal scapular artery
the medial lemnicsus passes rostrally through medulla, pons, and midbrain to termiante where
VPL of thalamus
spinal nerves divide into what two branches
VPR and DPR
What nerve provides the efferent limb of the gag reflex
Vagus
what is another word for plicae circulares? and where are they most prominent in SI?
Valves of kerckring; jejunum
what is a substance that is stained by acidic die to appear pink or red considered? what are some examples
acidophilic; mitochondria and lysosomes
which cells of anterior pituitary secrete GH and prolactin
acidophils
what shape are sebaceous and mammary glands
acinar
what are smaller secretory subunits of salivary glands that is a spheric collection of secretory cells surrounding the blind-ended termination of a single intercalated duct
acini
exocrine portion of pancreas is formed by secretory cells arranged in what? that secrete what?
acini that secrete pancreas juices
Hospital tests on a patient identify a tumor in the hypophysis that is excessively secreting GH. Given that the patient is a 25 yo male, what is expected outcome if no treatment is performed. -pituitary gigantism -pituitary dwarfism -acromegaly -achondroplasia
acromegaly
the clavicle forms the girdle of upper limb with the scapula at what joint? what joint does clavicle form with sternum?
acromioclavicular joint; sternoclavicular joint
which part of scapula provides an origin for deltoid muscle and insertion for trap muscle
acromion of scapula
Each myofibril is made of smaller strands of microfilaments; mainly?
actin and myosin
what innervates breast
anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 2-6 intercostal nerves
the SCM crosses the neck to from what triangles
anterior and posterior
what supplies the cecum of large intestine w blood?
anterior and posterior cecal arteries which are branches of the ileocolic artery which is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery
striated duct cells of salivary glands have a lot of mitcodhonria because they need energy for what
actively transporting ions
the number of mitochondria in a cell is proportional to what
activity of cell (so stuff like kidney and cardiac cells have more)
moving towards midline
adduction
what does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle do
adducts the vocal cords
what does medial rectus do to eye? what innervates it?
adducts; CN III
which portion of the pituitary is the glandular portion? wht does it arise from?
adenohypophysis - oral ectoderm
Which portion of the pituitary gland is formed from an invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium (Rathke's pouch) -adenohypophysis -neurohypophysis -pars nervosa -infundibulum -pituitary stalk
adenohypotphysis
which tonsils are located on posterior wall of nasopharynx at their peak of development during childhood
adenoids (pharyngeal) - DONT contain crypts
The part of a developing salivary gland destined to become responsible for its functioning is called the: -acini -follicle -adenomere -lobule
adenomere
what are the secretory subunits of lobules of salivary glands that consist of all the secretory cells that release their products into a single intralobular duct
adenomeres
each trunk of the brachial plexus splits into what? what does each division do?
anterior and posterior division; anterior = flexors and posterior = extensors
the right cornary artery aries from what part of ascending aota
anterior aortic sinus
what is origin of inferior constrictor
arch of cricoid and oblique line of thyroid cartilages
granulose cells have what enzyme that converts androgens into estrogens?
aromatase
the greatest drop in blood pressure is seen at the transition from: -arterioles to capillaries -arteries to arterioles -capillaries to venues -venules to veins
arteries to arterioles
the highest pressure of circulating blood is found where? how does it change as it goes through circulation
arteries; decreases as it goes through arterioles, capillaries, venues and veins (lowest)
what is the arterial supply for hindgut? what is venous drainage? what is lymphatic drainage?
artery = inferior mesenteric artery; venous = hepatic portal system (via inferior mesenteric vein) lymph = superior and inferior mesenteric nodes
what is the arterial supply for midgut? what is venous drainage? what is lymphatic drainage?
artery = superior mesenteric artery; venous = hepatic portal system (via mesenteric vein); lymphatic = superior mesenteric nodes
what is the double layered CT (outer if fibrous CT) surrounding joint
articular (joint) capsule
what caps each epiphysis to facilitate joint movement
articular cartilage
what is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the smooth articular bone surfaces of joints
articular cartilage
what forms anterior boundary of mandibular fossa to help keep mandible in position
articular eminence
what is the shortest part of colon
ascending
the arterial blood supply of the heart is provided by the right and left coronary artery which arise from what
ascending aorta immediately above aortic valve
what is a short vessel that starts at the aortic opening of the left ventricle? what are the only branches of this artery?
ascending aorta; only branches are right and left coronary arteries
what is the absence of normal spleen function associated with serious infection risks, especially encapsulated bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, and neisseria meningitidis
asplenia
Which type of neuroglial cells provide structural support of GNS -satellite cells -oligodendrocytes -astrocytes -ependymal cells
astrocytes
which disfunction of cerebellum is a disturbance that alters the direction of the extent of voluntary movements like abnormal gate or controlled movements
ataxia
what joint permits rocking or nodding movements of head as in saying "yes"
atlanto-occipital joints
the paramedics arrive at the scene of a minor motor vehicle collision. one driver claims to have experienced whiplash and is having trouble shaking her head in a "no" motion. she is fine with nodding her head in a "yes" manner. Which of the following joints allows maximum rotation movement of head about its vertical axis (saying no) intervertebral atlantoaxial atlanto-occipital costoverterbral
atlantoaxial
which area of brain detects auditory signals
auditory area
what equalizes air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane
auditory tube
the cartilaginous anti helix, crux of helix, lobule, triages, and concha all make up what
auricle of external ear
what branch of vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion to supply the auricle and external auditory meatus
auricular nerve
Pain impulses from a fractured condylar neck are carried by what nerve
auriculotemporal nerve
postganglionic parasympaethic fibers reach parotid gland via which nerve?
auriculotemporal nerve
the parotid sheath and overlying skin are innervated by what?
auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) and the great auricular nerve (C2, C3 from cervical plexus)
A student dozing off in class is unexpectedly called on by the professor to answer a question, not knowing it the hair on the back of his neck stands up, his pupils dilate and his heart starts to race. this fight or flight response is controled by? -somatic NS -autonomic NS -CNS -sensory NS
autonmic nervous system
the cords of brachial plexus are all named according to position relative to what
axillary artery
mammary glands drain lymph into what nodes
axillary lymph nodes
which terminal branch of posterior cord supplies motor innervation to deltoid, trees minor muscles only and sensory innervation from skin below point of shoulder
axillary nerve
what is nerve supply of the deltoid muscle? action?
axillary nerve C5 and C6; abducts upper limb at shoulder joint
the growth of neural tissue during 4th week of prenatal development causes folding of embryonic disc establishing what
axis
Which of the following is the most prominent structural component of cilium and flagella? -centriole -axoneme -inclusion bodies -microfilaments
axoneme
what is the core scaffold of eukaryotic cilia and flagella which are projections from the cell ? what are they made of?
axonemes; microtubules
what is a substance that is stained by the basic dye to appear blue or purple? what are some examples
basophilic; such as nucleus or rough ER because of high DNA and RNA content
which cells of anterior pituitary secrete TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH
basophils
what two cells can release heparin, histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin
basophils and mast cells
which of the following cells are granulocytes? -basophils -lymphocytes -monocytes -neutrophils -macrophages -eosinophils
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
which WBC has obscure nucleus and light purple granules what is function?
basophils, release histamine, heparin, and serotonin
middle ear infections are prevalent why? what is main bacteria?
because of connections between tympanic cavity and mastoid air cells and nasopharynx; streptococcus pneumonia
when the primary oocyte results in four daughter cells produced, only 1 daughter cells is viable why?
because the other 3 are very small and become polar bodies and eventually disentegrate
the recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery pass where in relation to pharyngeal constrictors
below inferior constrictor
the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates mucous membrane of larynx where
below vocal folds
which cells primary function is producing insulin
beta cells
C8 nerve arises where
between C7 and T1
nerve C1 arises where
between Cranium and atlas
where does thoracic duct ascend in thorax?
between aorta and zygotes vein
where is the primary location of the mesenchymal cell
between ectoderm and endoderm of embryos
what is spleen found ? what does it look like
between fundus of stomach and diaphragm; purple, ovalish, helium on lower medial border
internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery pass where in relation to pharyngeal constrictors
between middle and inferior constrictors
stylopharyngeus muscle, glossopharyngeal nerve, stylohyoid ligament pass where in relation to pharyngeal constrictors
between superior and middle constrictors
A woman in Ethiopia who has human papilloma virus infection starts to grow warts on her larynx and respiratory tract. In order to allow her to breathe, an emergency airway may be established by opening into the trachea: -through the thyrohyoid membrane -between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage - between the thyroid cartilages -above the level of thyroid cartilage
between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
pancreatic secretions are alkaline because they contain what to do what?
bicarbonate because they neutralize acidic chyme
what is most carbon dioxide (70%) transported as
bicarbonate in blood
what is a result of lack of fusion of lateral tongue swellings
bifid tongue
why do patients with cancer of head of pancreas usually present with jaundice?
blockage of bile duct develops
what are sympathetic fibers in teeth thought to end on?
blood vessels
lamina propria of small intestine is formed from loose connective tissue that contains what
blood vessels, nerves, and large lymphatic vessels (site of lipid absorption)
one function of lymph system is to return tissue fluid to what
bloodstream
what is the middle or main portion of stomach distal to fundus and tapering in size
body
what are primary lymph organs? and why are they primary
bone marrow and thymus; responsible for generation and selection of lymphocyates
Cutaneous branches of dorsal and ventral rami, EXCEPT for C1 spinal nerve, supply a specific dermatome, the area of skin supplied by branches of single spinal nerve. The dermatomes supplied by adjacent spinal nerves may overlap; consequently a lesion of a single spinal nerve may not result in cutaneous sensory loss
bot true
The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the skull's sphenoid bone and is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk like infundibulum. The pituitary develops from two different sources: an upgrowth from the ectoderm of the stomodeum and a downgrwoth from the neuroectoderm of diencephalon.
both are true
what nerve innervates foliate papillae
both facial (anterior) and glossopharyngeal (posterior)
Endocrine glands are glands whose secretions pass into a sysem of ducts that lead ultimately to exterior of body. Exocrine glands in contracts secrete their products into blood rather than through a duct.
both false
the lateral pterygoid plate provides origin for what muscles?
both lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
what makes up inner medulla of thymus gland
both lymphocytes and Hassal corpuscles
Compact bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow. Compact bone is lighter and less dense than spongy bone.
both statements are false
The thyroid normally produces about 90% T3 and 10% T4. T4 is the major active form of thyroid hormones at cellular level.
both statements are false
All of the arteries that supply the stomach are derived directly or indirectly from the celiac trunk. The celiac artery has three terminal branches; the splenic, left gastric, and common hepatic arteries.
both statements are true
The dural venous sinuses are endothelium lined channles that receive cerebral veins Dural sinuses lack smooth muscle and valves
both statements are true
The right coronary artery arises from the anterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta and runs forward between the pulmonary trunk and the right auricle. The left coronary artery, which is usually larger than the right coronary artery, arises from the left posterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta and passes forward between the pulmonary trunk and left auricle
both statements are true
The structures of the upper respiratory tract include the nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx. The lower respiratory tract structures are the trachea, bronchi, and lungs
both statements are true
The urinary bladder is slightly lower in the female than in the male. When empty, the bladder lies below and posterior to the pubic bone. When full, it may expand superiorly above the pubic bone, elevating its covering layer of peritoneum with it.
both statements are true
the ovaries are homologous with the testes in the male. the main function of ovaries is to produce mature ova
both statements are true
what is SCM action? innervation?
both together extend head and flex neck; one muscle rotates head to opposite side - accessory nerve
the vestibulocochlear nerve splits into what to portions?
cochlear for hearing and vestibular for equilibrium
what derives bones flexibility and tensile strength
collagen fibers
some blood is not filtered and passes into the efferent vessels and peritubular capillaries and many substances that are filtered are returned to the peritubular capillaries from tubules by reabsorption and waste products are retained and emptied into what
collecting tubule which is discharged to ureters
what are thyroid follicles filld with
colloid (storage form of t3 and t4)
The gall bladder is joined by the cystic duct to the common hepatic duct to form what
common bile duct
what artery is branchless and travels up neck, lateral to trachea and larynx, to the upper border of thyroid cartilage in a sheath deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
common carotid
the lingual and facial artery come from what of external carotid
common trunk of external carotid artery
what is it called when cardiac muscle fibers respond to an increased demand by increasing size of fiber
compensatory hypertrophy
filtered lymph leaves through efferent lymph vessels and merge through what part
concave hilum
what does the articular disk sit between?
condylar process of mandible on inferior side and mandibular fossa and articular eminence of temporal bone on superior side
most experts say that soft tissue development caries mandible downward and forward and that what fills the resultant space to maintain contact with base of skull
condyle growth
why is a mucous layer of eye that keeps it moist
conjunctiva
which function of the spleen is handled by the venous sinusoids tissue
contraction of spleen and method for expelling the contained blood to meet increased circulatory demands
what does transverse arytenoid muscle do
contracts to close airway posteriorly for speech
the spinal cord terminates at the: -conus medulares -subarachnoid space -filum terminale -aracnoid space -cauda equina -central canal
conus medularis
what is the terminal end of the spinal cord? what level
conus medullaris - L2
afferent lymph vessels enter on what surface of node
convex
what muscles origin is the coracoid process of scapula and inserts on the medial aspect of shaft of humerus
corachobrachialis
what is the dome shaped outer covering of eye where most focusing of light occurs
cornea
which epithelial cells secrete enterogastrones (secretin and cholecystokinin) into blood stream? where are they most common
enteroendocrine cells; duodenum
where are G cells in stomach? what do they do?
entire stomach; produce gastrin
what does the internal carotid artery divide into? what does it supply?
divides into anterior and middle cerebral arteries, supply anterior 3/5 of cerebrum
the buccinator is the first muscle pierced when doing what? where does it insert?
doing mandibular IAN; inserts at orbiculares iris at angle of mouth
which WBC has lobed nucleus and red or yellow granules what is function?
eosinophils, may phagocytize Ab-Ag complexes (active against parasites)
what cells contribute to formation of the choroid plexus
ependymal cells
Arachnoid vili act as one-way-valves which only allows that dont let what happen if CSF pressure is less than venous pressure
dont let blood go into ventricles
prolactin inhibitory factor is what?
dopamine
which body cavity is subdivided into the cranial and vertebral cavities
dorsal cavity
Examination of a patient with an ulcerative carcinoma of the posterior third of the tongue revealed bleeding from the lesion and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). The bleeding was seen to be arterial; which of the following arteries was involved -deep lingual artery -dorsal lingual artery -tonsillar artery -sublingual artery
dorsal lingual artery
which branch of lingual artery runs on the superficial surface of the tongue and thus delivers blood to posterior superficial tongue
dorsal lingual artery
stimulation of adrenal medulla causes release of what?
epi and norepi (also caused by direct sympathetic stimulation excepts last longer than when stimulated by hormones)
what is the visceral layer of serous pericardium
epicardium
what is a projection or swelling on a condyle
epicondyle
tissues that lack blood vessels also lack lymph vessels, these include what 4 main tissues
epidermis, cartilage, CNS, and thyms
The spermatic cord contains all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -ductus deferens -testicular artery -epididymis -lymphatics -pampiniform plexus of veins -autonomic nerves of testes
epididymis
what is a potential space over the dura mater that only ebcomes actual space w/ hematoma
epidural
the testes is capped by what that emerges from the tail of the ductus deferens
epidydmis
which region involves the esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, transverse colon, right and left adrenals, right and left kidneys, right and left ureters
epigastric
The connective tissue layer that envelops the entire skeletal muscle is called the: -perimysium -epimysium -endomysium -fasiculus
epimysium
during the growing phase of bone, the diaphysis is separated from epiphysis by what
epiphyseal cartilage
the midbrain connects dorsally with what
erebellum
esophagus receives parasympathetic fibers from what
esophageal branches of vagus nerve
esophagus receive sympathetic innervation from what
esophageal plexus of nerves
the superior and middle conchae are part of what bone
ethmoid
which bone is the cribriform plate with foramina in? what is the contents?
ethmoid bone, Olfactory nerve CN I
the lateral sinuses project downward from cribriform plate and contain what?
ethmoid sinuses and also makes medial wall of orbit
the middle ethmoidal sinuses drain into what on lateral wall of middle meatus
ethmoidal bulla
what is extended and transcriptionally active form of DNA
euchromatin
turning foot laterally resulting in sole moving outward
eversion
mediastinum contains all thoracic viscera except what? what are the two divines of it?
except lungs, superior mediastinum, lower mediastinum (that is subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior depending upon where the pericardium is)
merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands are what kind
exocrine glands
which portion of pancreas is responsible for for secreting pancreatic lipase, malaise, carboxypeptidase, elastase, and chymotrypinogen
exocrine pancreas
what is the suture between frontal and parietal bones
coronal suture
what receives most of the venous blood from the heart and empties into the right atrium?
coronary sinus
the empty follicle after releasing ovum fills with blood and regresses into what?
corpus luteum
the medium sized hepatic artery runs forward and to the right and then ascends between the layers of the lesser omentum and at the port hepatitis divides into right and left branches to supply what
corresponding lobes of liver
which part of ovary contains the ova at different stages of development
cortex
what are the 3 types of lymphoid parenchyma
cortex, paracortex, medulla
what is the outer, light brown layer of the kidney? what is it the site of? what parts of kidney are found here?
cortex; blood filtration; glomeruli and proximal and distal convoluted tubules
what makes anterior pituitary secrete ACTH
corticotropin releasing hormone
what is the groove between ridge of internal surface of rib and inferior border? what runs in here from most superior to inferior?
costal groove; Vein, artery, nerve
what are the two roots of the accessory nerve?
cranial and spinal
which nerve dermatomes do not have overlap and which do?
cranial nerves do NOT whereas spinal nerves do
as the spermatic cord passes under the lower border of the internal oblique, the spermatic cord carries with it some of the muscles fibers that are called what
cremaster
what is a prominent elevated ridge or border of a bone
crest
air enters through nostrils (external nares) that lead to the vestibules of the nose. the bony roof of the nasal cavity is formed by what? the lateral walls have what bony projections? what are spaces between these bony projections?
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone; nasal conchae (superior middle and inferior); meatuses
the recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate all muscles of the larynx except what?
cricothyroid (external laryngeal branch)
what is a preferable option for non surgeons in emergency respiratory obstructions when incision is made through skin and cricothyroid membrane of relief of acute respiratory obstruction
cricothyrotomy
what is part of perpendicular plate that serves as attachment for falx cerebri
crista galli
what is it when two chromosomes exchange fragments?
crossing over
gallbladder receives blood from what? it is innervated by what?
cystic artery from hepatic artery; vagal fibers from celiac plexus
platelets are best described as? -megakaryocytes -cytoplasmic fragments -agranulocytes -immature leukocytes -lymphoid cells
cytoplasmic fragments
Which of the following nerves provides sensory fibers to larynx above vocal cords -external laryngeal -internal laryngeal -accessory nerve -recurrent laryngeal
internal laryngeal nerve
what nerve plays important role in cough reflex which keeps interior of larynx free of foriegn material
internal laryngeal nerve
what provides sensory info to mucosa of larynx above vocal folds?
internal laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal nerve)
what arteries supply the thymus? what innervates it
internal mammary, superior thyroid, and inferio thyroid; innervated by vagus nerve
what is the interval between successive cell divisions during which the cell is metabolizing and the chromosomes are directing RNA synthesis
interphase
what does LH stimulate in males?
interstitial cells of leydig to secrete testosterone
which subcompartment of ECF surrounds the cells but does not circulate comprising about 3/4 of ECF
interstitial fluid
what are the 3 sub compartments of extracellular fluid
interstitial fluid, plasma and trancellular fluid
what are simple tubular glands that open to intestinal lumen between base of vili that are sometimes called crypts of Liberkuhn
intestinal glands
increasing inner angle of joint
extension
what does the first branchial groove (cleft) form
external auditory meatus
what supplies cricothyroid muscle?
external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
the maxillary artery and superficial temporal arteries are terminal branches of what
external carotid artery
the lingual artery arises from anterior surface of what? it loops upward and then passes deep to the posterior border of what to enter the submandibular region? what nerve crosses this loop superficially?
external carotid artery; hyoglossus muscle; hypoglossal nerve
what does sympathetic innervation of parotid gland come from
external carotid plexus
which part of ear consists of auricle (pinna) and external auditory canal
external ear
what does the external carotid artery supply
face and scalp
what all does the facial artery supply
face, tonsils, palate, labial glands, muscle of lips, submandibular gland, ala and dorsum of nose, and muscle of facial expression
The geniculate ganglion is associated with which cranial nerves? -trigeminal -facial -glossopharyngeal -vagus
facial
what nerve innervates fungiform papillae
facial
what is blood supply of submandibular? venous draining? lymph nodes/
facial and lingual arteries and veins; submandibulr and deep cervical lymp nodes
all paranasal sinuses drain into nasal cavity by way of what? only exception is what?
into meatuses; exception is sphenoidal sinus which drains into sphenoethmoidal recess
the parotid duct travels over the masseter muscle and penetrates the buccinator muscle to enter oral cavity where
into mouth opposite upper 2nd molar
what provides an attachment for the myocardium and maintains the patency of the AV and semilunar valve that provides an attachment site for leaflets and cusps of valves
fibrous skeleton
what are the three layers of pericardium from outer to inner
fibrous, parietal, visceral
which branchial arch is absent in humans
fifth
A 46 yo woman comes into office for cleaning. He notices that her tongue is slightly swoellen, fiery red, and smooth. Her diet history indicates she has had a loss of appetite for some time and she has been feeling fatigued. A call to her physician indicates iron deficiency anemia and associated glossitis. In glossitis, the smooth nature of the tongue is caused by lack of papillae that are most numerous and cover anterior 2/3 of tongue. -foliate -circumvallate -fungiform -filiform
filiform
renal corpuscles is the site of what?
filtration
spinal cord is connected to coccyx by what
filum terminale
which pharyngeal arch is the future mandible and maxilla, meckel cartilage, incus, malleus, sphenomalleolar ligament, sphenomandibular ligament
first
which pharyngeal pouch contributes to formation of tympanic membrane, auditory tube, tympanic cavity, and mastoid antrum
first
the spinal accessory nerve contains skeletal motor axons that arise from the spinal cord with ventral roots of what nerves
first 4 or 5 cervical nerves
what are the 4 branches of facial artery off of the facial portion?
inferior labial (to lower lip); superior labial (to upper lip and vestibule of nose); lateral nasal (to lateral wall of nose); angular (to medial side of eye - can sometime anastomose with dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery)
the lesser petrosal nerve passes through what foramen before syanpsing in otic ganglion
foramen ovale
after branching off of the maxillary artery in the infra temporal fossa, the middle meningeal artery runs through what foramen to supply the dura mater and the calavaria?
foramen spinosum
what is the lateral aperture that allows fourth ventricle to communicate with subarachnoid space
foramina of Luschka
the nasaolacrimal duct drains tears from surface of eyes into what?
inferior meatus
the distal portion of the duodenum receives its blood supply from what
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery which branches from the superior mesenteric artery
what structures do the jugular foramen transmit
inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus (becomes internal jugular vein), the posterior meningeal artery (at this point still called the ascending pharyngeal artery), and the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves
the vagus nerve provides sensory to where?
inferior pharynx and larynx
parasympethtic fibers from what nucleus of glossopharyngeal nerve supply parotid gland
inferior salivatory nucleus
the esophagus receives blood from what 3 branches of aorta and what other arteries
inferior thyroid, bronchial, and esophageal arteries as well as left gastric and inferior phrenic arteries
all the blood supplied to the liver from the hepatic arteries and the portal vein eventually drains via the hepatic veins to the: -hepatic sinusoids -azygos vein -superior vena cava -inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava
which division of gut tube includes esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and proximal part of duodenum up to point of entry of common bile duct and spleen (lasted there but not a gut organ)
foregut
what are the 3 consecutive stages of palate formation?
formation of primary palate, formation of secondary palate, completion of palate
what are 3 main functions of urinary system
forming urine, maintaining homeostasis, and hormone secretion (erythropoietin and renin)
what is a shallow depression that may or may not be an articulating surface
fossa
what of lymph vessels or nodes is an important indicator of possible injury, infection, or disease
inflammation/enlargement
the pterygopalatine fossa communicates laterally with what ? through what?
infra temporal fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure
what is a depression in the right atrium of the heart that is a remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development
fossa ovalis
what is the adult remnant of the foramen ovale
fossa ovalis
whee is white pulp located? what does it contain? and what does it do?
found w/in red pulp, contains lumps of lymphoid tissue, makes antibodies
which pharyngeal pouch contributes to formation of the superior parathyroid gland
fourth
which branchial arch is the future superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve, most pharyngeal constrictors, levator veli palatini and cricothyroid muscle
fourth arch
which branchial arch catilage forms the cartilages of the larynx (thyroid, crycoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform)
fourth through sixt arch cartilage (laryngeal cartilage)
Which of the following can be defined as small, very shallow depressions on bone? - fovea - meatus - sulcus - fissure
fovea
what is a small, very shallow depression
fovea
pain originates in the pulp due to what?
free nerve endings (only type of receptors for pain in pulp) and respond regardless of stimulation type
the small cardiac vein receives blood from what parts of heart? and empties where into coronary sinus?
from back of right atrium and right ventricle; right extremity of coronary sinus
which lobe are the motor area and prefrontal areas in
frontal lobe
the lateral wall of the orbit is formed mostly by what?
frontal process of zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid bone
the middle meatus lies below and lateral to middle concha and receives openings to what?
frontal, maxillary, anterior, and ethmoidal sinuses
what are the 4 bones the zygomatic bone articulates with?
frontal, sphenoidal, temporal, and maxilla
which bone is the supraorbital foramen and canal found? what are contents?
frontal; supraorbital nerve artery and vein
what forms the cranial boundary of the stomeodeum that in the future gives rise to upper face including forehead, bridge of nose, primary palate, nasal septum, and all structures related to medial nasal processes
frontonasal process
what is origin and future tissues of lateral nasal processes
frontonasal process lateral to nasal pits; nasal alae
what is origin and future tissues of medial and nasal processes
frontonasal process medial to nasal pits; middle of nose, philitrum region, intermaxillary segment
which part of stomach is enlarged portion distal to cardia lying above and to left of gastroesophageal opening
fundus
where are parietal cells found in stomach? what do they do?
fundus and body; secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
where are chief cells of stomach? what do they do?
fundus and body; secrete pepsinogen
which papillae are knob-like or muschroom shaped projections found on tip and sides of tingue innervated by facial nerve
fungiform papillae
what is the origin and future tissue of mandibular arch?
fused mandibular processes and neural crest cells; lower lip, lower face, mandible with associated tissues
what is origin and future tissues of intermaxillary segment
fused medial nasal processes; anterior protion of maxilla with associated tissues, primary palate
the thalamus is what kind of matter that lies on either side of third ventricle
gray matter
what do neuronal cell bodies group together in as brain
gray matter
what type of mater makes up the cerebral cortex
gray matter
all post ganglionic sympathetic nerves to peripheral organs are via what
gray ramus communicans
what provides sensory info for skin over parotid gland and mastoid process and both surfaces of outer ear
great auricular nerve (C2 and C3)
which fibers of the thoracic sympathetic ganglion come from T5-T9 and pass throug crura of diaphragm to end in celiac ganglion
greater
what is origin of middle constrictor
greater and lesser horns of hyoid
what goes through pterygoapaltine canal
greater and lesser palatine nerves arteries and veins
how doe size an depth of cranial fossa change between each of them?
increase and size and depth from anterior to posterior
what is a common acute usually self limited infection disease caused by EBV characterized by fever, membrane pharyngitis, lymph node, and splenic enlargement
infection mononucleosis
a decrease in sodium chloride concentration initiates a signal from macula densa that has what two effects?
decrease resistance to blood flow in afferent arterioles which increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and helps return GFR to normal and it increases renin release from juxtaglomerular cells of afferent and efferent arterioles which are major storage sites for renin
what goes through the pterygoid canal?
deep and greater petrosal nerves which form nerve of pterygoid canal and area vessels
the medial pterygoid is made of what two heads? which makes up the bulk?
deep and superficial; deep makes up more
which border of heart is made up of righ atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle
inferior
what is the source of the incisive artery? what does it supply?
inferior alveolar artery; supplies anterior teeth
what is the source of the mental artery? what does it supply?
inferior alveolar artery; supplies labial gingiva of anterior teeth
what does the mental nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
inferior alveolar nerve, anterior aspects of chin and lower lip as well as buccal gingiva of mandible anterior teeth and premolars
what does the incisive nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
inferior alveolar nerve, mandibular anterior teeth
what is parasympathetic pathway from CN 3
inferior division V3 > ciliary ganglion > short ciliary nerve > eyes
which branch of external iliac artery anastomoses w/ superior epigastric artery in rectus sheath in area of umbilicus
inferior epigastric artery (from external iliac artery)
what is the sensory ganglia for the vagus nerve that lies just below the jugular foramen
inferior ganglion
does the inferior or superior compartment of TMJ act as the hinge component? what type of movement does it allow?
inferior is hinge, rotational movement
blood supply is provided by tonsillar branches of what five arteries
dorsal lingual artery (of lingual artery); ascending palatine artery (of facial artery); tonsillar branch (of facial artery); ascending pharyngeal artery (of external carotid artery); and lesser palatine artery (of descending palatine artery)
where are the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron to duodenum for vagus nerve
dorsal motor nucleus
sensory nuerons have cell bodies where
dorsal root ganglion
what are two layered folds of peritoneum connecting parts of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall. These folds permit blood, lymph vessels, and nerves to each viscera
mesenteries
the adrenal cortex develops from what?
mesoderm
the adrenal cortex is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the blood is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the bone is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the dermis is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the dura mater is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the elements of the branchial arches are of neural crest origin except for catilages of the 4th - 6th branchial arches which are derived from what
mesoderm
the heart is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the kidney/ureter is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the muscles is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the spleen is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the vessels is a derivative of what?
mesoderm
the branchial arches are six pairs of U shaped bars with a core mesenchyme which is formed by what
mesoderm and neural crest cells that migrate to neck region
what makes a second median swelling called the copula that makes posterior part of tongue?
mesoderm from the second, third, and fourth branchial arches
which stage of mitosis is when the chromosomes align at equatorial plate and are held in place by microtubules attached to mitotic spindle and to part of centromere
metaphase
what is the part of the diaphysis that lies adjacent to epiphyseal cartilage
metaphysis
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate and are held in place by microtubules attached to mitotic spindle and to part of centromere? -interphase -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase
metphase
which cells primary function is specialized macrophages located in nervous system
microglial
which cell are residnet immune cells of CNS
microglial cells
the oculomotor and trochlear nerves originate from what
midbrian
the ventral rams of C7 continues as what trunk of brachial plexus
middle
which of the following branches of the internal carotid artery is most frequently implicated in a stroke ophthalmic artery anterior choroidal artery middle cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
what is the largest branch of the internal carotid? what does it supply?
middle cerebral artery; potion of frontal lobe and lateral surface of temporal and parietal lobes including primary motor and sensory areas of face, throat, hand, and arm
the superior orbital fissure communicates with what fossa
middle cranial fossa
which cranial fossa is considered to be the "busiest" - anterior cranial fossa - middle cranial fossa - posterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
which part of ear is air filled cavity within petrous part of temporal bone that contains the three ossicles (malleus, stapes, and incus) that transmit sound
middle ear
where does maxillary sinus drain into?
middle meatus through semilunar hiatus
which part of mediastinum contains the pericardium and heart
middle mediastinum
which region if inferior mediastinum consist of pericardium, heart and adjacent great vessels, the phrenic nerves and the main bronchi
middle mediastinum
what is the origin of the aanterior corticospinal tract
motor cortex on same side as location in cod
what are the principal functions of smooth muscle
movement in walls of hallow organs
what are the principal functions of skeletal muscle?
movement of bones, heat production, posture
adduction is described as: moving away from midline of body rotating the forearm with the palm turning inward turning the foot laterally resulting in the sole moving outward moving towards the midline of the body
moving towards midline of body
the pectinate muscles are prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located where?
much of right atrium and both auricles
what are the 4 layers of esophageal wall from lumen outwards
mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, glands), submucosa (CT, BV, glands), muscularis (proximal 1/3 = striated muscle, distal 2/3 = smooth muscle), adventitia (CT that merges w/ CT of other structures)
what type of glands are buccal glands, glands of esophagus, and glands of cardiac and pyloris of stomach
mucous
where is the primary location of the goblet cell
mucous membranes of respiratory and intestinal tracts
does lymph drain through one or multiple sets of lymph nodes before entering venous system
multiple
What are postganglionic parasympathetic acetocholine receptors called
muscarinic
What are sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter receptors that sweat glands called
muscarinic
what is a slight narrowing of the body of the bone that supports the head
neck
what is the subunit of kidney that purifies blood and maintains a safe balance of solutes and water
nephron
What nerve carries sensory fibers to the anterior portion of the TMJ
nerve to masseter and some of deep temporal nerves
what innervates subclavius? what is action?
nerve to subclavius from upper trunk of brachial plexus; depress clavicle and steads this bone during movements of shoulder girlde
dorsal root ganglion cells, autonomic ganglion cells, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, neurolemma cells, melanocytes, and leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid mater) all come from what ebryonic origin
neural crest cells
what nucleus is located in the ventrolateral medulla in its upper half that is a column of motor neurons that sends its axons to cranial nerves 9, 10, 11
nucleus ambiguus
what is the adult remnant of the notochord
nucleus pulposus
what is an opening of diaphysis that provides site for nutrient vessels to enter and exit the medullary cavity
nutrient foramen
which bone is the jugular foramen found? what are contents?
occipital and temporal; inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus (becoming internal jugular vein), posterior meningeal artery, and glossopharyngeal vagus and accessory nerves
which bone is the hypoglossal canal in? what is the contents?
occipital bone, hypoglossal nerve CN XII
which lobe of brain is the viscual area in?
occipital lobe
which bone is the foramen magnum found? what are contents?
occipital, spinal cord, vertebral arteries, and spinal roots of accessory nerve
which cells primary function is forming dentin
odontoblast
mesenchymal cells in dental papilla adjacent to inner enamel epithelium differentiate into what
odontoblasts
the dental papillae turns into undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that make what?
odontoblasts > dentin
peripheral layer of pulp cells give rise to what
odontoblasts that form dentin
what is the curved projection on the back of the elbow that gives attachment to triceps tendon?
olecranon
where does olfactory nerve exit skull
olfactory
what foramina does the cribriform plate of ethmoid ? what nerves?
olfactory foramina; olfactory nerves
the cribiform plate consists of perforated areas on either side of crista galli which transmit what
olfactory nerve bundles
what are glial cells that form myelin for parts of multiple axons in CNS
oligodendrocytes
where is bitter taste most sensitive
on back
where is unami taste most sensitive
on back and sides
where are geniohyoids found? what is attachment?
on each side of midline directly on top of mylohyoid; genial tubercle and hyoid
because submandibular and sublingual glands drain both ipsilateral and contralateral sides, tumor cells are often found where
on opposite side
the liver is the largest visceral organ and gland in the body and is located where
on right side of abdomen
where is sweet taste most sensitive
on tip
how often does producing one egg cell via oogenesis occur?
once a month from puberty to menopause
what happens with contraction of one lateral pterygoid? with both?
one = lateral deviation of mandible (shifts to opposite side) two = protrusion
what is the efferent pathway of somatic nervous system
one nerve fiber from CNS to effector (no ganglia)
which bands/zone change with muscle contraction
only I and H
in WHO is the the thymus blood supply isolated from parenchyma which is sometimes referred to as what
only in adults (NOT KIDS) blood thymus barrier
flagella are present only where in humans? whats the difference between cilia and flagella
only in spermatozoa; much longer than cilia
which type of muscle can mitotically divide?
only smooth muscle
the duodenum is first part of SI with a C shape that encircles what? how is its length/width?
pancreas head; shortest but widest
where is the primary location of the islet cell
pancrease
just before the common bile duct enters the duodenum, it is joined by what duct
pancreatic duct
the crypts secrete various enzymes including sucrase and maltase and enteropeptidase with what cells found at the base?
paneth sells at base
cortical collecting duct is the final concentration of filtrate which then empties into what
papillary ducts within medulla
which region of lymph node is dominated by T cells even tho B cells enter the node from blood in this region and quickly move to superficial cortex
paracortical region
which cells of thyroid secrete calcitonin
parafollicular or C cells
haversian canals contain blood vessels that run how compared to long axis of bone
parallel
does symp or parasymp tone dominatne most organs
parasymp
where does lung get parasympathetic nerves? what about sympathetic?
parasymp = vagus, symp = second to fourth thoracic sympathetic ganglia
Which lobe of cerebral cortex is associated with processing tactile sensory info such as pressure, touch, and pain -frontal -occipital -temporal -parietal
parietal lobe
what type of peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
parietal peritoneum
which lobe of brain is the somesthetic area that receives sensatiosn and temp from body in
pariteal lobe
All of the following statements concerning the parotid gland are true EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -it occupies the retromandibular space between the ramus of the mandible and the mastoid process -it is separated from the submandibular gland by the stylomandibular ligament, which extends from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible -it is innervated by parasympethic fibers of facial nerve -stenson duct, the duct of parotid, crosses the masseter, pierces the buccinator muscle, opens into oral cavity opposite the maxillary second molar
it is innervated by parasympathetic fibers of facial nerve (it is innervated by glossopharyngeal)
All of the following statements concerning the aorta are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception? -it is the main trunk of the systemic arterial circulation -it originates from the right ventricle of the heart -it contains a lot of elastic fibers in its tunica media -it is traditionally divided ito the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta
it originates from the right ventricle of the heart
Which of the following describes the function of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus? - it shunts blood from aorta to pulmonary artery -it shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta -it shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium -it shunts blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
it shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
After depositing enough lidocaine 2% to anesthetize the nerve entering the mandibular foramen, a dental student removes the needle to approximately half the depth of the initial target, whereupon another bolus of anesthetic is deposited. What nerve is most likely anesthetized by the second bolus? -hypoglossal -long buccal -inferior alveolar -lingual -glossopharyngeal
lingual
which of the following tonsil(s) are covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium lingual tonsils only pharyngeal tonsils only palatine tonsils only pharyngeal and palatine lingual and palatine lingual, pharyngeal, and palatine
lingual and palatine
which of the following arteries is found between the hypoglossus and genioglossus muscles? -inferior alveolar artery -posterior superior alveolar artery -lingualr artery -infraorbital artery -facial artery
lingual artery
what give tongue major blood supply? whats it a branch of?
lingual artery; branch of external carotid
sensory info of anterior 2/3 of tongue is supplied by what? posterior 1/3 by what? what about area by vagus?
lingual branch of CNV3 is anterior; CN IX supplies posterior 1/3, CN 10 by vagus
Which nerve is located directly on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle? -auriculotemporal nerve -buccal nerve -lingual nerve -mental nerve
lingual nerve
what wraps around the Wharton duct?
lingual nerve
postganglionic parasympatehtics from submandibular ganglion pass to gland via what nerve? sympathetics?
lingual nerve; sympatetics via plexus of nerves
primarily in lymph node cortices are where lymph is cleansed by macrophages and antigens are presented and processed by what cell types (2)
lymphocytes and plasma cells
lymphatic system defends body against pathogenic organisms by filtering and processing lymph, removing debris, trapping antigens and foreign materials and malignant cells for exposure to what?
lymphocytes for immune responses
what are the double embyrologic origin of the thymus?
lymphocytes from mesenchyme and Hassal corpsuces from endoderm
which WBC has round nucleus and little cytoplasm what is function?
lymphocytes, produces Abs, destroy specific targetcells
what are the most prominent structure of lymph node cortex
lymphoid follicles
the outer cortical region of a lymph node contains separate masses of lymph tissue called what? what are the difference between primary and secondary?
lymphoid follicles; primary do NOT respond to antigen and secondary contain predominately B cels (active follicles)
All of the following statements concerning the vagus nerve are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -it contains skeletal motor axons, preganglionic parasympathetic axons, taste fibers, and general sensory fibers -it traverses the foramen magnum and innervates all of the muscles of the palate, all of the muscles of pharynx except for stylopharyngeus, and all of the muscles of the larynx -it innervates the mucosa at the root of the tongue and in the laryngopharynx and larynx -it caries visceral sensations other than pain from thoracic and abdominal viscera -it conveys preganglionic parasympathetic axons to terminal ganglia in thoracic and abdominal viscera
it traverses the foramen magnum and innervates....
when body is supine position, the heart rests on what
its base - left atrium
the inferior concha is what bone
its own - inferior turbinate
which part of SI is main site for absorption of nutrients in blood stream? what are distinguishing feature?
jejunum; plicae aka valves of kerckring
where does the chorda tympani join the lingual nerve?
joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa
the sigmoid sinsues pass through the jugular foramen and joins with what and drains into what
joins with inferior petrosal sinus and drains into internal jugular vein
the accessory nerve enters the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum where it immediately joins with what and exits cranial cavity where
joins with vagus nerve and exits jugular foramen
what is the small fluid filled space separating the ends of adjoining bones
joint cavity
after spinal part enters skull through foramen magnum and joins the cranial part and together leave the skull through what?
jugular foramen
the vagus nerve traverses which foarmen?
jugular foramen
lesions of the glossopharyngeal nerve may occur in conjunctions with the vagus nerve and the accessory nerve in what syndrome? how is it diagnosed?
jugular foramen syndrome - reliably diagnosed only w/ loss of gag reflex
what are cytoplasmic membrane bound vesicles that contain a wide variety of glycoprotein hydrolytic enzymes to digest and destroy exogenous material like bacteria
lysosomes
what is the back center of retina that is the most sensitive part of eye? what is center of it?
macular - center of macula is fovea
what is area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of distal tubule
macular densa
what does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do
maintains wide airways for breathing
what do minor calyces unite to form?
major calyces
what forms as a result of fusion of the right and left mandibular processes
mandible
which bone is the mandibular foramen found? what are contents?
mandible, inferior alveolar nerve artery and vein
which bone is the mental foramen found? what are contents?
mandible, mental nerve, artery and vein
During the fourth week of embryonic development, the first branchial arch divides to form: -two medial nasal processes -the mandibular and maxillary processes -the two lateral nasal processes -the lateral and medial nasal processes
mandibular and maxillary processes
what mandibular foramen leads into what canal which open on the lateral surface of the body of mandible at what?
mandibular canal at mental foramen
the space between the jaws into which teeth erupt is generally considered to be provided by growth where?
mandibular condyles
muscles of mastication are innervated by what
mandibular division of CN V - 3
what does the sternal angle mark? what is it
junction of manubrium and body of sternum - approximate level of 2nd pair of costal cartilages, approximate beginning and end of aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea into left and right main bronchi, and boundary between superior and inferior portion of mediastinum
the vestibulocochlear nerve emerges from where?
junction of pons and medulla
the mylohyoid branch is given off of V3 where?
just before entering mandibular foramen
which T cells combine with antigen on surface of foreign cells causing lysis and release of cytoines
kilelr T
maxillary processes fuse with mandibular arch to form what?
labial commissures i.e. corners of mouth
the pterygoplatine ganglion sends post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers to what?
lacrimal gland and glands in palate
in the medial wall of the orbit there is a vertical lacrimal groove in the medial wall which forms a fossa for what?
lacrimal sac
what are the branches of opthalmic division V1
lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary, supraorbital ,supratrochlear, infratrochlear, external nasal nerves
mammary glands are formed from many small tubules grouped into a lobule and several lobules constitute a lobe and an interlobular duct which combine to form what
lactiferous duct
between rings of matrix, the osteocytes are located in spaces called what
lacunae
what is the intersection of sagittal and lambdoid sutures the site of posterior fontanelle in an infant
lambda
what is the suture between parietal and occipital bones
lambdoid
the haversian canal is surrounded by concentric rings of matrix called what?
lamellae
what is a very thin layer of bone
lamina
abundant lymph tissue is common to what in the LI
lamina propria
which cells primary function is antigen presenting cell located in skin
langerhans
why does the cytoplasm of osteoblasts appear to be basophilic w/ normal H&E stain?
large amounts of rough ER
another function of lymph system is to transport what from where
large fatty acids that are absorbed from lacteals in intestine
Tenia coli run the entire length of the: esophagus stomach large intestine small intestinee
large intestine
sinusoids have what kind of lumen compared to capillaries? are they more or less regular than capillaries? what do their walls partly consist of?
large lumen (30-40 microns); wider and more irregular than capillaries; phagocytic cells
what is protuberance that is formed by angle of thyroid cartilage surrounding larynx
laryngeal prominence - adams apple
the frontal process of maxilla, perpendicular plate of palatine bone, ethmoid bone, and superior middle and inferior conchae make up what walls of nasal cavity
lateral
what bounds the middle ear laterally and medially?
lateral = tympanic membrane, medially = round and oval windows
the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks of the brachial plexus unite to form what
lateral cord
which descending tract is for voulntary movement, contraction of individual or small groups of muscles, particularly those w/ hands, fingers, feet, and toes of opposite side
lateral corticospinal tract
side bending
lateral flexion
the signals from optic nerve are carried via optic nerves, chiasma, tract, to what nucleus?
lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus then to visual centers of brain
which nasal processes will from the alae or sides of nose
lateral nasal processes
where is termination of lateral corticospinal tract
lateral or anterior gray columns
where is termination of anterior corticospinal tract
lateral or anterior grey columns
which major ascending tract is responsible for pain, temp, and crude touch on opposite side
lateral spinothalamic tract
the greater wings of the sphenoid bone make what wall? and contain which foramen?
lateral walls of orbit; contain foramen rotundum, ovale, and spinosum
what is location of rubrospinal tract
lateral white columns
where is lateral spinothalamic tract
lateral white columns
where is the lateral corticospinal tract located
lateral white columns
where is the spinotectal tracts
lateral white columns
which fiers of the thoracic sympathetic ganglion arise from the last thoracic ganglion ending in the renal plexus
least
the right visual field is interpreted by which hemisphere of brain
left
which coronary artery is usually bigger
left
where does apex of heart lie?
left 5th intercostal space medial to nipple line about 9 cm from midline
The base of the heart is formed mainly by the -right ventricle -left ventricle -right atrium -left atrium
left atrium
the great cardiac vein receives tributaries from which parts of heart and empties into what side of coronary sinus
left atrium and both ventricles; left extremity of coronary sinus
which border of heart is made up of left ventricle
left border
what supplies the descending colon w/ blood?
left colic and sigmoid branches of inferior mesenteric artery
what is the second branch of aortic arch that runs upward and to the left of trachea?
left common carotid
where do we listen for auscultation of bicuspid valve?
left fifth intercostal space medial to nipple line about 9 cm from midline
what gives stomach blood
left gastroepiploic artery, right gastroepiploic artery; short gastric artery, left gastric artery, and right gastric artery
which region involves the stomach, liver (tip), pancreas (tail), spleen, SI, transverse colon, descending colon, left kidney
left hypochondriac
which region contains the SI, descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary, left fallopian tube
left illiac
which kidney is superior to the other and anterior to 11th and 12th rib while other is anterior to 12th?
left is superior to right
A patient comes to the emergency room after boxing practice. He was hit with an upper cut and heard a crack in his jaw joint. A CT scan shows a conylar fracture with damage to disc. When the patient attempts protrusion, the mandible markedly deviates to left. Which muscle is unable to contract -left lateral pterygoid -right lateral pterygoid -left medial pterygoid -right medial pterygoid
left lateral pterygoid
which region contains the SI, descending colon, and left kidney
left lumbar
Which of the following nerve loops around Arch of the aorta near the ligament arteriosum? -right recurrent laryngeal nerve Facial nerve -left recurrent laryngeal nerve -internal laryngeal nerve
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
what are the 4 lobes of liver? which lobes do last 2 function as part of?
left right caudate and quadrate; caudate and quadrate function as part of left even though located more anatomically towards right
what is the final branch of aortic arch bedding the left common carotid artery that arches over apex of left lung
left subclavian artery
what does thoracic duct empty into? where?
left venous angle between left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein
which ureter is slightly longer? where are ureters the narrowest?
left; narrowest where they originate at renal pelvis
what is a clear layer behind pupil that focuses light by changing shape
lens
what are the small deep penetrating arteries that branch of the middle cerebral artery sometimes called "arteries of stroke"
lenticulostriate arteries
what is AKA a saccular aneurysm that is an out pouching in cerebral blood vessel that can cause a stroke that are serious medical emergencies often found in region of circle of willis
intracranial berry aneurysm
which ossification is directly forming as bone
intramembranous
once intramembranous bone is formed, it only grows how? what about endochondral?
intramembranous = only apposition growth endochonrdal = both appositional and interstitial growth
what is an organ said to be when it is almost totally covered with visceral peritoneum
intraperitoneal
which fibers of the thoracic sympathetic ganglion formed from sympathetic fibers from T10-11 that pass through diaphragm to end in aorticorenal ganglion
lesser
the medials surface of the stomach is called the? -lesser curvatures -greater curvature -lesser omentum -greater omentum
lesser curvature
what is the neurovascular bundle of the soft palate?
lesser palatine vein, artery, and nerve
what is parasympathetic pathway from CN 9
lesser petrosal nerve > otic gangliion > auriculotemporal > parotid
what is the component of the peritoneal cavity that is smaller and lies behind the stomach
lesser sac
what separates the anterior and middle cranial fossa?
lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
what is the level of the nasopharynx? what type of epithelium is it lined with? what are the 4 openings?
level of soft palate; lined with ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium (respiratory); two auditory tubes and two posterior nares
what is the adult remnant of the umbilical vein
ligament teres
what is the adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus
ligamentum arteriosum
what is the adult remnant of the ductus venosus
ligamentum venosum
what are the two components of myosin filaments?
light meromyosin makes rod like backbone and heavy meromyosin forms shorter globular lateral cross bridges
what is often referred to as the emotional brain? where is it
limbic system - burried within cerebrum
the maculae of the utricle and saccule are sensitive to what?
line of linear acceleration relative to position of head
what is a small crest, usually somewhat straighter than a crest
linea
The right and left rectus abdomens muscles are entirely independent being separated by connective structure called the : -pyramidalis -gubernaculum -linea alba -iliopectinal arch
linea alba
The auricultemporal nerve arises from the: -ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve -maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve -mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve -facial nerv
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
all muscles of mastication are innervated by what
mandibular division of trigeminal CN V3
the tensor muscles receive motor branches from what
mandibular division of trigeminal CN V3
the condyle of mandible rests in what?
mandibular fossa
what nerve does the foramen oval transmit?
mandibular nerve CN V3
which nerves are in infra temporal fossa?
mandibular nerve including inferior alveolar, buccal and lingual nerves as well as chords tympani and otic ganglion
what is the concave area between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process? what do nerves and arteries run to through here
mandibular notch; masseter muscle
what is the faint ridge in midline of mandible where namdible forms from fusion of the mandibular processes
mandibular symphysis
what is a developmental defect that affects the derivatives of first branchial arch usually presenting as micrognathia, malar (zygomatic) hypoplasia, deformity of lower rim of orbit and malformed external ear
mandibulofacial dysostosis
what does clavicle connect to of sternum?
manubrium
what kind of nucleus do skeletal muscles have? striations? T-tubules?
many peripherally located nuclei; has striations; t-tubules are narrow
Which muscle below originates from the lower border and medial surface of zygomatic arch? -superifical head of medial pterygod -temporalis -lower head of lateral ptergoid -masseter
masseter
The concave area between the mandibular condyle and coronoid process is the mandibular notch (also known as the coronoid notch). The mandibular notch transmits arteries and nerves to the: -buccinator m - medial pterygoid m. - masseter m. - temporalis m.
masseter m.
what muscle attaches to the lower margin of the zygomatic arch
masseter muscle
what are the 3 groups of muscles that elevate the mandible
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoids
sensory information of the oral cavity travels to which side ventral posteriomedial nuclei of the thalamus
ipsilateral side
The colored part of the eye is called the: -pupil -iris -sclera -retina
iris
what is nerve supply of the pectorals minor muscle? action?
medial pectoral nerve from medial cord of brachial plexus; pulls shoulder downward and forward
the anterior cerebral artery is a smaller branch of internal carotid that supplies what? what connects left and right superior anterior cerebral artery?
medial portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes; anterior communicating artery connects them
what happens with premature infants where surfactant production hasn't happened yet and results in tachypnea, tachycardia, chest wall retractions, expiratory grunt, nasal flaring, and cyanosis
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
what is L shaped with an upper thicker part (body) and a lower thinner part (ramus) that bears the weight of body hen person is in an upright seated position
ischium
why can spleen be considered two organs in one?
it both filters and removes abnormal cells and makes disease fighting components of immune system
Which statement concerning the left vagus nerve is FALSE? -it can be cut on the lower part of the esophagus to reduce gastric secretion (termed a vagotomy) -it forms the anterior vagal trunk at the lower part of the esophagus -it passes in front of the left subclavian artery as it enters the thorax -it contains parasympathetic postganglionic fibers -it contributes to anterior esophageal plexus
it contains parasympathetic postganglionic fibers (false because it only contains preganglionic)
what makes bone hard and resist compression compared to osteoid ?
it has mineralized extracellular matrix of hydroxyapatite (primarily calcium phosphate) and water content decrease
what happens in tissues to T4?
it is converted to T3 which is major active form
in females, the genetic activity of both X chromosomes is essentially only during the first few weeks after conception and later development requires just one function X chromosome and what happens to the other
it is inactivated and appears as a dense chromatin mass called Barr body
which two hormones are made in the atnerior pituitary and not considered to be tropic/
prolactin and GH
rotating forearm with the palm turning inward
pronation
what are the 3 successive phases of development of an advanced kidney?
pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros
which stage of mitosis wis when chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and mitotic spindle apparatus forms at opposite poles of cell
prophase
what do a-alpha fibers carry info related to
proprioception
what hormone decreases platelet aggregation and cause vasodilation
prostacyclin (PGI2)
the ejaculatory duct penetrates the prostate gland to open into what
prostatic urethra
hepatocyte cells are involved with what functions
protein synthesis, protein storage and transformation of carbs, cholesterol synthesis, ill salts, phospholipids, and detoxification, excretion, and initiates formation and secretion of bile
draw forward
protraction
which function of spleen is handled by white pulp
provides lymphocytes and a source of plasma cells and antibodies for cellular and humoral immune defenses
what supplies the transverse colon w/ blood?
proximal 2/3 = middle colic artery from superior mesenteric artery distal 1/3 = left colic artery a branch of inferior mesenteric artery
where is where glucose, AA, metabolites, and electrolytes are reabsorbed from filtrate and returned to circulating
proximal convoluted tubule
what are the 4 regions of the tubular portion that the filtrate from the bowman's capsule passes into
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henley, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
what is a fracture that has not united in the stipulated time in which such fracture usually unite and has no change of union without intervention resulting in inadequate healing
pseudoarthrosis
snesory ganglia contani cell bodies of what two types of neurons? are their synapses?
pseudounipoloar or bipolar sensory neurons; no synapses in sensory ganglia
posterior abdominal muscles include what 4
psoas major, psoas minor, quadratus lumborum, iliacus
which bronchi (L/R) is more vertical?
right
which lung has a slightly larger capacity?
right
which testes is usually higher?
right
the greater curvature of the stomach is supplied by what on the right? and what on the left? the
right = right gastroepiploic artery and left = left gastroepiploic
the hepatic artery proper branches into what 2 arteries? what comes off the right one?
right and left hepatic artery; the right gives off cystic artery
what does right lymphatic duct drain
right arm and right halves of head and thorax
the anterior cardiac vein opens where?
right atrium
which border of heart is made up of right atrium
right border
what does the right common carotid artery come from? what does the left?
right from brachiocephalic trunk, left from aortic arch
the lesser curvature of stomach is supplied by what inferiorly? and what superiorly?
right gastric artery inferiorly; left gastric artery superiorly
which region involves the liver, gall bladder, SI, ascending colon, transverse colon, and right kidney
right hypochondriac
which region contains SI, cecum and ascending colon, right ovary, right fallopian tube
right iliac
which renal artery is usually longer? which is usually higher?
right is usually longer; the left is usually a little higher
which region involves the liver, gallbladder, SI, ascending colon, right kidney (lower than right hypochondriac)
right lumbar
the right lymphatic duct empties into what? where?
right venous angle at junction of right internal jugular vein
which lung does TB seem to be more common in? where do they best grow?
right, at apex
what is the main function of the von ebner glands?
rinse food away from papilla after being tasted by taste buds
what wall does the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone make? what foramen does it contain and what does it transmit?
roof or orbit and superior orbital fissure; optic canal which contains optic nerve CN II and ophthalmic artery
the vagus nerve gives taste sensation from where
root of tongue and epiglottis
rotating or pivoting around a long axis
rotation
the ampullae of semicircular ducts are sensitive to what
rotational acceleartion
does smooth or rough ER play role in synthesis of proteins for use outside of cell
rough ER
which organelle in hepatocytes manufacture membranes and secretory proteins
rough ER
what kind of saliva does parotid produce
serous
what type of glands are parotid glands, von ebner glands, pancrease, and uterine glands
serous
arterioles have what kind of diameter? what kind of lumen? and a thick tunica media composed of what? with very little what?
small diameter, small lumen, and a thick tunica media with very little elastic tissue
what does nasal cavity receive sensory innervation from? other sensation? blood supply?
smell = olfactory sensory = trigeminal for other sensation blood supply = ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
Which of the following muscle cells does NOT contain troponin -skeletal -cardiac -smooth
smooth
does smooth or rough ER play role in steroid synthesis, detoxification, and sarcoplasmic reticulum
smooth
which organelle of hepatocytes produce bile salts and detoxify poisons
smooth ER (peroxisomes can also do it)
At a picnic, the kids all decide to hang upside down on the monkey bars. One daring kid decides he wil try to eat a grape while upside down and finds no trouble doing this. Peristalsis and other similar movements are produced by which muscle type? -smooth muscle tissue -striated muscle tissue -skeletal muscle tissue -cardiac muscle tissue
smooth muscle
what are cells of macula dense sensitive to concentration of?
sodium chloride in distal convoluted tubule
what happens in the distal convoluted tubule?
sodium is reabsorbed under influence of aldosterone
what are the two types of motorneuron pathways
somatic (skeletal) and autonomic (symp and parasymp)
which fibers carry impules to skeeltal muscle
somatic motor
which fibers carry impules from cutaneous and proprioceptive receptors
somatic sensory fibers
what does the facial nerve provide sensation to?
some fibers from geniculate ganglion supply small area of skin of concha of auricle close to external acoustic meatus
what is the source of the maxillary artery? what is the course of it?
source = external carotid artery course = -3 branches that form plexus to supply the maxillary arch : anterior superior alveolar artery, middle superior alveolar artery, posterior superior alveolar artery -1 branch that supplies the mandibular arch : the inferior alveolar artery
what is newly formed organic bone matrix that has NOT undergone calcification. It is a specialized form of what sounded by what?
specialized for of type I collagen surrounded by glycosaminoglycan the posses a high affinity for calcium binding
sympathetic distribution is more diffuse whereas parasympathetic is more what
specific
the nasal cavity gets blood supply mainly from what
spehnopaltine branch of maxillary artery
what does FSH stimulate in males?
sperm production in testes
the ductus deferent and surrounding vessels and nerves form what that runs upward to level of pubic tubercle of pubic bone through the inguinal canal to enter pelvic cavity
spermatic cord
what type of epithelium lines the oropharynx? what is opening of oropharynx from mouth? which tonsil sets are in oropharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium; faces, lingual tonsils at base of tongue and palatine tonsils
when the esophagus joints stomach there is a distinct change in epithelium from what to what
stratified squamous to simple columna
where is the primary location of the prickle cell
stratum spinosum of epidermis
corticotropin releasing hromine is secreted in response to what
stress
what does the cricothyroid muscle do
stretches vocal cords
which part of an adenomere contain alot of mitochondria responsible for electrolyte and water transport during secretion? what lines these?
striated ducts; simple columnar epithelium
what makes up the bulk of the ovary that is the supporting structure
stroma
the branchial arches are stacked bilateral swellings of tissue taht appear inferior to what during the 4th week of embryonic development
stromodeum (primitive mouth)
which muscle of tongue controls retraction
styloglossus
which muscles that aren't considered muscles of facial expression are innervated by facial nerve (3)?
stylohyoid, stapedius, and posterior belly of digastric
what separates parotid and submandibular gland which is why pus does not exchange between them
stylolmandibular ligament
the main trunk of facial nerve exits from what foramen and enters into the substance of what?
stylomastoid foramen and enters into parotid gland
The glossopharyngeal nerve traverses the jugular foramen and its skeletal motor axons innervate a single muscle the: -salpingopharyngeus -stylopharyngeus -palatopharyngeus -superior constrictor -middle constrictor -inferior constrictor
stylopharyngeus
the vagus nerve innervates all of the muscles of the pharynx except what
stylopharyngeus
which of the following muscles elevates the larynx and pharynx during swallowing? -stylopharyngeus -palatopharyngeus -salpingopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
All of the following structures are located above the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle except one. Which is the exception? - stylopharyngeus -audotory tube -levator palatini muscle -ascending palatine artery
stylopharyngeus muscle
afferent lymph vessels of lymph node enter convex surface of gland and drain into what systems (2)
sub capsular and medullary sinus system
what is the pathway through lymph node from afferent vessel (2 of them)
sub capsular sinus, cortical sinus, superficial cortex, and paracortex OR from cortical sinus into medullary sinus
what do the vertebral arteries branch from?
subclavian arteries
The axillary artery begins at the lateral border of the first rib as a continuation of the: - facial artery - subclavian artery - brachial artery - external carotid artery
subclavian artery
the internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior wall of the body from the clavicle to the umbilicus. it is a branch of the first part of the: -transverse facial artery -maxillary artery -superficial temporal artery -subclavian artery
subclavian artery
what muscles originate on the inner surface of each rib near the costal angle and insert on the inner surface of the first second or third rib below? what is function?
subcostal muscles; raise ribs during inspiration
what is a potential space between dura mater and arachoid membrane often site of hemorrhage after head trauma
subdural space
what branch of lingual artery supplies mylohyoid muscle, sublingual salivary gland, and mucous membranes of the floor of mouth
sublingual artery
Which parasympathetic ganglion of the head is located on the lateral surface of the hyoglossus muscle
submandibular
which salivary gland produces majority of saliva at rest?
submandibular
parasympethetics from facial nerve pass to what ganglion for subamndibular via what nerves?
submandibular ganglion via chorda tympani and lingual nerve
what regional group of lymph nodes are located between submandibular glands and mandible? where do they receive lymph from? what do they drain to?
submandibular lymph nodes, front of scalp, nose, adjacent cheek, upper and lower lips, paranasal sinuses, maxillary and mandibular teeth (except mandibular incisors), and anterior two thirds of tongue (Except tip), floor of mouth and vestibule, gingiva; drain to deep cervical
The os coxae or hip bone is formed by the fusion of the: -femur, ischium, and pubic symphysis - ileum, ischium, and pubis - ilium, ischium, and pubic tubercle - femur, tibia, and pubis
the ilium, ischium, and pubis
which region of mediastinum is subdivided into the anterior middle and posterior mediastinum?
the inferior mediastinum
the epiphysis is composed of what kind of bone? what bone marrow does it contain?
spongy bone surrounded by compact bone; contains red bone marrow
what separates the mandibular fossa from the tympanic plate posteriorly
squamotympanic fissure
what are the two muscles of the middl ear?
stapedius and tensor tympani
the second meiotic division is like mitosis in that the number of chromosomes does what
stays the same
what are osteoclasts derived from?
stem cells in bone marrow (same ones that make monocytes and macrophages)
what are long nonmotile microvilli that cover the free surfaces of some pseudo stratified columnar epithelium that lines the inside of the epidermis?
stereocilia
the anterior surface of the heart is also known as what
sternocostal surface
what are intraperitoneal organs?
stomach, jejunum, ileum, spleen, transverse colon, liver, gall bladder
what is formed by the union of inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein of Galen
straight sinus
which branch of internal thoracic artery enters the rectus sheath and supplies the rectus muscle as far as the umbilicus
superior epigastric artery
what is the sensory ganglia for the vagus nerve that lies within the jugular foramen
superior ganglion
blood supply to pituitary is from what
superior hypophyseals arteries and inferior hypophyseal arteries (branches of internal carotid)
what separates the temporal fossa from the infatemporal fossa?
the infra temporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
does the inferior or superior compartment of TMJ act as the gliding component? what type of movement does it allow?
superior is gliding, translational movement
what are 3 branches of facial artery that supply anterior parts of nasal mucosa
superior labial, ascending palatine, lateral nasal
which branch of vagus divides into internal laryngeal and external laryngeal
superior laryngeal
which of the following receives the openings of the posterior ethmoidal sinuses? -superior meatus -middle meatus -inferior meatus -sphenoethmoidal recess
superior meatus
which part of mediastinum includes the arch of aorta, left and right subclavian arteries and veins, right and left common carotid, right and left internal jugular veins, right and left brachiocephalic veins, brachiocephalic artery, upper half of the superior vena cava, right and left primary bronchi, traces, esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus, phrenic nerve, vagus nerves, cardiac plexus of nerves, left recurrent laryngeal nerve
superior mediastinum
the thymus is a bilobed lymphoid organ positioned where in adults? with what positioning difference in kids?
superior mediastinum with inferior part contain in anterior mediastinum of kids
The adrenal gland receives arteries from three sources. Which is NOT one of them? -inferior phrenic artery -abdominal aorta -renal artery -superior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric artery
Which of the following muscles depresses, abducts, and medially rotates the eyeball? -medial rectus -lateral rectus -superior rectus -inferior rectus -superior oblique -inferior oblique
superior oblique
All of the following comparisons between the jejunum and the ileum are correct except one. Which one is the exception? - the jejunum has more and larger plicae circulares -the jejunum has a thicker muscular wall for more active peristalsis - the jejunum contains more goblet cells which secrete mucus -the mesentery of jejunum contains less fat -the jejunum has a mucosal lining of greater diameter for absorption of nutrietns
the jejunum contains more goblet cells which secrete mucus
what gives sympathetics to hindgut? parasympathetic?
symp = inferior mesenteric plexus; parasymp = S2-S4
what gives sympathetic innervation to foregut? parasympathetic?
sympathetic = thoracic splanchnic nerve synapsing in celiac plexus; parasymp = vagus
what give sympathetic innervation to midgut? parasymp?
sympathetic = thoracic splanchnic nerve synapsing in superior mesenteric plexus; parasymp = vagus
The principal types of nerves found in the dental pulp are; -parasymapthetic and efferent -sympathetic and afferent -sympathetic and efferent -parasympathetic and afferent
sympathetic and afferent
paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are organised into two chains that run parallel to either side of spinal cord and connected to form what
sympathetic chain/trunk (3 cervical, 12 in thoracic, 4 in lumbar, 4 in sarcal, and single coccyx)
what innervates parathryoid glands? artery?
sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion; receive blood from superior thyroid artery and inferior thyroid artery
the pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs are classified as which of the following joints symphyses sutures synchondrosis syndesmoses
sympheses
what are secondary cartilaginous joints that are jointed by a plate of fibrocartilage and are slightly movable joints including pubic symphysis and IV discs
sympheses
what is joining of homologous chromosomes to produce tetrads
synapsis
The heart acts as a functional _________________
syncytium
what are primary cartilaginous joints that are joints are united by hyaline cartilage and permit no movement but growth in the length of the bone including epiphyseal cartilage plates and the first rib and sternum
syndchondrosis
what type of joints are connected by fibrous CT and occur as the inferior tibiofibular and tympanostapedial
syndesmoses
what is a clear, thick fluid secreted by synovial membrane which fills the joint capsule and lubricates the articular cartilage at the ends of articulating bones
synovial fluid
what type of joints are freely movable (diarthrodial) with movement limited only by joint surfaces, ligaments, muscles, or tendons
synovial joints
what produces synovial fluid (includes both bursa and articular cartilage)
synovial membrane
the smooth ER does what
synthesize lipids incorporated in cell membranes, steroid hormones, and certain carbs for glycoproteins
ribosomes attached to rough ER do what
synthesize proteins that leave cells via golgi complex
which descending tract is responsible for head and neck movement during visual reflexes
tectospinal tract
the olfactory and optic nerves derive from what
telencephalon and diencephalon
which stage of mitosis is when daughter chromosomes arrive at poles and microtubules disappear. the condensed chromomse expands and nuclear envelop reappears and cytoplasm divids
telophase
which bone is the carotid canal in? what are the contents?
temporal bone, internal carotid artery
what fossa is above the zygomatic arch? what is it filled with?
temporal fossa, temporalis muscle
which lobe of brain are the auditory, wernicke, and short term memory areas
temporal lobe
at the mental foramen, the inferior alveolar nerve ends by dividing into what to supply what?
the mental nerve to supply the skin of mental region, mucous membrane and attached gingiva of ipsilateral mandibular anterior and premolar teeth and the incisive branch which continues coursing through the mandible and supplies the pulp chambers of anterior teeth adjacent to mucous membrane
The diaphragm is located in the: -pelvic cavity -thoracic cavity -abdominal cavity -vertebral cavity
thoracic cavity
what drains everything EXCEPT right arm and right halves of head and thorax
thoracic duct
All of the following statemetns conerinng the adrenal glands are true EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -they are retroperitoneal organs lying on the superiomedial aspect of each kidney and surrounded by a capsule and renal fascia -they receive arteries from three sources; they are drained by one vein -thoracic splanchnic nerves carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers to medulla of each nerve -medulla is serived from embyronic neural crest cells -cortex is essential to life and produces steroid hormones like mineralcorticaoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones
thoracic splanchnic nerves carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers to medulla of each gland (because it receieves preganglionic sympathetic fibers)
what is nerve supply of the latissimus dorsi muscle? action?
thoracodorsal nerve from posterior cord of brachial plexus; extends/adducts/medially rotates the arm
at the optic chiasma, what nerve fibers do not cross?
those that arise from temporal half of the eye
what stimulates precursor cells in bone marrow to differentiate into megakaryocytic that give rise to platelets? what produces it?
thrombopoietin kidney and liver
what is produced by activated platelets that has prothrombotic properties and stimulate activation of new platelets as well as increasing platelet aggregation
thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
how does the aorta, azygos vein, and thoracic duct pass compared to diaphragm
through aortic opening
where does thoracic duct ascend through diaphragm?
through aortic opening on the right side of descending aorta
the vagus nerves enter abdomen in front of esophagus through what hiatus? as what?
through esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm as the anterior vagal trunk
the chorda tympani leaves the tympanic cavity through what fissure and then what happens
through the petrotympanic fissure where it enters the infra temporal fossa where it joins the lingual nerve
thymus gland produces what factor that confers immunological competence on thymus dependent cells and induces lymphopoeisis
thymic lymphopoeitic factor
what hormone does the thymus produce that stimulates maturation of lymphocytes?
thymosin
Mature lymphocytes constantly travel through the blood supply to the lymphoid organs and then back to the blood. This constant recirculation ensures that the body is continuously monitored for invading substances. The major areas of antigen contact and lymphocyte activation are the secondary lymphoid organs. These include all eXCEPt one; which is exception -spleen -lymph nodes -thymus gland -tonsils -MALT
thymus (because it and bone marrow are primary lymph organs)
The third pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the: -auditory tube -palatine tonsils -middle ear cavity -thymus gland
thymus gland - as well as inferior parathyroid glands
the thyroid gland forms as a median downgrowth at the base of the tongue connected by what
thyroglossal duct
All of the following infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis except one. Which is the exception? -sternohyoid -sternothyroid -thyrohyoid -superior and inferior bellies of omohyoid
thyrohyoid
All of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis (C1-3) EXCEPT one. Whichc is the execption -sternohyoid -sternothyroid -thyrohyoid -omohyoid
thyrohyoid which is supplied by C1 via hypoglossal nerve
Calcitonin is secreted by the: -thyroid -parathyroid -adrenal -thymus
thyroid
what are some big things of the middle cranial fossa?
temporal lobes of brain, optic chiasma, optic canal, sella tunica, pituitary gland, and a lot of nerves including trigeminal ganglion
which bone is the petrotympanic fissure found? what are contents?
temporal, chords tympani
which bone is the internal acoustic meatus found? what are contents?
temporal, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
which bone is the external acoustic meatus found? what are contents?
temporal, opening to tympanic cavity
what are the 5 main branches that come off of the facial nerve?
temporal, zygomati, buccal, mandibular, cervical
which bone is the stylomastoid foramen in? what are contents?
temporal; facial nerve CN VII
which muscles are in the temporal fossa?
temporalis muscle
what does the tensor veli palatini do
tenses soft palate
the vagus nerve innervates all of the muscles of the palate except for what
tensor veli palatini
what muscles prevent food from entering the nasopharynx
tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini
what is the horizontal fold of dura mater that separates cerbrum and cerebellum? what does it contain
tentorium cerebelli; contains straight, transverse, and superior petrosal sinuses
the smallest airways in the conducting zone are the: -alveolar ducts - segmental branches - lobar branches - terminal bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
what is S2-S4 parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?
terminal ganglia that innervate Li, rectum, genetalia, ureters, and urinary bladders
what is CN 10's parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?
terminal ganglia that innervate organs of thorax and abdomen
deficiency of PTH can lead to what
tetany
where is termination of anterior spinothalamic tract
thalamus
where is termination of lateral spinothalamic tract
thalamus
The diencephalon lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and contains which of the following? -select all that apply -thalmus -pons -medulla -hypothalamus
thalamus and hypothalamus
the celiac artery takes its origin from what? where?
the abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm at level of 12 thoracic vertebrae
the third ventricle is continuous with the fourth ventricle via the: -two formaina of Luschka -IV foramen -cerebral aqueduct -septum pellucidum -foramen of magendie
the cerebral aqueduct
all of the following statements concerning the common carotid arteries are true EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? -the common carotid arteries are the same length -the common carotid arteries differ in their mode of origin -the right common carotid is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk -the left common carotid artery is a branch of the aortic arch
the common carotid arteries are the same length
what is named in relation to second part of axillary artery?
the cords of brachial plexus because they run so closely (posterior, medial, and lateral parts)
which muscles attach the posterior surface of the lower sternum to the internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6? what do they do?
transverse thoracic muscles; pull ribs downward during expiration
what carries blood from confluence of sinuses into the signmoid sinsues
tranverse sinuses
what are the bones of the distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial?
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
what are granular and roughly cuboidal cells that produce surfactant
type II pneumocytes
Which of the following glands are purely serous? -select all that apply -submandibular glands -sublingual glands -parotid glands -glands of esophagus -glands of trachea
parotid (and also von ebner glands around circumvallate papillae)
what are the only adult salivary glands that are purely serous
parotid and von ebner glands
lymph nodes are small masses of lymph tissue located along cause of lymph vessels through which lymph is filtered on its way to what
venous system
which body cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
ventral cavity
do cardiac muscles have cell junctions?
yes- intercalated disks with desmosomes and gap junctions
before birth, formed elements of blood are produced in a number of other locations such as what
yolk sac, liver, spleen, lymph nodes
which element is invovled in almost every aspect of immunity
zinc
what are the most critical 3 nutrients involved in function and secretion of thymic hormones
zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin C
what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex from outer in?
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
Which of the following bones forms the major part of the lateral wall of orbit? - frontal bone - zygomatic bone - maxillary bone - sphenoid bone
zygomatic bone
A nervous dental student is performing the IANB for first time, his injection passes the ramus but he thinks deposition of the anesthetic will work. The patient complains that he cant move his face on that side. What did he most likely penetrate -lateral pterygoid muscle -submandibular gland -parotid gland -medial pterygoid muscle
parotid gland
what is the part of the abdomen surrounded by peritoneum that is a potential space between parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
what is a thin serous membrane lining walls of abdominal and pelvic cavities that can be thought of as a balloon in which organs are pressed from the outside
peritoneum
what drains the tonsils? what is pathway
peritonsillar plexus into lingual and pharyngeal veins into internal jugular vein
what contains enzymes that detoxify harmful substances. Catalase breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
peroxisomes
what separates the middle and posterior cranial fossa ?
petrous part of the temporal bone
GALT includes both tonsils and what component of lymph system
peyer patches
what are intestinal tonsils? where?
peyer patches, mostly in ileum of SI
lymph nodes contain what kind of cells that filter blood and fight infection
phagocytic cells
which major function of the spleen is handled by the reticuloendothelial tissue
phagocytosis of erythrocytes and cell debris from blood stream
the ascending pharyngeal artery is the smallest branch of external carotid artery and branches include what 2?
pharyngeal and meningeal arteries
what branch of vagus nerve arises from the inferior ganglion and forms the pharyngeal plexus, supplies all muscles of pharynx except stylopharyngess, all muscles of soft palate except tensor veil palatine
pharyngeal branch
what goes though pharyngeal canal
pharyngeal branch of CN V2
all pharyngeal constrictors are innervated by what?
pharyngeal plexus
most of the palatal muscles receive motor innervation from what?
pharyngeal plexus of nerves
what is the major sensory nerve to the parietal pericardium
phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
what gland lies at back of third ventricle of brain? what does it produce?
pineal gland; produces melatonin (regulates sleep wake, body temp, and appetite)
what type of movement is when ring of one bone rotates around the process of another like atlas C1 and axis C2
pivot
The formed elements of blood include all of the following except one, which is the exception plasma RBC platelets WBC
plasma
which cells primary function is antibody synthesis
plasma
which subcompartment of ECF circulates as the ECF component of blood making up about 1/4 of ECF
plasma
the lymph system of inner medullary regions is arranged in medullary cords which are sources of what? and also contain what?
plasma cells (secrete antibodies) and contain medullary sinuses
what are the two things B cells can develop into?
plasma cells or memory B cells
regarding the difference between plasma and serum, which of the following statements is true? - serum is yellow, plasma has no color - serum contains antibodies, plasma does not - plasma contains clotting proteins, serum does not - plasma contains hemoglobin, serum does not
plasma contains clotting proteins, serum does not
what serves as a boundary of the cell, maintaining its integrity with protein molecules embedded to perform various functions
plasma membrane
which organelles are single membraned
plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
the thoracic cavity is further divided into what cavities?
pleural cavities (each contains a lung and the mediastinum) and the pericardial cavity (between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium)
what fills the space between the visceral and parietal pleura? what is cavity?
pleural cavity, serous fluid
ventral primary divisons of spinal nerves form what that allows multiple spinal nerves to contitute a peripheral nerve
plexus
what syndrome presents as a triad of dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia
plummer-vinson syndrome
what is air in pleural cavity? what is blood in it? what happens to lung?
pneumothorax, hemothorax, instantly shrinks to size of tennis ball
trigeminal, abducens, and facial nerves originate from what
pons
vestibulocochlear nerve arise in inner ear and go to what
pons
what lies below the midbrain and connects with both the cerebellum and cerebrum and can also link to medulla
pons (respiratory center)
where is fourth ventricle located
pons and medulla
what is the point where vessels and ducts enter and leave liver? where is it?
porta hepatitis; ventral surface
what occurs when a capillay bed drains into another capillary bed through veins
portal venous system
histone are +/- charged? acidic or basic?
positively charged basic (positively charged so they can interact w/ negatively charged DNA
the auriculotemporal nerve supplies which part of theTMJ
posterior
the pars nervosa and infundibulum are parts of which lobe of pituitary
posterior
which mediastinum is the thoracic duct found
posterior
what are the 3 cords of brachial plexus? which spinal nerves?
posterior lateral medial C5-C8 and T1
the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve conveys general sensation and taste from what
posterior 1/3 of tongue
what does left coronary artery arise from from the aorta
posterior aortic sinus
transection of the pituitary stalk would result in a decrease in all pituitary hormones except which
prolactin
what forms the base of the axilla?
skin and fascia of concave axilla (armpit)
the pterygopalatine fossa communicates superiorly with what through what?
skull through foramen rotundum
how is the mandibular foramen located compared to mandibular molars?
slightly above occlusal plane and posterior to molars
is contraction process of smooth muscle cells fast or slow
slow
all of the arterial branches from the thoracic portion of the aorta are what? big/small
small
what 4 vessels drain into coronary sinus?
small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, and oblique vein
is TMJ a synovial joint?
yes
rule 3: anything with gloss in name is innervated by which CN
12
how many ribs are there? which ones attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae?
12 pairs (24 ribs) all attach posterirly
which of main salivary glands is first to form? which is sceond? which is last?
1st = parotid 2nd = submandibular glands 3rd = sublingual
The smooth muscle coat of the large intestine consists of three bands called taeniae coli. The walls of large intestine have more villi than small intestine.
1st true, 2nd false
how many lobes does the left lung have? how many secondary bronchi? how many bronchial segments? how many bronchial arteries?
2 lobes, 2 secondary bronchi, 8 bronchial segments, 2 bronchial arteries
the thoracic cavity is surrounded by ribs and chest muscles and it is subdivided into what three things?
2 pleural cavities and the mediastinum
how are proximal bones arranged? what are the rows?
2 rows of 4; proximal and distal rows
what are average # of platelets/ mm3? description of cell? function?
200,000-400,000, small cellular fragments, hemostasis
defect in what chromosome can cause DiGeorges syndrome that result in a small thymus gland or sometimes none at all
22
normal human cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes? what is diploid number? how many homologous chromomses aka autosomes?
23 pair,s 46 diploid, 22 homologous or autosomes
vertebral column has how many individual vertebrae? yow many fused w/ sacrum? how many fused w/ coccyx? how many are in each segment of column
24; 5 sacrum; 3-5 fused; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
how many cusps do semilunar valves have
3
how many phalanges are in fingers and thumb?
3 in fingers 2 in thumb (heads form knuckles)
how many lobes does right lung have? how many secondary bronchi? how many bronchial segments? how many bronchial arteries?
3 lobes, 3 secondary bronchi, 10 bronchial segments (corresponding to tertiary bronchi), 1 artery
what is about 80% of adrenal medula hormone released? 20%
80% = epinephrine 20% = norepi
what main muscles do accessory nerve innervation
SCM and trap
how is CSF absorbed absorbed into blood stream
arachnoid granulations
where do blood vessels enter and efferent vessels emerge from of lymph node
hilum
where does bronchi, vessels, nerves, and root enter lung
hilum
some of what kind of cells are produced in lymph node
lymphocytes
what makes up outer cortex of thymus gland
lymphocytes
what are osteoblasts derived from?
mesenchyme (fibroblasts)
4 histone proteins make up what fundamental subunit of chromatin
nucleosome core
which muscles of tongue controls lateral movement
palatoglossus
what is aka the posterior pillar of fauces
palatopharyngeal arch
what moves urine through the ureters?
peristaltic waves about 1-5 times per minute
vagus nerves gives parasympathetic to what
thoracic and abdominal viscera
what cells are responsible for gas exchange
type I pneumocytes
do lymphatics have valves? what do they do?
yes, cause unidirectional flow
rank C fibers, a-beta, a-alpha, and a delta in orer of size?
(largest) a-alpha, a-beta, a delta, C (smallest)
what is a good nemonic for remembering eye muscles innervation
(LR6SO4)3
what is the source of the middle superior alveolar artery? what does it supply?
(Not always present) infraorbital artery of maxillary artery - supplies maxillary sinus and plexus at canine
All of the following statements regarding differences between meiosis and mitosis are FALSE EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -both require one division to complete process -crossing over occurs in mitosis not meiosis -meiosis occurs in germ cells only -in mitosis the daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell (2n to n) while in meiosis they have the same - in meiosis the daughter cells have the same genetic info as parent cell while i mitosis the daughter cells are genetically different from parent
- meiosis occurs in germ cells only
Consider the following structures: -penile urethra -ductus deferens -prosthatic urethra -epididymis What is the path sperm travel upon ejactulation? -1,2,3,4 -2,4,1,3 -4,2,1,3 -4,2,3,1
-4,2,3,1 epididymis, ductus deferens, prosthetic urethra, penile urethra
how many brachiocephalic arteries are there? veins?
1 artery and 2 veins
what does the right coronary artery give rise to ?
-anterior right atrial branch which gives rise to the sinoatrial nodal artery -marginal branch which supplies right ventricle -posterior IV branch which supplies both ventricles and anastomoses with circumflex artery
The crista galli is part of which bone? -sphenoid -fronta -ethmoid -occipital
-ethmoid
All of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary EXCEPT TWO. which TWO are exceptions? -growth hormone -oxytocin -prolactin -follice stimulating hormone -luteinizing hormone -corticotropin -antidiuretic hromne -thyroid stimulating hormones
-oxytocin -antidiuretic hormone
what arteries make up circle of willis (6)
-terminal part of internal carotid artery (L and R) -Anterior cerebral artery (L and R) - middle cerebral artery (L and R) -Posterior cerebral artery -Anterior communicating artery -Posterior communicating artery
...
...
what is the first sceond third and fourth heart sounds
1 - closure of AV valves 2 - closure of semilunar valves 3 - rapid ventricular filling 4 - atrial contraction
what does rib #1 attach to anteriorly? ribs 2-7? 8-10? 11 and 12?
1 = manubrium, 2-7 = body of sternum, 8 -10 = anterior attachment to cartilage of rib above them, 11-12 = no anterior attachment
the function of the golgi apparatus is two fold; what are the two?
1- modification of lipids and proteins 2 - storage and packing of materials that will be exported from cell
what are ribs 1-7 called? 8-10? 11-12?
1-7 = true 8-10 = false ribs 11-12 = floating
Which four cranial nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic axons out of brain stem? -3,5,7,10 -2,4,7,11 -5,7,9,12 -3,7,9,10
3, 7, 9, 10
rule 2: anything with palat in name is innervated by which CN
10
Extracellular fluid comprises _______________________ too the amount of total body water
33%
what is the saying to remember parasympathetic ganglion nerves and targets
3977 COPS EPLS ISLAG ZC
Neurlation is the stage of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos during which the neural tube is transformed into the primitive structures that will later develop into central nervous system. When does this begin -week 1 -week 3 -week 5 -week 7
3rd
Name the following structures of nephron in order they are encountered from blood to urine 1. distal convoluted tubule 2 bowman capsule 3. collecting duct 4. glomerulus 5. loop of henley 6. proximal tubules
4, 2, 6, 5, 1, 3
which branchial arches do superior laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus come from
4-6
which pharygneal arch is the future laryngeal cartilages
4-6
what are average # of RBC / mm3? description of cell? function?
4.2-6 million, biconcave enucleated, transport O2
which branchial arches are the future laryngeal cartilages?
4th and 6
what are average # of leukocytes per mm3
5,000-10,000
what kind of life span do plasma cells?where are they mainly found?
5-10 days, in bone marrow and CT
what are % of leukocytes of each type
60-70% neutrophils, 20-30% lymphocytes, 2-6% monocytes, 1-4% eosinophils, 0-1% basophils
intracellular fluid comprises what % of total body water
66%
The esophagus begins at the level of the: -4th cervical vertebrae -6th cervical vertebrae - 10th cervical vertebrae - 12 thoracic vertebrae
6th cervical vertebrae
when does yellow marrow begin to appear in distal bones of limbs? how does replacement of marrow move?
7 years, proximally so by the time a person is an adult red marrow is only in bones of skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, girlde bones, and head of humerus and femur
what is lifespan of platelet? how are they removed?
7-10 days, in spleen and liver
blood makes up what % of bodyweight? how much L? pH?
8% body weight, 4-6 L, pH of 7.35-7.45
how much of calcium and phosphorus or stored in bone and teeth?
95% of calcium and 90% of phosphorus
at what level does risk of infection for a patient decrease dramatically of neutrophils
<500/mm3
what part of sarcomere is one end of myosin to another end
A band
An endodontist is performing root canal therapy on his anxious dental patient. His anesthesia has been successful through access preparation, cleaning, and shaping. Just before he starts to obturate, he sticks a paper point in the canal first to dry it out. The patient jumps up from pain from the stimulus. Which type of primary afferent fibers carry info related to shart pain and temp A-alpha fibers A-beta fibers A-delta fibers C fibers
A delta fibers
out of A-alpha fibers, A-beta fibers, A-delta fibers, C fibers, which are myelinated?
A-alpha, a beta and a delta are all myelinated
what is neurotransmitter of preganglionic sympathetic neurons
ACH
what is postganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?
ACH
what is preganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?
ACH
A young girl presents to physician with a large, round face, a buffalo hump, and central obesity. she also has history of HTN and insulin resistance as a result of increased cortisol. Which anterior pituitary hormone controls production and secretion of coritsol -FSH -LH -ACTH -TSH -CRH
ACTH (aka corticotropin)
which hormone controls rate of water reabsorption in kidneys
ADH
the posterior pituitary serves as a storage area for what?
ADH and oxytocin
strong vagal stimulation to heart may cause what?
AV block
which valves open during ventricular diastole?
AV valves
which hormone from anterior pituitary promotes growth in general, particularly skeletal system
GH
Where is the middle cervical ganglion
At level of cricoid cartilage
B cells and plasma cells are the main cell types found in the A. outer cortical region B. Medullary cords C. medullary sinuses D. germinal centers
B
which of the following is not a function of the spleen A. removal of old or defective blood cells from blood B. forming crypts that trap bacteria C. storage of blood platelets D. storage of iron
B
what is a portion of medulla of lymph node which tonics lymph tissue and project into the medullary sinus? what are main cell types?
B cells and plasma cells
plasma cells are immediate derivations of which cell type? CD8+ T CD4+ T B lymphocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil
B lymphocytes
which cells primary function is humoral immunity (also differentiate into plasma cells)
B lymphocytes
what are the 4 cutaneous branches of the mandibular nerve V3
BAIL -Buccal nerve; auriculotemporal nerve; inferior alveolar nerve; lingual nerve
what does the red pulp of spleen contain and what does it do
BV (splenic sinusoids) interwoven with CT (splenic cords) and it filters blood and removes defective blood cells
what is the metaplasia of epithelium at lower end of esophagus? it has a strong associated with what?
Barretts esophagus; esophageal adenocarcinoma
what is the sublingual duct?
Bartholin duct
Where is the superior cervical ganglion
Between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein
what are cells of the primary motor cortex
Betz cells
Histones are a special group of proteins found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells responsible forDNA folding and chromatin formation. The nucleosome is the fundamental subunit of chromatin.
Both statements are true
the adult thymus: A. has both afferent and efferent lymph vessels B. is more active than the infant thymus C. contains adipocytes and fibrous CT D. directly removes pathogens for lymph circulation
C
the posterior 1/3 of tongue drain into the A. facial nodes B. submandibular nodes C. deep cervical nodes D. submental nodes
C
which of the following begins as a dilated sac, called the cisterns chyli? A. internal jugular vein B. subclavian vein C. thoracic duct D. lymphatic duct
C
what provides sensory info the skin of cheek, skin of mandible, lower lip and side of head, mandibualr teeth, mucous membranes of cheek, floor of mouth, and anterior part of tongue
CN V3
the brachial plexus is a somatic nerve plexus formed by intercommunications among the ventral rami (roots) of what? they do all motor innervation of muscles of upper extremity except what?
C5-8 and T1; except trapezius and levator scapula
where do vertebral arteries enter transverse process and pass via transverse foramen? how do they enter skull?
C6; via foramen magnum
What level is the inferior cervical ganglion
C7
motor innervation of tongue is from which CN? what is exception?
CN 12 except for paltoglossus which is innervated by 10
After being seen by a neurologist, a patient is diagnosed with pituitary adenoma. As the neoplasm increases in size, it will most likely affect which CN? -CN I - CN II - CN III -CN IV
CN II
sensory innervation of palate is provided by what?
CN V2
the skin of lower eyelid is supplied by branches of infratrochlear at medial angle, but everywhere else is it supplied by branches of what?
CN V2
choroidal are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function
CNS; form inner layer of choroid plexus that seceret CSF
oligodendrocytes are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function
CNS; form myelin sheaths
ependymal cells are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function
CNS; line most ventricles
microglia are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function
CNS; main phagocytic cell
astrocytes are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function
CNS; provide structural support
what fills the subarachnoid space?
CSF
where is the primary location of the interstitial cell
CT of ovary and testis
___________ ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to _______________ in the _____________ filament, allowing ________________ to shift from its position blocking the active sites of _________________ molecules.
Calcium, troponin, thin, tropomyosin, thick
what is a temporary loss of consciousness that sometimes accompanies convulsive seizures because of the intensity of the carotid sinus reflex when pressure builds in one or both carotid sinuses
Carotid sinus syndrome
what are the largest papillae but fewest in number arranged in a V shaped row on back of tongue
Circumvallate papilla
What are the three main functions of the cerebellum
Coordination of movement, maintenance of equilibrium, regulation of muscle tone
lymph is moved through lymphatic vessels because of: A. pumping by smooth muscle of lymph capillaries B. flapping of lymphatic valves C. atrial contraction D. contractile action of skeletal muscle through which lymphatics flow
D
what is a congenital malformation caused by underdevelopment of third and fourth branchial pouches leading to absence or hypoplasia of parathyroid glands that usually lead to congintal heart defects and compromised immunity
DiGeorge syndrome
which nucleus contains parasympathetic ganglionic cells whose efferents in the oculomotor nerve travel to ciliary gaglion
Edinger westphal nucleus
which hormone from anterior pituitary stimulates growth of graafian follicles in the ovary and promotes spermatogenesis in male
FSH
which branchial arch is the future CN V2 and V3, muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
First (mandibular) arch
what kind of actin molecules are arranged into what shape for actin
G-actin arranged into double helical chains called F-actin
what is the resting phase where cell has left cycle and stopped dividing
G0
what are the parts of interphase?
G1 (growth 1), S phase (DNA synthesis), G2 (growth 2)
what is mnemonic for anterior pituitary hormones
GPA B-FLAT = GH, Prolactin from Acidophils. Basophils : FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
what does the chorda tympani nerve convey?
GVE of parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion and SVA for taste
what is the center of the sarcomere with only myosin?
H zone
What is the combination of drooping eyelid constriction of the pupil in sometimes accompanied by decreased sweating of the face on the same side
Horner syndrome
what are structures found in the medulla of the human thymus formed from eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically? what is their function?
Hassall corpuscles; unknown
Kupffer cells reside in the : -tunica media of arteries -hepatic sinuses -centra nervous system -lung alveoli
Hepatic sinuses
the secetory products of the posterior hypothalamus (oxytocin and vasopressin/ADH) are transported down the axons and stored in axon terminals called what
Herring bodies
what is a congenital disease cause by absence of myenteric plexus that leads to decreased parasympathetic activity which results in decreased motility and obstruction of intestines
Hirschsprung disease
what is a small hollow created on the bone surface by osteoclastic activity?
Howship lacuna
what part of sacromere is only filled w/ actin
I band
what allows the lateral ventricles to communicate with the third ventricle
IV foramen (of monro)
all of the following make up the portal triad except one. which is exception -portal vein -IVC -hepatic artery -bile duct
IVC
tonsils are involved in production of mostly which Ig?
IgA which goes to surface and provides local immune protection
why do mast cells and basophils play an important role in some types of allergic reactions?
IgE has special propensity to become attached to them and when it does bind it causes them to rupture and release histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, heparin SRS-A, and lysosomal enzymes
which hormone from anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of sex hormones by ovary and testis
LH
which cells primary function is producing testosterone
Leydig
All of the following are considered as specialized types of macrophages EXCEPt one, which is EXCEPtion? -kupffer cell -Leydig cell -microglial cell -osteoclasts
Leydig cell
protein synthesis occurs in all of the following faces except one. which is exception -G1 S G2 M
M phase
what are areas of diffuse lymph tissue throughout body?
MALT/GALTBALT
Which trigeminal nuclei as a group of second order neurons that receives information about discriminative sensation in light touch of the face
Main sensory nucleus
what is a double membraned structure with their own cyclic DNA that is transmitted from mother to fetus
Mitochondria
what part of cell cycle is when both growth and protein production stop and all cells energy is focused on complex orderly division into similar daughter cells
Mitosis phase (M-phase)
which glycosylations are most common and occur in ER?
N-linked
what is neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
NE (except for adrenal medulla and sweat glands)
ECF is primarily composed of what
NaCl and NaHCO3
what is a proteinous inter-doublet linkage that prevents microtubules in outside layer of axonemes from movement with respect to each otehr
Nexin
what is origin and insertion of deep head of medial pterygoid?
O = medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate I = medial surface of angle of mandible
the masseter muscle originates from where? runs where? how much does this muscle control mastication
O = medial surface of zygomatic arch I = lateral aspect to ramus of mandible strongest muscle of mastication
what is a doubled membraned structure that houses genetic code which dictates protein synthesis
Nucleus
what is origin and insertion of temporalis
O = bony floor of temporal fossa I = coronoid process of mandible
what is the O, I, and Action of salpingopharyngeus muscle?
O = cartilage of auditory tube I = muscles of pharynx A = elevates nasopharynx; opens auditory tube
what is origin and insertion of upper head of lateral pterygoid
O = infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid I = articular disc and fibrous capsule of TMJ
what is origin and insertion of lower head of lateral pterygoid?
O = lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate I = neck of condyle of mandible
what is origin and insertion of masseter
O = lower border and medial surface of zygomatic arch I = lateral aspect of ramus and mandible
what is the O, I, and Action of palatopharyngeus muscle?
O = posterior border of hard palate from aponeurosis of soft palate I = thyroid cartilage and muscles of pharynx A = elevates pharynx and closes nasopharynx
what is the O, I, and Action of stylopharyngeus muscle?
O = styloid process of temporal bone I = thyroid cartilage and muscles of pharynx A = elevates larynx and pharynx during swallowing
what is origin and insertion of superficial head of medial pterygoid?
O = tuberosity of maxilla and pyramidal process of palatien bone I = medial surface of angle of mandible
which glycosylations occur in golgi
O-linked
which ECG part is atrial depolariztion
P wave
do CNS or PNS myelin sheaths have capacity to regenerate?
PNS yes, CNS no
satellite are found where (CNS or PNS) ? what is function
PNS; support cel bodies in ganglia
which ECG part is impulse between SA and AV node
PR
what stimulates osteoclasts?
PTH
Which cells, located in crypts of lieberkuhn, secrete an antibacterial enzyme that maintains gastrointestinal barrier? -paneth cells -enteroendocrine cells -sertoli -absortpive cells
Panted cells
the ileum is almost devoid of plicae circulares but does have large accumulations of lymph tissue that are known as what?
Peyer patches
what are the 6 branches of the third part (pterygoidpalatine) of the maxillary artery? what do they supply
Posterior superior alveolar artery = descends on maxilla's infra temporal surface with branches traversing alveolar canals to supply maxillary molar and premolar teeth, adjacent gingival and mucous membrane of maxillary sinus Infra-orbital artery = traverse inferior orbital fissure, infra-orbital groove, canal, and foramen; supplies inferior oblique and rectus muscle, lacrimal sac, maxillary canines, and incisor teeth, mucous membranes of maxillary sinus and skin of infra-orbital region of face Artery of pterygoid canal = passes posterior through pterygoid canal; supplies mucosa of upper pharynx, pharyngotympanic tube, and tympanic cavity Pharyngeal branch =supplies mucosa of nasal roof, nasopharynx, sphenoidal air sinus, and pharyngotympanic tube Descending palatine artery = descends through palatine canal to mucosa and glands of hard and soft palate Sphenopalatine artery = terminal branch of maxillary artery to supply walls and septum of nasal cavity, frontal themoidal sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses and anteriormost palate
almost all human body cells have mitochondria EXCEPT one, which is exception? -fibroblasts -RBS -osteoblast -osteoclasts
RBC
which hormone from anterior pituitary promotes mammary gland development and milk production
Prolactin
which ECG part is ventricular depoalirization
QRS
which ECG part is ejection of blood
QT wave
during the developmetnal stage (about third week) a diverticulum called ________________ arises from the roof of the stomoodeum and grows towards brain and goes on to become what
Rathke's pouch; goes on to become adenohypophysis
The second branchial arch cartilage is referred to as : -Reichert cartilage -Meckel cartilage -Laryngeal Cartilage -Johnson Cartilage
Reichert Cartilage
Which of the following provides parasympathetic stimulation to sigmoid colon? -vagus nerve -phrenic nerve -T1-L2 -S2-S4
S2-S4
what is SA node rate? what about AV node? ventricular conductin system?
SA = 60-100 bpm, AV = 40-60 bpm; ventricular = 30-40 bpm
what is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right auricle
SA Node
Which of the following is the correct conduction pathway through the heart? -SA node - ventricular muscle - AV node - bundle of His - bundle branches - purkije fibers - atrial muscle -SA node - atrial muscle - AV node - bundle branches - bundle of his Purkinje fibers - ventricular muscle -SA node - atrial muscle - AV node - bundle of his - bundle branches - purkinje fibers - vneticular muscle -SA node - purkinje fibers - AV node- bundle of his- bundle branches, - atrial muscle - ventricular muscle
SA node - atrial muscle - AV node - bundle of his - bundle branches - purkinje fibers - ventricular muscle
what is pathway of conduction of heart
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, left and right bundle branch
what type of sensation is hearing?
SSA
which type of sensation is sight?
SSA
which cells primary function is forming myelin sheath around axons of PNS
Schwann
A neurilemoma is a benign usually encapsulated neoplasm derived from: -astrocytes -oligodendrocytes -Schwann cells -microglial cells
Schwann cells (aka Schwannoma)
Which cell lines lumen of seminiferous tubules and secretes hormones, androgen binding proteins and other proteins that facilitate spermatogenesis -intersitial cells of leydig - principal cells -sertoli cells -clara cells
Sertoli cells
which types of muscles have most developed SR? and less?
Skeletals > Cardiac > smooth
what are branches of external carotid artery from inferior to superior
Some Lady Found An Orange at PMS Superior thyroid artery (supply thyroid gland, gives off branch to sternocleidomastoid muscle and superior laryngeal artery) Lingual artery - supplies tongue Facial Artery - supplies face, lips, and submandibular gland Ascending Pharyngeal Artery - supplies pharyngeal wall Occipital Artery - supplies pharynx and sub occipital triangle Posterior Auricular Artery - supplies back of scalp Maxillary Artery - terminal branch that gives off branches to mandible and middle meningeal artery before passing through pterygomaxillary fissure into fossa Superficial Temporal Artery - terminal branch of external courted that supplies skin over frontal and temporal regions of scalp
When walking to his car late at night a Prof. hears footsteps behind him. His sympathetic response results in dilated pupils a dry mouth and constriction of blood vessels in his face resulting in an ash and look the sympathetic response for the head and neck is mediated by cell bodies located where? -superior cervical ganglion -middle cervical ganglion -inferior cervical ganglion -ganglion impar
Superior cervical ganglion
what cell type dominates paracortex of lymph node
T cells
which cells primary function is cell mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
which ECG part is ventricular repolarization
T wave
sympathetic division of ANS are derived from what spinal nerves
T1-L2
at what level does the esophagus join the stomach; what is the part of the stomach where it joins?
T10; joins at cardiac orifice of cardia of stomach
the sympathetic fibers of the heart arise from what spinal cord segments? which ganglia are they distributed to?
T2-T4 segments; distributed to middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglia and the first four ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic chain
which T is triiodothyronine
T3
the thyroid produces about 90% what?
T4
which T is thyroxine
T4
which hormone from anterior pituitary controls secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland
TSH
overproduction of what leads to graves disease
TSH from pituitary
The right kidney is superior to the left kidney and is situated anterior to the 11th and 12th ribs; the left kidney is situated anterior to the 12th rib. The kidneys are in contact with the diaphragm and the transversus abdominus, quadrates lumborum, and posts major muscles
The first statement is false, the second is true
The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is a thin elastic structure 7.5-10 nm thick. This type of membrane is called a fluid mosaic and is found only in eukaryotic cells.
The first statement is true the second is false (found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic)
The barr body is the condensed, active X chromosome. Normal males never express these bar bodies.
The first statement is true, the second is false
what is the source of the posterior superior alveolar artery? what does it supply?
Third part of maxillary artery (before maxillary artery enters pterygoplatine fossa) and supplies maxillary sinus, premolars and molars
the splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, and least) arise from the -cervical sympathetic ganglion Thoracic sympathetic ganglion -lumbar sympathetic ganglion Sacral sympathetic ganglion
Thoracic sympathetic ganglion
what does the inferior alveolar nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
V3, mandibular premolar region and molar teeth and lingual surfaces in molar region
rule 1: anything tensor in the name is innervated by which CN
V
what does the anterior superior alveolar nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
V2, maxillary anterior teeth and buccal surfaces in maxillary anterior teeth
what does the posterior superior alveolar nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
V2, maxillary molar teeth except for MB root of first molar, buccal surfaces along molar region
what does the middle superior alveolar nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
V2, maxillary premolar teeth, mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molar, and buccal surfaces in maxillary premolar region
what does the infraorbital nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
V2, upper lip
what does the buccal nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
V3, buccal surfaces of molar region
what is the lingual nerves origin and what does it supply
V3, general sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue, lingual gingiva of lower arch
A tuberosity is defined as: -a small rounded process - a prominent elevated ridge or border of a bone - a large rounded roughened process - a sharp, slender, projecting process
a large rounded roughened process
what are the 3 groups of tonsils referred to as
Waldeyer tonsillar ring
which area of brain interprets significance of sentences as they are heard and written
Wernicke
what is the submandibular duct?
Wharton duct
what is a girl w/ chromosomes? boy?
XX girl, XY male
how does intramembranous ossification happen?
a condensed plate of mesenchymal cells forms ossification center and these mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts that deposits bone matrix
a split appears in the theca internal and expands to form a fluid filled cavity that pushes the oocyte too one side. the follicle is now what
a graafian follicle
flagella resemble centrioles in that they have 9 sets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder, but unlike centrioles each set is a doublet rather than what in centrioles?
a triplet
what are the two subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Which of the following nerves innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball? -optic -olfactory -oculomotor -trochlear -abducens
abducens
moving away from midline
abduction
what does lateral rectus do to eye? what innervates it?
abducts; CN 6
where do other spinal nerves come out
above respective vertebrae
auditory tube, levator palatini muscle, ascending palatine artery all go where in relation to a pharyngeal constrictor
above superior pharyngeal constrictor
what characterizes filiform papillae?
absence of taste buds and increased keratinization
what is the purposes of the meniscus that is found in 10% of synovial joints between bone ends (3)
absorb shock, stabilize, and spread synovial fluid
what is a slightly movable joint (cartilaginous joint) ex. pubic symphysis
amphiarthrosis
the common bile duct passes down through the head of pancreas to drain into what
ampulla of Vater
the ductus deferent goes towards back of prostate glands where it expands into what? and joins what?
ampulla where it joins seminal vesicle
A synarthrosis is: a slightly movable joint a freely movable joint an immovable joint none of the above
an immovable joint
A lesion of the facial nerve just after it exits from the stylomastoid foramen would result in: -an ipsilateral loss of taste to anterior tongue -a decrease in saliva production in floor of mouth -a sensory loss to the tongue -an ipsilateral paralysis of facial muscles -a contralateral paralysis of facial muscles
an ipsilateral paralysis of facial muscles
how are all energy needs of RBC supplied
anaerobic glycolysis
which stage of mitosis is when centromeres divide and sister chromatids separate and move toward corresponding poles
anaphase
what does the zona reticularis make?
androgens - mainly deydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione which are then made into testosterone
what does the theca interna secret?
androgens in response to LH that are the precursors of estrogens
what is failure of neural tube to close anteriorly
anencephaly
to anesthetize a region of dermatome T5 what would you have to do
anesthetize all doralroots of T4 T5 and T6 to make sure to get overlap
which of the following is the terminal branch of the facial artery? -angular artery -submental artery -superior labial artery -ascending palatine artery
angular artery
what supplies infrahyoid muscles except for thyrohyoid
ansa cervicalis
the pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia are part of which lobe of pituitary
anterior
which region of inferior mediastinum contains lymph nodes, branches of internal thoracic artery
anterior
which part of the tongue do the three swellings and tuberculum impar form
anterior 2/3
what forms the anterior 2/3 of hard palate? posterior 1/3?
anterior 2/3 =palatine process of maxilla; posterior 1/3 = horizontal plates of palatine bones
the lingual nerve supplies sensation to what?
anterior 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth, and mandibular lingual gingiva
what supplies taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue? what about posterior 1/3?
anterior = chords tympani from CN 7; posterior = CN 9
what is the depression at distal end of humerus on anterior side? posterior?
anterior = coronoid fossa, posterior = olecranon fossa
what do the anterior fibers of temporalis do? posterior?
anterior = elevate mandible; posterior = retract jaw and maintain resting position of closure of mouth
anterior zone of palatal submucosa contains what? posterior zone contains what?
anterior = fat posterior = mucous glands
what provides sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue? posterior 1/3?
anterior = trigeminal; posterior = glossopharyngeal
which coronary artery is most often involved with coronary occlusion and thus most often bypassed during surgery
anterior IV artery
Thrombosis in the coronary sinus might cause dilation of all the following veins EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? -great cardiac vein -middle cardiac vein -anterior cardiac vein -small cardiac vein -oblique cardiac vein
anterior cardiac vein
which descending tract of spinal cord has the same function as lateral corticospinal tract except mainly muscles of same side
anterior corticospinal tract
The mylohyoid nerve is derived from the inferior alveolar nerve just before it enters the mandibular foramen. The mylohyoid nerve descends in a groove on the deep surface of the ramus of the mandible, to supply the mylohyoid and what other muscles? -anterior digastric -geniohyoid -stylohyoid -genioglossus
anterior digastric
what is termination of reticulospinal tract
anterior gray columns
what is termination of rubrospinal tract
anterior gray columns
what is termination of vestibulospinal tract
anterior gray columns
what does the palatine process of maxillaa form
anterior hard palate
which branch of internal thoracic artery supplies the upper 6 intercostal spaces
anterior intercostal arteries
what artery accompanies the great cardiac vein?
anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery)
what are the two branches the left coronary artery branch into?
anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch
what does frontal process of zygomatic bone form
anterior lateral orbital wall
the middle meningeal artery is the largest of the 3 paired arteries which supply the meninges, the other being ____________________ and ____________________.
anterior meningeal artery and posterior meningeal artery
which part of temporalis helps with medial pterygoid and master muscles elevating the jaw?
anterior part of temporalis
which major ascending tract is responsible for crude touch and pressure
anterior spinothalamic tract
how is tracheal located compared to esophagus? what is it made of?
anterior to esophagus; cartilaginous rings with open posterior
what is location of reticulospinal tract
anterior white columns
what is location of tectospinal tract
anterior white columns
what is location of vestibulospinal tract
anterior white columns
what is the location of the anterior corticospinal tract
anterior white columns
where is the anterior spinothalamic tract
anterior white columns
in some leukocytes , the rough ER produces what? what about in pancreatic cells?
antibodies; insulin
All of the following are anatomic structures of the auricle EXCEPT one. which is the EXCEPTION? -tragus -helix -antrum -cochlia
antrum
what are the retroperitoneal organs?
aorta, IVC, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, ureters, most of duodenum, ascending and descending parts of colon
how does the inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve pass through diaphragm
aortic opening
what type of exocrine glands are mammary glands and some sweat glands
apocrine
which mode of secretion is secretion of products plus a small portion of cytoplasm like fat droplet by mammary gland
apocrine
what supplies the appendix w/ blood?
appendicular artery which is a branch of the posterior cecal artery
the superior mesenteric artery supplies all of the following except one which is the exception? -duodenum -jejunum -ileum -appendix
appendix
which humor is watery in the front of eyeball
aqueous
what is it when a head of one bone fits into shallow depression of second bone with motion in 3 different planes
ball-and-socket
what reflex provides negative feedback loop in which an elevated BP reflexively causes heart rate to decrease therefore causing BP to decrease and likewise when a decreased BP causes HR to increase and causes an increase in BP
baroreflex
from what part of centriole and flagella do fibers project into the cytoplasm that is essential to function
basal body
what are gray matter structures deep within each cerebral hemisphere that help control skeletal muscle activity
basal nuclei
what is the region of neural tube ventral to sulcus limitans
basal plate
what are the parts of metacarpals?
base (proximal); shaft and heads
what type of surface is base of lung? costal surface? mediastinal?
base = concave, costal = convex, mediastinal = concave
where is the base of the lung? where is the apex?
base = inferior by diaphragm, apex = superior above clavicle
which cell type of cerebellar cortex is an inhibitory interneuron that uses GABA to inhibit perkinje cells
basket cells
Each dorsal root has a dorsal root ganglion that contains sensory cell bodies of all the functional modalities associated with that individual spinal nerve. Nerve fibers in ventral root contain motor axons. The cell bodies of motor axons are found in gray matter inside the spinal cord.
both true
the subclavian triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?
boundaries = SCM, inferior belly of omohyoid, and clavicle floor = first rib and serratus anterior contents = subclavian artery and vein and brachial plexus and supraclavicular nerves
the carotid triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?
boundaries = SCM, posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid floor = thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, pharyngeal constrictors contents = bifurcation of common carotid, internal jugular vein, vagus and hypoglossal nerve
the occipital triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?
boundaries = SCM, trapezius, inferior belly of omohyoid floor = splenius capitis, elevator scapulae, and middle and posterior scalenes contents = accessory nerve
the digastric triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?
boundaries = anterior and posterior digastric and inferior border of mandible floor = mylohyoid and hyoglossus contents = submandibular gland
the submental triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents
boundaries = anterior belly of digastric, hyoid bone, and midline of neck floor = mylohyoid contents = submental lymph nodes and floor of mouth
the muscular triangle has what boundaries? what floor? what contents?
boundaries = superior belly of omohyoid, SCM, midline of neck floor = sternohyoid and sternothyroid contents = infra hyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands
the axillary artery terminates at lower border of the teres major muscle and continues downward as what artery?
brachial artery
the coronoid process of ulna gives attachment to what?
brachial muscle
which muscles origin is the front lower half of humerus and inserts on the coronoid process of ulna
brachialis
the right common carotid arises from the ___________, while the left common carotid arises from the __________ directly. anterior cerebral artery, circle of willis brachiocephalic trunk, aortic arch external carotid artery, brachiocephalic trunk circle of willis, aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk, aortic arch
what 3 arteries does the aortic arch give rise to?
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian
what is an extremely short artery that is first branch of aortic arch that psses upward and to the right of trachea? what does it divide into?
brachiocephalic; into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
what is nerve supply of the teres minor muscle? action?
branch of axillary nerve; laterally rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder
pharyngeal branches of which two CN's make up pharyngeal pellxus
branch of vagus and glossopharyngeal
what are aka compound glands like pancreatic glands
branched
the two vertebral arteries are branches of what? and converge to become what?
branches of subclavian arteries, converge to become basilar artery
the branchial arches are covered externally by ectodermal lined what
branchial clefts
what is the intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures where the anterior fontanelle is in an infant
bregma
what delivers oxygen rich blood to lungs?
bronchial arteries
A 16 year old girl who is just about to have her junior prom comes crying into the physicians office but is lacrimating only from her right eye. The left half of her face is also paralyzed. An oral exam reveals trauma to her buccal mucosa where her teeth have bitten her cheek. which muscle is responsible for keeping mucous membranes out of the plane of occlusion and food out of the buccal vestibule? -medial pterygoid -lateral pterygoid -buccinator -masseter -temporalis
buccinator
what is a fluid filled sac that is lined with a synovial membrane with the function of reducing friction
bursa
Skeletal muscle posses a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. This along with T tubules and terminal cisternae function in the release and reuptake of: -sodium -phosphate -calcium -glucose
calcium
parathyroid hormone is the most important regulator of what
calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid
what takes on regulatory protein role in smooth muscle
calmodulin
the aqueous humor flows between two chambers (in front of iris and behind. what canal drains water in this region? what happens when it is blocked off
canal of Schlemm; glaucoma
what are small channels that radiate from lacunae to haversian canal to provide passageways through the hard matrix to provide oxygen and nutrients to osteocytes
canaliculi
what is aka spongy/trabeculae bone
cancellous
the tunica media and adventitia are absent in which blood vessel type? -arteries -arterioles -capillaries -venules -veins
capillaries
herring bodies are in close contact with what?
capillaries to allow posterior pituitary hormones to get into bloodstream
what is the lateral condyle at distal end of humerus ? what does it articulate with?
capitulum, radius
which region of stomach is immediately distal to GEJ
cardia
what other 2 things does left lung as that right doesn't?
cardiac notch on superior lobe and lingula that corresponds to middle lobe of right lung
where does trachea bifurcate? what epithelium lines tracheal?
carina at level of sternal angle; ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and mucous secreting goblet cells
what are type of joints joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage? what are examples
cartilaginous; synchondroses (joined by hyaline cartilage) and symphyses (joined by fibrocartilage)
what is where spinal nerves continue as nerve roots
cauda equina
the cranial part of the accessory nerve arise from what?
caudal part of nucleus ambiguus
what are the dural venous sinuses situated lateral to body of sphenoid bone and pituitary gland that receive blood from cerebral veins? what do they drain into
cavernous sinuse; drain into superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
what is appendix attached to?
cecum
what are the 5 parts of colon
cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
which part of LI is a bag like structure that receives ileum of SI? what is the appendix?
cecum; appendix contains large lymphoid tissue
what is the arterial supply for foregut? what is venous drainage? what is lymphatic drainage?
celiac trunk; hepatic portal system (via left gastric and splenic veins); celiac nodes
what are the 3 pre-vertebral ganglia
celiac; superior and inferior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric
where are cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neruons? where do axons go?
cell bodies in gray column of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae; axons exit ventral root into white ramus then synapse with postganglionic axons in peripheral ganglion
what surrounds the plasma membrane and serves to protect cell from changes in osmotic pressure, anchor flagella, and maintain cell shape and control transport
cell wall
in the first meiotic divines the number of cells change how? the number of chromosomes ?
cells double but chromosomes don't resulting in 1/2 as many chromosomes per cell
the dental follicle turns into what 3 cell types? what make what?
cementoblasts = cementum fibroblasts = periodontal ligament osteoblasts = alveolar bone
where does CSF travel in spinal cord
central canal
the 9+2 microtubules form a ring around what?
central pair of single microtubules
where is the primary location of the purkinje cell
cerebellar cortex
what are some big things of the posterior cranial fossa?
cerebellum, medulla, pons, internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum
where is the primary location of the pyramidal cell
cerebral cortex
the midbrin relays motor signals from what to what
cerebral cortex to pons
what are the bridging veins that traverse the subdural space between the aranchoid and meningeal dural to drain the dural sinuses
cerebral veins
what provides cutaneous innervation to skin of neck, shoulder, and upper anterior chest
cervical plexus C1-C4
what are the 4 major lymph nodes
cervical, axillary, cubital, and inguinal
what does the aortic body measure? what innervates it? where is it?
changes in BP and composition of arterial blood flowing past it including Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and pH; innervated by vagus; it is along aortic arch
what are cell bodies in CNS? in PNS?
cns = nuclei pns = ganglion
within what part of ear is the organ of corti
cochlea of inner ear
what does the carotid boy measure? where is it?
chemoreceptor that detects changes in composition of arterial blood, mainly O2 but some CO2 and also sensitive to changes in pH and temp; bifurcation of common carotid artery
what is it when the chromosomes partially separate in late prophase, the areas where crossing over occurred remain attached and hold chromosome together until they separate during anaphase
chiasmata
which cell of parathyroid produce parathyroid hromone
chief cells
what stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxation of sphincter of oddi to release bile
cholecystokinin hormone after fatty meal
upon entering the internal acoustic meatus, the facial nerve give rise to what branch? what is it responsible for?
chorda tympani - parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands and provides sensory taste fibers to anterior 2/3 of tongue
what is parasympathetic pathway from CN 7 (2)
chorda tympani > submandibular > submandibular/sublingual
what are thin fibrous cords that attach cusps of tricuspid valve to papillary muscles of right ventricle
chordae tendinae
Which of the following structures prevent the AV valves from everting (or being blown out) back into aorta during ventricular contraction -crista terminalis and ppapillary muscles -chordae tendineae and papillary muscles -pectinate muscles and papillary muscles -chordae tendineae and pectinate muscles
chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
what part of adrenal medulla acts as modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons
chromaffin cells
what are maximally condensed forms of chromatin?
chromosomes
Which parasympathetic ganglion of the head it Is located in the posterior part of the orbit on the lateral side of the optic nerve
ciliary
what is CN 3's parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?
ciliary ganglion to eye for acommodation and sphincter pupillae
what type of epithelium cover pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsils
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Kartagener syndrome is hereditary; its characterized by recurrent upper and lower tract infections. Dysfunctions of which organelle is responsible for this syndrome? - centriole - flagellum - vacuole -ciilum
cilium
what is a short hair like projection from cell membrane where coordinated beating of many cilia produce proganized movement
cilium
what is the vertical muscular ridge that runs along the right atrial wall from the opening of the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava that provides origin for pectinate muscles
cista terminalis
the glogi apparatus (similar to ER) is composed of flat membranous sacs called what? what are the two faces?
cisternae; convex cis face which receives materials and concave trans oriented towards cell membrane for transport
what are dome shaped cells with short microvilli found in small airways of lungs in ciliated simple epithelium that produce glycosaminoglycans to protect the bronchiole lining
clara cells
what forms the apex of the axilla
clavicle (anterior), scapula (posterior), first rib (medial)
what does aryepiglottic muscle do
closes the vestibule
what does thyroarytenoid muscle do
closes vestibule
during swallowing, the soft palate and uvula are drawn upward doing what?
closing nasopharynx
when platelets adhere to collagen they release ADP and other chemicals to form their secretory vesicles which contain chemicals that promote what
clotting
what are the 5 branches of the first part (mandibular part) of maxillary artery and what do they supply
deep auricular artery = supplies external acoustic meatus, external tympanic membrane, and TMJ anterior tympanic artery = supplies internal aspect of tympanic membrane middle meningeal artery = enters cranial cavity via foramen spinosum to supply periosteum, bone, red bone marrow, dura mater of lateral wall and calvaria of neurocranium, trigeminal ganglion, tympanic cavity, and tensor tympani muscle accessory meningeal artery = enters cranial cavity via foramen ovale to distribute to muscle of infra temporal fossa, sphenoid bone, mandibular nerve, and otic ganglion inferior alveolar artery = descends to enter mandibular canal via mandibular foramen, supplies mandible, mandibular teeth, chin, and mylohyoid
all lymph vessels from head and neck ultimately drain into what
deep cervical lymph nodes
efferent lymph vessels of parotid lymph nodes drain into what
deep cervical nodes
what branch of lingual artery supplies apex of tongue
deep lingual (terminal branch)
which of the following muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve? select all that apply -pectoralis major -pectoralis minor -teres major -teres minor -deltoid -lattisimus dorsi
deltoid and teres major
Which structural component of a neuron sends impulses toward the cell body? -intercalated disk -perikaryon -dendrine -axon
dendrite
what does the sternohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?
depress hyoid; ansa cervicalis
delta cells of pancreas secrete somatostatin which acts locally within islets to do what
depress secretion of both insulin and glucagon
what does the omohyoid do? what is innervation?
depresses hyoid bone; ansa cervicalis
what does sternothryoid muscle do? what is inenrvation
depresses larynx, ansa cervicalis
what does thyrohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?
depresses the hyoid; first cervical nerve via hypoglossal nerve
what does superior oblique do to eye? what innervates it?
depresses, abducts, and medially rotates; CN IV
what does inferior rectus do to eye? what innervates it?
depresses, adducts, and laterally rotates; CN III
the pattern of distribution of peripheral nerves (musculocutaneous) is different from what
dermatome pattern
within the intercalated disks of cardiac muscle, what attach one cell to another? what spread impulses from cell to cell
desmosomes = connection gap junction = electrical impulses
what is the fold of dura mater that covers pituitary gland
diaphragma sellae
the central region of a bone that is composed of a thick collar of compact bone surrounded by the periosteum is called the: - metaphysis - diaphysis - endosteum - epiphysis
diaphysis
what is the long shaft of long bones? what is the ends?
diaphysis, ends = epiphysis
what is another word for freely moveable joint
diarthroses
when do coronary arteries receive a majority of their blood flow?
diastole
where is third ventricle located
diencephalon
which of the following triangles is bounded by anterior and posterior bellies of digastric muscle and inferior border of the body of the mandible? -submental -digastric -carotid -muscular -occipital -subclavian
digastric
where is the carotid sinus? what innervates it? what does it measure?
dilation of internal carotid artery at its origin; innervated by glossopharyngeal; measures blood pressure via baroreceptors
what is the CT layer surrounding each muscle fiber
endomysium
A patient comes into the orthodontist's office as referred by his general dentist. The orthodontist notes the patient's tongue thrusts and notes that early treatment could prevent skeletal problems. Soft tissue development is thought to encourage mandibular growth: - upward and forward -upward and backward -downward and forward -downward and backward
downward and forward
what is the accessory pancreatic duct that when present opens separately into duodenum
duct of Santorini
A pancreatic cancer patient has a tumor that presses on the ampulla of Vater. This has been causing GI problems because it obstructs the common bile duct and main excretory duct of pancreas which is known as? -Wharton duct -Duct of Wirsung -Bartholin duct -Wolffian duct -Stensons duct
duct of Wirsung
what is the main pancreatic duct that begins at the tail and joins the common bile duct to form what ampulla of vater
duct of Wirsung
Circumvallate papilla are associated with what glands
ducts of Von ebner glands
what conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
ductus deferens
sperm are formed in testes then pass along the what?
ductus deferens to join the duct of seminal vesicle
the duodenum receive the common bile duct and pancreatic duct ate what
duodenal papilla
Brunner glands are found in the submucosa of the? -cecum -transverse colon -jejunum -duodenum -ileum
duodenum
what is produced in duodenum to regulate pancreatic juice secretion
duodenum
what does thymus make T cells
during development in womb and childhood
what are the motor complexes that allow the axoneme to bend that are anchored to the microtubules?
dynein arms
which disfunction of cerebellum is altered range of motion
dysmetria
capillaries consist of a single layer of what? what does it allow? how many erythrocytes do they accommodate
endothelial cells; blood and tissue cells exchange gases and metabolites; only one erythrocyte at a time
the oral cavity appears as a shallow depression in the embyronic surface what
ectoderm
which layer of trilaminar disc forms parotid gland
ectoderm
all neuroglia derive from what? what is exception?
ectoderm except microglia from mesoderm
what is the origin and future tissue of stomodeum
ectodermal depression enlarged by disintegration of oropharyngeal membrane; oral cavity proper
between the 6th and 8th weeks of prenatal development the three major salivary glands begin as epithelial proliferations from what
ectodermal lining of primitive mouth
what is origin and future tissues of frontonasal processes?
ectodermal tissue and neural crest cells; medial and lateral nasal proceses
what is the mesenchyme derived from ectoderm? especially from what part
ectomesenchyme (aka mesectoderm) especially from neural crest cells
the thymus and spleen have only what kind of lymph vessels
efferent lymph vessels
what is the joining of the ductus deferent and seminal vesicle called
ejaculatory duct
what does mylohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?
elevates floor of mouth and hyoid bone or depresses mandible; trigeminal nerve
what does geniohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?
elevates hyoid bone or depresses mandible; first cervical nerve via hypoglossal nerve
what does stylohyoid muscle do? what is innervation?
elevates hyoid bone; facial nerve
what does inferior oblique do to eye? what innervates it?
elevates, abducts, and laterally rotates, CN III
what does superior rectus do to eye? what innervates it?
elevates, adducts, and medially rotates; CN III
what is an oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical shape of another like metacarpals and phalanges
ellipsoidal (condyloid)
what are valveless veins that pass through openins in the skull and allow dural sinuses to communicate with extracranial veins
emissary veins
bile does what to neutral fats? what does it absorb
emulsifies neutral fats; absorbs fat acids, cholesterol, and certain vitamins
the cervial loop, outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum reticulum, inner enamel epithelium all come from what
enamel organ
the ectoderm of first arch and ectomesenchyme from neural crest give rise to the tooth germ. What are the 3 components of the tooth germ
enamel organ, dental papilla, dental follicle
Which of the following lines the chambers of the heart? -epicardium -myocardium -endocardium -pericardium
endocardium
which ossification is going through a cartilaginous stage?
endochondral
The bones of the extremities and those parts of the axial skeleton that bear weight (e.g. vertebrae) develop by: -subchondral ossification -primary ossification -intramembranous ossification -endochondral ossification
endochondral ossification
pharyngeal pouches develop as invaginations of what
endoderm
the GI tract is a derivative of what?
endoderm
the liver is a derivative of what?
endoderm
the lung is a derivative of what?
endoderm
the middle ear and auditory tube are derivatives of what
endoderm
the pancreas is a derivative of what?
endoderm
the parathyroid is a derivative of what?
endoderm
the submandibular and sublingual glands are derivatives of what
endoderm
the thymus is a derivative of what?
endoderm
the thyroid is a derivative of what?
endoderm
which layer of trilaminar disc forms sublingual gland
endoderm
which layer of trilaminar disc forms submandibular gland
endoderm
what lines the branchial arches internally
endodermal lined branchial pouches
what is a fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of inner ear with a main cation of potassium whose jobs is depolarizing electrical current in the hair cell
endolymph
A 62 year old female visits the family physician with complaints of right sided hearing loss, ringing in right ear (tinnitus), numbness over the right half of her face, and dizziness. The physical diagnoses her with an acoustic schwannoma that is occluding her right internal acoustic meatus. The internal acoustic meatus pierces the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The internal acoustic meatus transmits which two structures? Trigeminal and facial facial and vestibulocochlear vestibulocochlear and vagus trigeminal and vagus
facial and vestibulocochlear nerve
the facial nerve enters internal acoustic meatus goes through which canal in temporal bone and emerges where?
facial canal in temporal bone and emerges from stylomastoid foramen
the nerve to stapedius aries from what to supply the stapedius muscle
facial nerve
the stylomastoid foramen transmits the: trigeminal nerve internal carotid artery facial nerve trochlear nerve
facial nerve
what innervates the platysma
facial nerve
how does the pterygopaltine ganglion receive pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers
facial nerve by way of the greater petrosal nerve
what ligaments attach liver to diaphragm (3). what about stomach? duodenum?
falciform, triangular, and coronary ligaments = diaphragm; lesser momentum to stomach, hepatoduodenal ligaments to duodenum
if genioglossus muscle is paralyzed the tongue has a tendency to do what
fall back and obstruct the oropharyngeal airway
which of the following contains occipital sinus in its posterior border -falx cerbri -tentorium cerebelli -diaphragma sellae -falx cerebeli
falx cerebelli
what is the dura mater vertical fold that separates the two lobes of cerbellum? what does it contain
falx cerebelli; occipital sinus
what is the dura mater vertical fold that lies in longitudinal fissure and separates cerebral hemisphers? what does it contain
falx cerebri; inferior sagittal sinus and superior sagittal sinus
Which of the following ascending tracts of SC functions in discrimnationg touch and pressure sensations? -spinotectal -faciculus gracilis and cutaneous -anterior and posterior spinoccerebellar tracts -lateral spinaothalamic tract
fasciculus gracilis and cutaneous
the bundle of cells surrounded by the perimysium is called what
fasiculus
which major ascending tract is responsible for discriminating touch and pressure sensations including vibration and two=point discrimniation
fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus tract
is urinary bladder lower in males or females
females
are there more or fewer efferent vessels compared to afferent
fewer efferent
the right optic tract contains: -fibres from left eye only -fibers from the right eye only -fibers from the nasal half of the right eye and temporal half of the left eye -fibers from the temporal half of the right eye and nasal half the left eye
fibers from the temporal half of right eye and nasal half of left eye
serum = blood plasma without what?
fibrinogen (after coagulation)
which cells primary function is producing collagen and reticular fibers
fibroblasts
what are some cells mesenchymal cells can differentiate into? what type of tissue do mesenchymal cells form?
fibroblasts chonroblasts odontoblasts and osteoblasts; form mesenchyme aka embryonic CT
what type of cartilage does TMJ contain
fibrocartilage
what type of cartilage is in articular discs that separate joint cavity into two cavities
fibrocartilage
what is meniscus made of? does it have blood supply, nerve supply or lymphatic channels?
fibrocartilage, no no and no thus cannot heal itself
sutures and syndesmoses are which type of joint based on CT
fibrous
at puberty, thymus undergoes involution and stops growing and is replaced by what
fibrous and adipose tissue
the posterior slope of the articular eminence is lined by what?
fibrous connective tissue
what is another name for synarthrosis? what are examples?
fibrous joint, suture of skull
what type of joints are joined by fibrous connective tissue? what are the two types
fibrous joints (synarthrosis) : sutures of skull and syndesmoses (between ulna and radius)
the left and right ventricles rest on what
fibrous part of diaphragm
what surrounds each kidney supported by adipose tissue
fibrous renal capsule
what are the 3 parts of the axillary artery? what do they supply?
first = medial to pectorals minor = superior thoracic artery is only branch second = behind pectorals minor = thoracoacromial and lateral thoracic artery third = lateral to pectorals minor = sub scapular artery, anterior humeral circumflex, and posterior humeral circumflex
which branchial arch is the future malleus and incus of middle ear including anterior ligament of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament, and portions of sphenoid bone
first arch
which branchial arch cartilage is closely related to developing middle ear and becomes ossified to malleus and incus of middle ear, sphenomandibular ligament, and portions of sphenoid bone? what is it aka
first arch catilage; aka Meckel cartilage
after formation of the stomodeum two bulges of tissue inferior to mouth called mandibular processes occur from what arch?
first branchial arch
what do the three swellings (tuberculum impar) that make the tongue come from
first branchial arch
The AV node is referred to as the "pacemaker" of the heart. The conducting system of the heart is all modified cardiac muscle fibers and not nerves
first false; sceond true
Bone density and structural integrity decrease after age 30 in women and after 45 in men. Therefore a relatively steady quantitive loss of bone matrix occurs. Bones store mineral salts, for example, approximately 55% of body's calcium is stored in bones and teeth.
first is true, second is false
what is the source of the inferior alveolar artery? where does it enter and end / supply
first part of maxillary artery - follows IAN to enter mandibular foramen and terminate into mental and incisive arteries at region of second premolar - supplies all mandibular teeth
the muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine, and anterior belly of digastric are all derived from what?
first pharyngeal arch
The trigeminal nerve contains no parasympathetic component at its origin. The maxillary divions CNV2 passes through the foramen spinosum and provides sensory innervation to midface, palate, paranasal sinues, and maxillary teeth.
first statement is true and second is false (it passes through the foramen rotundum)
The interior cervical ganglion is often found fuse to what? What does that form?
first thoracic sympathetic ganlgion; forms the stellate ganglion
During the 4th week of embryonic development the tongue appears in the form of two lateral lingual swellings and one medial swelling; the so called tuberculum impar. These three swellings originate from second branchial arch.
first true; then false
what is a sharp, narrow cleft like opening between the parts of a bone that allows for passage of blood vessels and nerves
fissure
what kind of movement does flagella move with? cilia?
flagella = undulating snake like motion; cilia = coordinated waves
what are some bones that form as intramembranous ossification?
flat bones - of skull, maxilla, parts of mandible, and clavicles
decreasing inner angle of joints?
flexion
the mylohyoid muscles join at the midline to form what
floor of mouth
the hard palate forms not only roof of oral cavity but also what
floor of nasal cavity
what are the major components of lymph
fluid portion that resembles plasma, WBC, and a few RBC
what papillae are found on lateral margins as 3-4 vertical folds
foliate
what are the thyroid epithelial cells that are responsible for the synthesis of thyyroid hormone
follicles
what is the hallmark of lymph vessels in upper limbs
follow the veins
what is an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass
foramen
what is the remnant of proximal end of thyroglossal duct at apex of terminal sulcus of tongue
foramen cecum
the greater petrosal nerve emerges on the superior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone and runs forward to enter what foramen where it is joined by what nerve to form the nerve to tpergyoid canal
foramen lacerum; joined by deep petrosal nerve
accessory nerve enters cranial cavity through what foramen
foramen magnum
the mandibular condyles intersect at what position? which indicates the axes are directed how?
foramen magnum; posteromedially
what is the median aperture that allows fourth ventricle to communicate with subarachnoid space
foramen of magendie
A patient comes to the emergency room presenting with jaundice and intense pain in upper abdominal region between the shoulder blades. The physician suspects choledocholithiasis that is caused by cholesterol stones formed in which organ that stores and concentrates biles? -appendix -gallbladder -liver -pancreas -spleen
gallbladder
which motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers which are part of muscle spindles
gamma motor neurons
What is the unpaired ganglion lying in front of the coccyx
ganglion impar
the common hepatic artery gives rise to what 3 arteries?
gastroduodenal artery, right gastric artery, and hepatic artery proper
which muscle of tongue controls protrusion
genioglossus
what are sites within lymph nodes where mature B lymphocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate, mutate their antibodies, and class switch during normal immune response
germinal centers
what part of adenomere synthesizes glycoproteins
glandular cells
what part of scapula articulates with head of humerus?
glenoid cavity
what type of movement occurs when bones slide over each other like carpals and tarsal bones
gliding
the carotid sinus branch of what nerve innervates the carotid body and carotid sinus
glossopharyngeal
what nerve innervates circumvallate papillae
glossopharyngeal
what nerve provides the afferent limb of the gag reflex
glossopharyngeal
what inhibits release of corticotropin releasing hormone
glucocorticoids
what does the zona fasciculata make?
glucocorticoids - mainly cortisol
which hormone of adrenal cortex are produced as a result of ACTH? what does it do?
glucocorticoids; influences metabolism of fat, protein, and carbs promoting breakdown and release of fat and sugars into the bloodstream
what genetic deficiency causes severe hemolytic crisis in affected individuals secondary to decreased NADPH and inability of RBC's to maintain membrane integrity induced by sulfa drugs, oxidants, and fave beans
glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase
the golgi apparatus are where what kind of proteins are assembled for extracellular use?
glycoproteins
what store sugar in hepatocytes
glycosomes
the large intestine lacks villi and is characterized by many tubular intestinal glands with large numbers of what cells? it is sometimes described how?
goblet cells; as glandular epithelium
which way does uvula go with a unilateral lesion?
goes toward opposite side
what is composed of membranous sacs that synthesize carbs and combine it with protein and packages the product as globules of glycoprotein
golgi apparatus
what is the joint that binds teeth to bony socks in mandible and maxilla? what is it a type of?/
gomphosis, type of synarthrosis
which layer of the cerebellar cortex is the deepest layer consisting of small neurons called granule cells
granular layer
which cell of cerebellar cortex is intrinsic and use glutamate as an excitatory transmitter
granule cell
Which of the following cells is the only excitatory fell in the cerebellum -basket cells -stellate cells -purkinje cells -granule cells -golgi cells
granule cells
which leukocytes are granulocytes? which are agranulocytes
granulo = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils agranulo = monocytes, macrophage, lymphocytes
what is hormone that stimulates precursor cells in bone marrow to differentiate into WBC
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
the ova begin as primordial oocytes that are surrounded by a layer of what
granulosa cells
which rami conect the sympathetic trunk to every spinal nerve
gray
the cranial nerves that supply motor innervations to the muscles that move the eyeball all enter the orbit through a foramen that is between the: lesser wing of sphenoid and frontal lesser wing of sphenoid and ethmoid greater and lesser wings of sphenoid lesser wing of sphenoid, frontal, and ethmoid bones
greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone
what is the lateral surface of stomach called
greater curvature
the greater palatine artery emerges from what foramen? it then courses anteriorly and passes through what foramen to anastomoses with posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery
greater palatine foramen; incisive foramen
what does the left coronary artery supply?
greater part of left atrium, left ventricle, and ventricular septum
what is parasympathetic pathway from CN 7 (1)
greater petrosal nerve > ptergyopalatine > zygomatic > lacrimal gland
what is the component of the peritoneal cavity that extends from the diaphragm down to the pelvis
greater sac
the organ of corti contains what cells that convert vibrations into nerve impulses
hair cells
what is a process of the medial pterygoid plate that provides origin for tensor veil palatini muscle
hamulus
what forms floor of nose?
hard palate
all of the following are true concerning the right lung except one. which is the exception - has three lobes and three secondary bronchi - contains ten bronchial segments (corresponding to tertiary bronchi) - usually receives one bronchial artery - has slightly smaller capacity than left lung - the azygos vein leaves an impression on the right lung as the vein arches over the root
has slightly smaller capacity than left lung
osteons or haversian systems consist of central canal called what?
haversian canal
compact bone consists closely of packed osteons , aka what
haversian systems
which t cells help activate other T cells? which one is affected by HIV
helper T; CD4+ T helper cells
what does the thyroepiglottic muscle do
helps close vestibule
what is proportion of erythrocytes in a sample of blood? what is usual %?
hematocrit 46% males and 40% females
what give rise to various committed progenitor cells which give rise to different types of formed elements
hemocytoblasts
what are the differentiation stages of erythroblast
hemocytoblasts > common myeloid progenitor > unipotent stem cells > pro erythroblast > basophilic erythroblast > polychromatophilic erythroblast > normoblast > reticulocyte > erythrocyte
the cervical loop turns into what? and what is product
henrtwigs tooth sheath > root form
Mast cells are large cells with coarse metachromatic granules containing what two main substances
heparin and histamine
what are the three parts of the portal triad
hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct
the hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood to the liver while the ____________________ brings food-laden blood from the abdominal viscera
hepatic portal vein
the sinusoids of each liver lobule empty into a common central vein which then empty into one of three what? that then empty into what?
hepatic veins; the inferior vena cava
which cells in liver make bile
hepatocytes
the barr body is an excellent example of what type of chromatin
heterochromatin
what is highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive DNA
heterochromatin
lungs and trachea drain into which lymph nodes
hilar lymph nodes
spleen is entirely covered by peritoneum except what part?
hilum
the large splenic artery runs to the left in a wavy course along the upper border of the pancreas and behind the stomach where upon reaching the left kidney enters the lienorenalligament and runs to the what? what are the 3 branches?
hilum of spleen; pancreatic branches, left gastroepiploic artery, and short gastric arteries
what is the indentation of each kidney on the medial border? what enters/leaves here?
hilum; ureters, renal vessels, and nerves enter/leave
what branch of gut tube includes distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
hindgut
what type of movement is elbow and knee
hinge
Chromatin consist of strand son DNA wound around a protein base of primary what
histones
where is yellow marrow found? aka?
hollow center of diaphysis (long shaft of bone) aka medullary cavity
what type of exocrine glands are sebaceous glands
holocrine
which mode of secretion is secretion of entire cells with secretory product like sebaceous glands of skin and nose
holocrine
what are the 4 parts of the ethmoid bone?
horizontal/cribiform plate, perpendicular plate, two lateral masses/labyrinths
what forms the lateral wall of the axilla
humerus specifically coracobrachials and biceps muscles
most bones are endochondral forming meaning they begin as what kind of cartilage? how does it happen generically? what bones does it happen to?
hyaline - osteocytes replace chondrocytes - bones of base of skull, condyles of mandible, short and long bones, and vertebrae
which muscles of tongue controls depression
hyoglossus and genioglossus
the hypoglossal nerve enters the floor of the mouth between what two muscles
hyoglossus and mylohyoid
all depressor muscles have what as a common site of attachment? what are the supra hyoid depressors of mandible?
hyoid bone; mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and digastric muscles
laryngopharynx extends from what to what? what type of epithelium?
hyoid to esophagus; stratified squamous epithelium
at the loop of henley, first through electrolyte exchange and reabsorption produce what kind of fluid?
hyperosmolar
resistance to pulmonary blood flow in lungs causes a strain on the right ventricle and results in what
hypertrophy
which region contains the SI, sigmoid colon, rectum, right and left ureters, urinary bladder (female), uterus, right and left ovaries, right and left fallopian tubes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
hypogastric
most tongue muscles develop from myoblasts originating in the occipital somites and therefore tongue msuculature is innervated by what
hypoglossal nerve
what innervates all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue except palatoglossus? what does palatoglossus
hypoglossal; vagus
Which portal venous system is critical for proper endocrine function? -hypophyseal -renal -hepatic -none of the above
hypophyseal
the left and right superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries form what
hypophyseal portal system
the posterior lobe of pitutiary (neurohypophysis and pars nervos), infundibulum and pituitary stalk all arise from what
hypothalamus
where are ADH and oxytocin produced?
hypothalamus
what refers to the way in which secretions by the anterior pituitary are controlled by hormoens called hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting facotrs
hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal tract
what happens to corteus luteum if the ovum is fertilized? what if its not?
if ovum is fertilized corpus luteum remains and persists and continues secreting progesterone and if not it shrinks into mass of collagenous tissue called corpus albicans
what supplies the ascending colon w/ blood?
ileocolic and right colic branches of superior mesenteric artery
what is the preferred site for B12 absorption
ileum
where are goblet cells most abundtant
ileum
where are paneth cells most commonly found
ileum
Peyer patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found prominently through the: -duodenum of small intestine -jejunum of small intestine -ileum of small intestine - none of the above
ileum of small intestine
A 15 year old patient comes into the emergency room with diffuse abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and a fever. On palpation of the lower right abdomen he feels pain, and even greater rebound pain when the pressure is released. The diagnosis is appendicitis. It is located in which abdominal region? -umbilical -epigastric -hypogastric -lumbar -hypochondria -iliac
iliac
what is the uppermost and largest bone in pelvis?
ilium
the otic ganglion is located: -deep within the pterygopalatine fossa -on lateral side of optic nerve -immediately below foramen ovale in inratemporal fossa -on lateral surface of hyoglossus muscle
immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa
upper motor nuerons originate where
in brain
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse where?
in ganglia close to organs
where is the primary location of the ganglionic cell
in ganglion peripheral to CNS
On the surface of the chest, the apex of the heart is located: -at level of xiphoid process -in 5th right intercostal space -in left fourth intercostal space -in left fifth intercostal space
in left 5th intercostal space
where is albumin produced? what does it do?
in liver, transports hormones, fatty acids, buffers pH, maintains osmotic pressure
where are the lateral ventricles? how do they communicate with each other?
in right and left cerebral hemispheres; communicate via septum pellucidum
pro collagen filaments aggregate in the cistern of Golgi apparatus; it is formed where?
in the lumen of ER then it will move to cis face of Golgi
the neurhypophysis contains abundtnat axons whose cell bodies are located mainly where
in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
papillary muscles are found only where; do they help valve close
in ventricles; no
metabolically inactive follicular colloid stains what color? active?
inactive = acidophilic active = basophilic
where is an incision made for tracheotomy?
incision through median cricothyroid ligament that runs between cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage and is inferior to space between the vocal cords where aspirated objects usually get lodged (cricothyroid space)
Which of the following nerves innervates the mandibular anterior teeth -mental branch of inferior alveolar -incisive branch of inferior alveolar -buccal -lingual
incisive branch of inferior alveolar
what is a deep indentation on the border of a bone
incisure
what goes through the inferior orbital fissure
infraorbital and zygomatic branches of maxillary nerve, infraorbital artery, and part of inferior ophthalmic vein
what is the source of the anterior superior alveolar artery? what does it supply?
infraorbital artery of maxillary artery - supplies maxillary sinus and anterior teeth via alveolar canals
what does the maxillary process of zygomatic bone form
infraorbital rim and portion of anterior lateral orbital wall
what are the main branches of the maxillary nerve? does it have motor?
infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal, no pruely sensory
pituitary connects to the hypothalamus via what
infundibulum
the anterior ethmoidal sinuses drain into what of the lateral wall of middle meatus
infundibulum which drains into hiatus semilunaris
what connects the pubic tubercle of the pubis to the anterior superior iliac spine of ilum
inguinal ligament
which membrane of mitochondria contain many enzymes important for oxidative phosphorylation
inner
which part of ear consists of closed, fluid filled spaces within the temporal bone that is a bony labyrinth including the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea
inner ear
Which of the following statements if CORRECT regarding vertebral arteries? -inside the skull the two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery - they arise from thyrocervical trunk - they enter the skull through the carotid canal - they pass through transverse foramina of all 7 cervical vertebrae
inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries join up to form the basilar artery
which disfunction of cerebellum is oscillating motion, especially of the head during movement
intention tremor
which part of an adenomere are lined by low cuboidal cells?
intercalated ducts
what transport lymph from left and right intercostal spaces to thoracic duct
intercostal lymphatic vessels
what is a phase of meiosis similar to interphase except DAN synthesis does not occur
interkinesis
as renal arteries pass into the kidneys, they branch into successively smaller arteries; what are they?
interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles to nephrons
what arises as a result of fusion of two medial nasal processes and frontonasal processes within the embryo
intermaxillary segment
the vestibulocochlear nerve enters the temporal bone through what
internal acoustic meatus
the facial nerve enters the temporal bone through what
internal auditory meatus
what supplies sensation above the vocal folds?
internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
the ophthalmic artery that gives rise to anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries is a branch of what aretery
internal carotid
where is the primary location of the sustenacular cell
internal ear (organ of court), taste bud, olfactory epithelium
the urinary bladder has blood supplied by the vesicular branches of what?
internal iliac arteries
the tongue is supplied by the lingual artery, tonsillar branch of facial artery, and ascending pharyngeal artery all which drain into what
internal jugular vein
what does the sheath that the common carotid runs into under the SCM muscle also contain (2)
internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
deep cervical lymph nodes are located along the length of the what on each side of neck deep to SCM muscle? how are deep cervical lymph nodes classified?
internal jugular vein; as either superior or inferior to SCM
which tonsils are smaller and more numerous and are found on posterior portion of dorsum of tongue? what kind of epithelium?
lingual, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
the mandibular foramen is located on the medial surface of the rams just below what?
lingula
where is the primary location of the endothelial cell
lining blood vessels, lymph vessels, and endocardium
where is the primary location of the ependymal
lining brain ventricles and spinal cord
where are minor salivary glands
lips, cheek, tongue (von ebner glands), hard palate
Which of the following organs or structures are retroperitoneal except one. Which is the exception? -aorta -adrenal glands -pancreas -liver -inferior vena cave -ureteres -kidneys
liver
what are the largest of the subunits of a salivary gland and separated by connective tissue septa?
lobes
each lobar branch corresponds to what? what is next branch?
lobes, tertiary or segmental is next
the livers functional unit is what? what cells does it use?
lobule, hepatocyte
what are the subunits of lobes of salivary glands that are separated by thin extensions of septa
lobules
what innervates serrates anterior? what is action?
long thoracic nerves from C5-7, pulls scapula forward and downward
are preganglionic parasympathetic neurons long or short? myelinated or unmyelinated?
long; myelinated
are postganglionic sympathetic neurons long or short? myelinated or unmyelinated?
long; unmyelinated
stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus are all what kind of muscles of pharynx
longitudinal muscles
what are the 3 types of intrinsic muscles of tongue that squeeze, fold, and curl it
longitudinal, transverse, and vertical
where are interstitial cells of ledge found?
lose vascular CT surrounding seminiferous tubules
the ventral rami of C8 and T1 unite to form what trunk of brachial plexus
lower
what does the infra temporal fossa contain?
lower portion of temporalis muscle, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, pterygoid plexus of veins, mandibular nerve, maxillary artery, chords tympani and otic ganglion
what is nerve supply of the trees major muscle? action?
lower sub scapular nerve for posterior cord of brachial plexus, medially rotates and adducts arm
the gallbladder is firmly attached where? on what side of abdomen?
lower surface of liver on right side of abdomen
what innervates external oblique, internal angle, transversus abdominus, rectus abdominis
lower thoracic spinal nerves
kidneys drain lymph into what nodes
lumbar lymph nodes
which plexus of spinal nerve is formed in the psoas major muscle and supplies the lower abdomen, parts of lower limb? what are main branches
lumbar plexus; femoral and obtrurator nerves
Which of the following are NOT derived from mesoderm? -select all that apply -heart -vessels -lung -bone -spleen -kidney -liver -dura mater
lung; liver
The mediastinum contains all of the following structures EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? -heart -lungs -trachea -esophagus -thymus gland
lungs
T cells made in thymus grow in thymuss and then travel where?
lymph nodes
after lymph leaves node they enter larger collecting vessels called what? that do what?
lymphatic trunks that unite to form either the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct
what are the 4 branches of the second part (pterygoid part) of the maxillary artery? and what do they supply?
masseteric artery = traverses mandibular notch supplying TMJ and master deep temporal arteries = anterior and posterior arteries ascend between temporals muscle and bone of temporal fossa pterygoid branches = supply pterygoid buccal artery = buccal oral mucosa, buccinator, and buccal fat-pad
On the playground at recess, a young girl is stung by a bee and immediately breaks out in hives and starts grasping for air. The teacher grabs an epinephrine auto injector from the first aid kit and is able to save the girl. What cells, when bound by IgE are responsible for anaphylactic reaction? -mast -macrophages -platelets -Kupffer cells
mast
which cells primary function is mediating inflammation on contact with antigen
mast
what branches of maxillary artery supplies masseter? temporalis? medial and lateral pterygoid?
master = masseter temporalis = deep temporal branch medial and lateral pterygoid = pterygoid branch
what is formed from mergin of two smaller maxillary processes of first branchial arches
maxilla
which bones are the lacrimal canal in? what are the contents?
maxilla and lacrimal bones, nasolacrimal tear duct
A young patient arrives in the physicians office with unexplained persistent symptoms. they have bloody nasal discharge and painful oral lesion. a chest x-ray reveals coin lesions and labs reveal kidney failure. ultimately the isolation of the ANCAs - IgG antibodies yield a diagnosis of Wegener granulomatosis The dentist who referred this patient to the physical made a note of the necrotizing oral lesion that had perforated the hard plate into the nasal cavity. The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the : -ethmoid and palatine bones - maxilla and nasal bones - maxilla and palatine bones - nasal and vomer bones
maxilla and palatine bones
which bone is the incisive foramen found? what are contents?
maxilla, nasopalatine nerve and branches of spehnopalatine artery
which sinus drains directly into the hiatus semilunaris
maxillary
What is the major arterial origin supplying the mandibular anterior teeth? -mandibular artery -facial artery -vertebral artery -maxillary artery
maxillary artery
what good vessels are in pterygopaltine fossa?
maxillary artery and branches including infraorbital and sphenopalatine arteries
what goes through foramen rotundum
maxillary nerve
what nerve does the foramen rotundum transmit?
maxillary nerve CN V2
failure of fusion of which of the following will lead to cleft lip? -frontonasal process, lateral nasal process -maxillary process, medial nasal process -lateral nasal process, medial nasal process -maxillary process; lateral nasal process
maxillary process; medial nasal process
The midface is formed from which embryonic structure(S)? -stomodeum -maxillary processes -frontonasal process -medial nasal processes
maxillary processes
what is a tube like passage running through a bone
meatus
the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilages form what wall of nasal cavity
medial (nasal septum)
what is nerve supply of the pectorals major muscle? action?
medial and lateral pectoral nerves from medial and lateral chords of brachial plexus; adducts arm and rotates it medially
the anterior division of the lower trunk forms what cord of brachial plexus
medial cord
what does frontal process of maxilla form
medial infraorbital rim
axons of cells ihtin the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus cross as internal arcuate fibers and form what
medial lemniscus (large ascending bundle of heavy myelinatd axons whose cell bodies lie in contralateral nucleus gracilis and nucleus cutaneatus
The primary palate or median palatal process is formed by the merging of the frontonasal process with which other processes? -lateral nasal processes -medial nasal processes -maxillary processes -mandibular processes
medial nasal processes
which nasal processes fuse to form the middle portion of the nose from root to apex and also the philtrum region
medial nasal processes
A prosthodontist designs maxillary removable complete and partial dentures to engage the hamular notch behind the maxillary tuberosities. The hamulus is a small slender hook, which accommodates the action of the tensor veil palatine. The hamulus is a component of which bone? - lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid - medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone - maxilla - horizontal plate of palatine bone - perpendicular plate of palatine bone
medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
what is origin of superior constrictor
medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone and pterygomandibular raphe
what is the adult remnant of the umbilical arteries
medial umbilical ligaments
what are the parts of the sphenoid bone?
median body, 2 great and 2 small wings, and 2 pterygoid processes
what other nerve is immediately lateral to brachial artery?
median nerve
which terminal branch of the lateral and medial cords supplies motor innervation to most of the flexor muscles in the forearm and intrinsic muscles of the thumb
median nerve
where do all of the pharyngeal constrictors insert? what are their actions?
median pharyngeal raphe; superior = upper pharyngeal constriction and middle and inferior = lower pharyngeal constriction
what artery comes off proximal to the bifurcation of aorta into two common iliac arteries what is an unpaired parietal branch?
median sacral artery
what branch of internal thoracic artery goes to contents of anterior mediastinum like thymus gland
mediastinal arteries
what separates right and left lungs? what divide each lung into lobes?
mediastinum, fissures
what is termination of fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus tract
medulla
what is termination of tectospinal tract
medulla and anterior gray columns
what is the most inferior portion of brain stem that joins the spinal cord at level of foramen magnum
medulla oblongata
what is the inner dark brown layer of kidneys? what do they contain?
medullar; contain renal pyramids that are separated by renal columns
what is centrally positioned space within diaphysis? what does it contain
medullary cavity; fatty yellow bone marrow
platelets are actually fragments of large bone marrow cells called what
megakaryocytes
platelets develop from what
megakaryocytes
spermatogenesis and oogenesis both occur via what process
meiosis
what is the portion of male urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm
membranous urethra
which T cells main inactive until further exposure to same antigen
memory T
upon interacting with a specific antigen, T lymphocytes become sensitized and differentiate into several types of daughter cells that include what
memory T, killer T, and helper T
what branch of vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion to supply dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
meningeal nerve
which of the following foramina appears as a small round radiolucent area on the mandibular premolar and can be confused with a periodical abscess if not recognized correctly mandibular foramen incisive foramen mental foramen foramen ovale
mental foramen
which mode of secretion is only cell secretory product released from membrane bound secretory granules like pancreatic acinar cells
merocrine
which type of exocrine glands are salivary glands, pancreatic acinar glands, and some sweat glands
merocrine
pancreatic acinar cells are classified as: -merocrine glands -apocrine glands -holocrine glands -endocrine glands
merocrine glands
Which trigeminal nuclei is involved with proprioception of the face
mesencephalic
Which type of cells that the potential to proliferate and differentiate into diverse cell types? -stellate reticular cells -mesenchymal cells -neurolemma cells -chromaffin cells
mesenchymal cells (also called mesoblastic cells)
what does spleen develop from?
mesenchymal cells of mesentery attached to primitive stomach
neural crest cells develop from the neuroectoderm but migrate from crests of neural folds and disperse within what
mesenchyme
during a boxing match, a boxer was struck on the lateral side of the skull, immediate he fell unconscious for several seconds. he was asymptomatic for the first 24 hours then he developed symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure (HA, N, V). Which of the following arteries is most likely involved? -inferior alveolar artery -middle meningeal artery -infraorbital artery -deep temporal artery -middle cerebral artery
middle meningeal artery
the jugular foramen transmits all the following structures EXCEPT one. which is the exception? inferior petrosal sinus sigmoid sinus glossopharyngeal nerve middle meningeal artery vagus nerve spinal accessory nerve
middle meningeal artery
what does the foramen spinosum transit?
middle meningeal vessels and nerves to tissues covering brain
what does the two medial nasal processes contribute to
middle of upper lip
which division of gut tube includes distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and 2/3 transverse colon
midgut
what are the 3 single bones centered on the midline of skull? what are the 6 bilateral pairs of bones? and what are the pneumatized bones?
midline bones = mandible, ethmoid, and vomer bilateral bones = maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal bones pneumatized = frontal, tempora, zygomatic, sphenoid, and ethmoid
which hormone of the adrenal cortex enhances sodium reabsorption in collecting ducts of kidneys
mineralcorticoids
what does the zona glomerulosa make?
mineralcorticoids - mainly aldosterone
the interior of the duodenum has folded surface which increase available surface area of absorption of what
minerals especially iron
what are doubled membraned organelles
mitochondria and nucleus
Which of the following valves guards the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle? -pulmonary valve -aortic valve -tricuspid valve -mitral valve
mitral valve
what kind of secretion does the submandibular gland have?
mix with serous mainly and some mucous
the cranial nerves that innervate the derivatives of the branchial arches (5,7,9,10) are the only _________________ cranial nerves, the rest are either sensory or motor
mixed
what type of glands are submandibular, sublingual salivary, glands of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
mixed
what kind of secretion does sublingual gland have?
mixed with mucous mainly and some serous
which layer of cerebellar cortex is the most superficial conssiting of axons of granule cells and basket and stellate cells
molecular level
which WBC has kidney shaped nucleus what is function?
monocytes, phagocytosis and differentiate into macrophages
there are typically _______ afferent lymph vessels entering a lymph node than there are efferent lymph vessels leaving a lymph node. this causes the flow of lymph to ____________ as it passes through the lymph node
more, slow down
where is the primary location of the fibroblast cell
most common cell of CT
the smallest cardiac veins open where?
most in atria but few in ventricles
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the articular cartilages? select all that apply they are covered by discs most of them are covered by hyaline cartilage they are covered by perichondrium they are covered by periosteum they are vascular
most of them are covered by hyaline cartilage
what are the 3 parts of sternum from superior to inferior?
most superior = manubrium, then body, then xiphoid
what produces erythropoietin?
mostly kidneys
is basal plate associated with motor or sensory
motor
what does ventral horn relay
motor
what innervates the buccinator for motor? for proprioception?
motor = facial nerve; proprioception = buccal branch of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
which area of brain controls thin muscles of body, coordinates movements, and controls speech
motor area
what is the origin of the lateral corticospinal tract
motor areas or cerebral cortex of opposite side from tract location in cord
A 50-year old female was diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer and underwent aggresive surgery to remove most of thyroid. unfortunately, the surgeon also excised the parathyroid glands. which of the following could result from excision of parathyroid glands? -strengthening of muscles -weakening of bones -muscle cramping -decalcification of bones
muscle cramping
where does facial nerve provide motor to?
muscles of facial expression and inner ear, posterior digastric, stylohyoid, and stapedius
what does accessory nerve control?
muscles of neck
which terminal branch of the lateral cord of brachial plexus innervates the muscles in the flex compartment of arm that caries sensation from lateral side of forearm
musculocutaneous nerve
what innervates corachobrachialis? what is action
musculocutaneous nerve; flexes arm
what innervates brachialis? what is action?
musculocutaneous nerve; flexor of elbow joint
what innervates biceps brachii? what is action?
musculocutaneous nerve; supinates forearm and flexes elbow joint
which branch of internal thoracic artery runs around the costal margin of the diaphragm and supplies the lower intercostal spaces and diaphragm
musculophrenic artery
All of the following muscles are derived from the sceond brachial arch EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -stapedius -orbicularis oris -mylohyoid -posterior belly of digastric -stylohyoid
mylohyoid
All of the following muscles are responsible for elevating the mandible EXCEPT one. which is exception? -masster -medial pterygoid -mylohyoid -temporalis
mylohyoid
The sublingual gland sits on which muscle -omohyoid -mylohyoid -genioglossus -styloglossus
mylohyoid
when film is palced for a periapical view of the mandibular molars, what muscle gets in the way if not relaxed
mylohyoid
the nerve to mylohyoid supplies what
mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
what is homolgous with the tunica media of blood vessels and forms the bulk of heart mass
myocardium
what are contractile cells of salivary glands that lie between basement membrane and plasma membrane that squeeze to move products toward excretory duct
myoepithelial cell
what are nonsecretory cells that are known to have contractile properties in sweat glands and mammary glands located between secretory cells and their basement membrane
myoepthelial cells
muscular branches of dorsal and ventral rami supply what muscle mass from a single spinal nerve
myotime
muscles of tongue are derived from myoblasts that migrate from what
myotomes of occipital somites
the pterygopalatine fossa communicates medially with what? through what?
nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen
what forms in the anterior portion of the frontonasal process superior to stomodeum that later develop into olfactory cells for sensatin of smell
nasal placodes
what is origin and future tissues of nasal pits
nasal placodes; nasal cavities
what nerve senses touch of eye to stimualte corneal reflex? what does motor?
nasociliary branch of V1 does sensory facial nerve initates motor
the inferior meatus lies below and lateral to inferior conchae and receives the opening of what
nasolacrimal duct
what is origin and future tissues of nasolacrimal cord
nasolacrimal groove; lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct
If the palatal mucosa opposite to the maxillary lateral incisor was lacerated and bleeding occurred, which of the following arteries is most likely to be involved? -greater palatine artery -descending palatine artery -nasopalatine artery -lesser palatine artery -middle superior alveolar artery -posterior superior alveolar artery
nasopalatine artery
what is a parasympathetic and sensory nerve that arises in pterygopaltine ganglion and passes through sphenopalatine foramen? what does it innervate?
nasopalatine nerve; it innervates glands and mucosa of nasal septum and anterior part of hard palate
the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are located in the posterior wall of the: -laryngopharynx -oropharynx -nasopharynx -larynx
nasopharynx
the oblique cardiac vein ends in coronary sinus where
near left extremity
the middle cardiac vein ends in the coronary sinus where
near right extremity
meninges (pia and arachnoid), adrenal medulla, pigment cells, odontoblasts, pharyngeal arch cartilage, endocardial cushions, ganglia, aorticopulmonary septum, schwann cells, parafollicular C cells are derivatives of what
neural crest cells
what gives rise to spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) and ganglia of autonomic nervous system, Schwann cells, cells of meninges,, pigment cells, chromatin cells, and other components of head
neural crest cells
neurons in ganglia are derived from what
neural crest ectoderm
what is the indentation that runs along the back of the embryo that is formed form folding of ectoderm
neural groove
what is a band of cells that extend the length of embryo where neuroectoderm cells are localized
neural plate
the adrenal medulla develops from what?
neuroectoderm
CNS, astrocytes, neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), pineal gland, retina and optic nerve, and oligodendrocytes are derivatives of what
neuroectoderm (neural tube)
what are the support cells of the nervous tissue
neuroglial cells
which portion of the pituitary is the nervous portion? what does it originate from?
neurohyophysis - neuroectoderm
which WBC has lobed nucleus and fine granules what is function?
neutrophils, part of immune system (phagocytosis)
What are autonomic preganglionic synapses receptors called?
nicotinic Receptors
Are C fibers myelinated?
no
are there chordeae tendineae or papillary muscles associated with semilunar valves?
no
do skeletal muscles have cell junctions?
no
does articular cartilage contain blood vessels or nerves
no
does rectum posses teniae coli?
no
does thymus contain lymph nodules or vessels?
no
is lymph system connected to arterial portion of blood circulatory system
no (thus not moved via hydrostatic pressure of heart)
does the number of muscle fibers ever increase?
no - but size of each fiber does
do smooth muscles contain troponin?
no > instead have calmodulin, caldesmon, and calponin
the vagus nerve innervates all muscles of larynx except what?
no exception; it does them all
are trabeculae placed randomly?
no follow lies of stress and can realign to make strongest bone
do bronchioles have glands ? smooth muscle? cartilage?
no glands, smooth muscle yes, no cartilage
platelets are minute, irregularly shaped disc-like cytoplasmic bodies found in plasma that promote clotting and have no what 3 things
no nucleus, no DNA, and no hemoglobin
are mast cells normally found in circulation? where are they normally?
no, most in loose CT along past of blood vessels
do individual endothelial cells in sinusoids overlap? what does this mean?
no; means that small and medium sized proteins like albumin can enter and leave and even blood cells, oxygen, CO2, nutrients, proteins, and wastes to be exchanged
what are gaps in myelin sheath
nodes of Ranvier > responsibe for saltatory conduction
the pars intermedia and tuberalis have what function in mammals?
none
hemocytoblasts are stem cells that - can become eosinophils but neutrophils - can become megakaryotes but not erythrocytes - can become platelets but not monocytes - can become erythrocytes but not basophils - none of the above
none of the above
which of the following vessels supply blood to the bronchi? - pulmonary arteries - pulmonary veins - subclavian arteries - none of the above
none of the above
what type of epithelium surrounds palatine tonsils
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what are structures of upper respiratory tract
nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx
what makes up conducting zone of respiratory system? what are functions?
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles; function is to filter, warm, moisten, and conduct
The H zone is at the center of the A band of each sarcomere. This is the region in which there are: - only thin and no thick filaments -only thick and no thin -both thick and thin -no thick or thin
only thick and no thin
what allows the greater and lesser sac of peritoneal cavity to communicate
opening of lesser sac - epiploic foramen
internal carotid artery has no branches outside the skull and enters the skull through carotid canal which then inside the skull gives off what artery to supply optic nerve, eye, orbit and scalp
ophthalmic artery
the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are branches of what artery? what do they supply?
ophthalmic artery; supply anterosuperior part of mucosa of lateral wall of nasal cavity and nasal septum
what does calcitonin do?
oppose PTH > reduces blood calcium
what is the blood supply for all extraoccular muscles
opthalmic artery
The optic nerve leaves the orbit through the optic canal and forms the ______________, where fibers from the nasal side of either retina cross over to the opposite side of brain -ciliary ganglion -optic disk -central nerve -optic chiasma
optic chiasma
axons of the ganglion cells of the retina converge where
optic disc
what is the small blind spot on the surface of the retina about 3 mm to nasal side of macula
optic disk (contains no photoreceptors)
where does optic nerve exit skull
optic foramen
All the following exit the cranium through the superior orbital Fissure except one. Which is a exception? -optic nerve -oculomotor nerve -trochlear nerve -abducens nerve
optic nerve
every cranial nerve that innervates the eye passes through the superior orbital fissure except what
optic nerve
The lesser wing of the sphenoid bone transmits the: - mandibular nerve (CN V3) - optic nerve - oculomotor nerve - maxillary nerve (CN V2)
optic nerve (CN II)
which part of visual pathway contain a combination of crossed and uncrossed optic nerve fibers
optic tracts
which nerves sesnses the light associated with the pupillary light reflex? which nerve is responsible of the reflex?
optic; oculomotor
the pterygopalatine fossa communicates anteriorly with what? through what?
orbit through inferior orbital fissure
the medial wall of orbit is paper thin and is formed by what?
orbital lamina of ethmoid bone
the superior roof of orbit is formed almost completely by what?
orbital plate of frontal bone with posterior part some by lesser wing of sphenoid
the inferior wall of the orbit is formed mainly by what?
orbital surface of maxillary bone (forms maxillary sinus)
which of the following is the true organ of hearing? -organ of corti -utricle -saccule -macula
organ of corti
the facial artery originates from what artery? what two branches does it give off?
originates from external carotid; gives off cervical portion and facial portion
where does aorta originate? where does it descend (in relation to vertebral column), where does it pass through the diaphragm? where does it divide and what does it divide into inferiorly?
originates from upper part of left ventricle, it descends to the left of the vertebral column, passes through diaphragm at level T12, and splits into two common iliac arteries at L4
the first event in development of the face during the 4th week of prenatal development is disintegration of what? what odes this do?
oropharyngeal membrane; this increase depth and size of oral cavity
which cells primary function is specialized macrophages in bone
osteoclasts
bronchioles have a diameter of 1 mm or less, what type of epithelium?
progress from ciliated pseudo stratified columnar to simple cuboidal
during distalization of molars in bodily orthodontic movement, the alveolar bone distal to the tooth must resorb and the alveolar bone medial to the tooth must appositionally grow. In orthodontic movement, the alveolar bone is being remodeled. This remodeling is a function of: -osteoclasts and osteoblats -chonrdoblasts and osteoblasts -osteoblasts and osteocytes -chondrocytes and osteocytes
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
osteoblasts synthesize collagenous fibers and bone matrix and when dropped in own matrix develop into what
osteocytes
Which parasympathetic ganglion is situated just below the Foreman ovale and is medial to the mandibular nerve
otic
what is CN 9's parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?
otic ganglion - parotid salivary gland
which ganglion do glossophrayngeal nerve supply parotid gland via? and which nerve?
otic ganglion and lesser petrosal nerve
the auriculotemporal nerve carries some secetory fibers from what to what
otic ganlgion to parotid salivary gland
what are the 3 layers of smooth muscle from outer in?
outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique
what are the two layers of dura mater
outer periosteal and inner meningeal
what does FSH stimulate in females?
ovarian follicle development and secretion of estrogens
where is the tricuspid valve best heard ?
over right half of lower end of body of sternum
where is pulmonary valve best heard
over second left intercostal space
A patient with a "heart valve problem" comes into the dental clinic for periodontal therapy. She says that her old periodontist always gave her antibiotics before treatment. Where should dentist place stethoscope to listen to sound of triscuspid valve -left fifth intercostal space medial to nipple line -in a sceond right inetercostal space -over a right half of lower end of body of sternum -in the second left intercostal space
over the right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum
what takes place in middle of menstrual cycle when the graafian follicle ruptures to release its ovum which enters the uterine tube
ovulation
hemoglobin molecules in RBC combine with oxygen to form what
oxyhemoglobin
which cells of parathyroid has undetermined function
oxyphil
which hormone has a number of function many of which are associated with labor and deliver and nursing mothers. During labor, oxytocin facilitates rapid and efficient delivery and after birth promotes milk production
oxytocin
what do a-delta carry info related to
pain and temp
what do c fibers carry info related to
pain, temp, and itch
the soft palate is continuous with the hard palate posterior and is "soft" because it does not have a bony substrate but contains a tough fibrous connective tissue sheet called what
palatal aponeurosis
what transverse ridges are located along mucous membranes of hard palate? what do they do?
palatal rugae; serve as friction bands
which salivary glands are beneath mucous membranes of hard and soft palate? what type are they?
palatal salivary glands; mostly mucous type
what are the specific part that make up roof of oral cavity
palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plates of palatine bones (union forms hard palate)
The anterior and posterior pillars of the faces enclose which area of lymphoid tissue? -lingual tonsils -pharyngeal tonsils -palatine tonsils -none of above
palatine tonsils
which tonsils are located on posterolateral walls of throat that reach max size during early childhood and diminish in size after puberty (except when sore throat)
palatine tonsils
which bone is the greater palatine foramen found? what are contents?
palatine, greater palatine n, a, v
which bone is the lesser palatine foramen found? what are contents?
palatine, lesser palatine n, a, v
what is aka the anterior pillar of fauces
palatoglossal arch
All of the following muscles receive motor innferation from the hypoglossal nerve EXCEPT one, which is the exception? -genioglossus -styloglossus -hyoglossus -palatoglossus
palatoglossus
All the muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve EXCEPT one. which is the exception? -hyoglossus -styloglossus -palatoglossus -genioglossus
palatoglossus
which regional group of lymph nodes receive lymph from a strip of scalp above parotid salivary gland from anterior wall of external auditory meatus and from lateral parts of eyelids and middle ear
parotid lymph nodes
what is the major secretory part of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland
pars distalis
what does the foramen ovale allow blood to do during fetal development?
pass from right atrium to left atrium
how does internal carotid artery terminate?
passes through cavernous sinus to join the circle of Willis and supply the brain
what happens when the ductus arteriosus does not close
patent ductus arteriosus
what form the anterior wall of the axilla
pec major, pec minor, and subclavius
the cista terminalis provides origina for what muscles
pectinate
what is lymph draining of most of breast?
pectoral nodes to axillary nodes
The axilla is a localized region of body between upper humerus and thorax. It provides a passageway for the large, important arteries, nerves, veins, and lymphatics that ensure that the upper limb functions properly. the ________ and ____________ form prominent anterior and posterior axillary folds respectively. =lat dorsi; pec major -teres major, teres minor -subscapularis, lat dorsi -pec major, lat dorsi
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
the os coxae articulates with the sacrum to form what?
pelvic girdle
where does descending and sigmoid colon, along with rectum and anus get parasympathetics from
pelvic splanchnic nervs
which branch of internal thoracic artery accompanies the terminal branches of the corresponding intercostal nerves
perforating arteries
which branch of internal thoracic artery accompanies the phrenic nerve and supplies the pericardium
pericardiacophrenic artery
what is aka cell body (not soma)
perikaryon
what fluid fills space between bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth of inner ear
perilymph
what is an extracellular fluid located within the cochlea in two of its three compartments: the scala tympani and scala vestibule with an ionic concentration comparable to plasma and CSF? what is major cation?
perilymph; major cation is sodium
what is a continuation of epimysium that divies the interior of the muscle into bundles of muscle cells
perimysium
what is the outer part of the shaft that is composed of compact bone covered by connective tissue sheath
periosteum
which proteins in cell wall can be removed with detergents nd change in pH? which cannot be removed without disruption of membrane
peripheral can be changed; integral cannot
where are cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons
peripheral ganglia
All the following muscles are innervated by the same nerve that innervates the muscles of mastication EXCEPT one, which is exception? -mylohyoid -tensor tympani -tensor veli palatini -anterior belly of digastric -posterior belly of digastric
posterior belly of digastric (facial nerve)
all 3 posterior divisions from each of the 3 trunks unite to form what
posterior cord
what artery accompanies the middle cardiac vein?
posterior dsecending artery
the superior meatus lies below and lateral to the superior concha and receives openings of what?
posterior ethmoidal sinus
what is origin of anterior spinothalamic tract
posterior gray column on opposite site
where is origin of lateral spinothalamic tract
posterior gray column on opposite site
what is origin of spinotectal tracts
posterior gray columns
which region if inferior mediastinum contains thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, trachea, left and right main bronchi, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian, arch of aorta, esophageal plexus, sympathetic chain ganglia, azygos and hemiazygos veins
posterior mediastinum
branches of vagus nerve pass behind root of each lung to form what?
posterior pulmonary plexus
what goes through peterygomaxillary fissure
posterior superior alveolar vein, artery, and nerve and maxillary artery
mucosa of hard palate posterior to canine is supplied by what artery? anterior to canine supplied by what artery? soft palate and tonsils by what artery?
posterior to canine = greater palatine artery; anterior to canine = nasopalatine artery; soft palate and tonsils by lesser palatine artery
when do cells of optic nerve become myelinated?
posterior to optic disk
where are pharyngeal tonsils located? what makes anterior all of nasopharynx?
posterior wall of nasopharynx; soft palate and uvula form anterior wall
through the pharyngeal plexus which contains vagus nerves and postganglionic sympathetics, the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the mucous membranes where
posterior wall of oropharynx and nasopharynx inferior to entrance of auditory tube
where is the fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus tract
posterior white golumns
ICF fluid is primarily composed of what
potassium and organic anions, proteins, etc.
which area of brain elaborates thinking process and planning of complex movements and broca's area
prefrontal area
what is the common component to all lymph tissues
presence of lymphocytes
what ganglia provide axons that are distributed near origins of teh abdominopelvic arteries
prevertebral ganglia
what completion of the palate? when does it happen?
primary and secondary palate fuse during the 12th week of prenatal development
what does root of the lung contain?
primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein
what does the intermaxillary segment give rise to around 5th week
primary palate (anterior 1/3 of final palate)
what happnes if during IANB the needle is well below manidbular foramen
probably penetrate medial pterygoid muscle
what happens if during IANB the needle passes posteriorly at level of mandibular foramen
probably penetrate parotid and paralyze facial muscles of expression
what is the most generic term for bone projection that serves as a point for attachment of other structures
process
where is bile continuously produced? which sphincter keeps bile from going into SI when it is empty? what happens to bile then
produced in liver; sphincter of Oddi keeps it from going in to ampulla of vater, forces it into gallbladder for storage
erythrocytes develop from what
proerythroblasts
the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery which runs beneath what that makes it vulnerable to injury? what type of hematoma does it result in?
pterion; epidural hematoma
what does the tensor veli palatini curve around ? what does it prevent? what innervates it?
pterygoid hamulus; food from entering nasal cavity; branch of nerve to medial pterygoid of CN V3
the inferior alveolar vein artery and nerve along with the lingual nerve are found in the space between what? what is this called
pterygoid muscle and rams of mandible; pterygomandibular space
which muscles are in the infra temporal fossa?
pterygoid muscles and lower part of temporals muscle
All of the following are contents of the pterygopalatine fossa EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -maxillary nerve -pterygopalatine ganglion -pterygoid plexus of veins -maxillary artery
pterygoid plexus of veins
what descend perpendicularly from regions where the body and great wings unite. Each consisting of a medial and lateral plate
pterygoid processes
which blood vessels are in the infratemporal fossa?
pterygoid venous plexus and maxillary artery and branches including middle meningeal artery, inferior alveolar artery, and posterior superior alveolar artery
the infection site for the inferior alveolar nerve block is probed with a cotton tip applicator at the depth of the ____________________ on the medial surface of the ramus. The needle is inserted into the tissues of this space until the mandible is contacted and then withdrawn 1 mm from tissues to protect periosteum.
pterygomandibular space
the pterygoplatine fossa communicates laterally with the infra temporal fossa through which opening? -sphenopalatine foramen -foramen rotundum -foramen lacrem -pterygomaxillary fissure -inferior orbital fissure
pterygomaxillary fissure
in the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary artery gives rise to the descending palatine artery which travels to palate through what canal? which then terminates in both the ____________________ and ____________________ by way of the greater and lesser palatine foramina to supply the hard and soft palates
pterygopalatine canal which terminates in both the greater palatine artery and lesser palatine artery
All of the following are paravertebral sympathetic ganglia EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -middle cervical ganglion -thoracic ganglion -pterygopalatine ganglion -sacral ganglia
pterygopalatine ganglion
what is CN 7's parasympathetic ganglion? where does it go?
pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland, oral and nasal mucosa submandibular ganglion - to sublingual and submandibular glands
what does the greater palatine nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
pterygopalatine ganglion, palatal side of maxillary teeth (except for incisal area)
what does the nasopalatine nerve arise from and what does it give sensation to
pterygopalatine ganglion, palatal side of maxillary teeth (incisal area)
what nerves are in the pterygopaltine fossa
pterygopaltine ganglion and maxillary nerve
which valves open during ventricular systole?
pulmonary and aortic valves
what are the exceptions for veins that carry oxygenated blood to heart
pulmonary and umbilical
the vagus nerve gases behind the root of the left lung and forms what? then continues and forms what?
pulmonary plexus; esophageal plexus
the dental papilla can turn into fibroblasts that make what
pulp
what are the principal functions of cardiac muscle
pumping of blood
what is the dark black circle of eye
pupil
which cell of cerebellar cortex is the only output neuron that uses GABA to inhibit neurons deep in cerebellar nuclei
purkinje cell
which layer of cerebellar cortex is the middle layer consiting of a single layer of large neuronal cell bodies
purkinje layer
what is the lower portion of stomach between body and gastroduodenal junction
pylorus
what muscle tenses the linea alba? what innervates it
pyramidalis; 12 thoracic nerve
nucleolus is the site of what?
rRNA synthesis
what innervates the triceps brachii?
radial nerve
which terminal branch of posterior cord is called the great extensor nerve because it innervates the extensor muscles of the elbow, wrist, and fingers
radial nerve
what is a protein complex important in regulating motion of axoneme that is housed in axoneme that projects from each set of outer doubles toward the central microtubules
radial spoke
how is blood flow in capillaries? what does the decrease in vessel diameter do to resistance to blood flow? the rate of blood flow is directly proportional to what power of the radius of the verse?
radius to the 4th power
what does parathyroid hormone do?
raises concentration of calcium in blood and reducing concentration of phosphate ions
what is a major branch or division of the main body of a bone that may have its own articulations or processes
ramus
what is the anterior cranial fossa adapted for?
reception of frontal lobes of brain and olfactory nerves and bulbs
esophagus receives motor fibers from what?
recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus nerve
A surgeon performing a thyroidectomy accidently transects a nerve. The patient then presents with hoarseness and difficulty breathing. There is a loss of sensation below the vocal folds and loss of motor innervation to all of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid muscle. Which was transected during the surgery? -recurrent laryngeal nerve -internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve -external branch of superior laryngeal nerve -accessory nerve -glossopharyngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what supplies sensation below the vocal folds?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what supplies all intrinsic muscles of larynx? what is exception
recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid
at birth, all bone marrow is what
red
cavities in cranial bones, vertebrae, his, sternum, and ends of long bones contain what? what is process of making WBC, RBC, and platelets?
red boen marrow, hemopoiesis
what is origin of rubrospinal tract
red nucleus of midbrain
the outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum reticulum, and inner enamel epithelium all turn into what?
reduced enamel epithelium > primary epithelial attachment
which of the following describes the function of the surfactant? -increasees surface area of alveoli -reduces the attractive forces of O2 molecules and increases surface tension -reduces cohesive forces of H2O molecules and lowers surface tension -increases cohesive force of air molecules and raises surface tension - none of the above
reduces cohesive forces of H2O molecules and lowers surface tension
the vestibulocochlear nerve enters the internal acoustic meatus and remains within what bone to do which functions?
remains w/in temporal bone to cochlear duct (hearing), semicircular ducts, and maculae (balance)
what is the major function of the large intestine?
removal of water from chyme entering it (does not secrete enzymes)
each kidney receives its blood supply from what? a branch of what?
renal artery; branch of abdominal aorta
what is extension of renal pelvis
renal calyx
what are extension of renal cortex into medulla
renal columns
what is the glomerulus and doubled walled cup bowman's capsule that surrounds the glomerulus to collect filtrate
renal corpuscle
where is the primary location of the juxtaglomerular cell
renal corpuscle of kidney
what is the apex of renal pyramids where the collecting ducts pour into minor calyces
renal papilla
what is the hollow inner structure of kidney that joints with ureters that receives urine through calyces
renal pelvis
a single taste bud contains 50-100 taste cells which do what?
represent all taste sensations (all tastes are detected on all parts of tongue)
other than the contractile actions of skeletal muscle, what else can help lymphatics flow
respiration pressure in chest cavity
each terminal bronchiole gives rise to several what which divide into what?
respiratory bronchioles that subdivide into alveolar ducts which end in clusters of alveoli
what make up respiratory zone? what is function?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli; gas exchange
when T lymphocytes migrate to thymus from bone marrow and mature and differentiate, they do not do what
respond to pathogens or antigens (only respond once matured and enter blood and other lymph organs)
what does broca's area do?
responsible for producing language
what is origin of reticulospinal tract
reticular formation (midbrain pons and medulla)
the medulla oblongata contins a central core of gray matter called what? what does it function in?
reticular formation; regulates sleep, arousal, pain perception, breathing, and heart activity
which descending tract of spinal cord maintains posture during movement
reticulospinal tract
what is the innermost sensitive tissue layer of eye that allows images to be transferred to brain consisting of both words and cones
retina
all of the following surface ectoderm derivates EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -nails -inner and outer ear -retina and optic nerve -epidermis -anterior pituitary gland -hair -parotid gland
retina and optic nerve because they are neuroectoderm derivatives
draw back
retraction
what is an organ said to be when it is those that lie behind the peritoneum only partially covered with visceral peritoneum
retroperitoneal
what is the area behind the peritoneum
retroperitoneal space
what innervates the rhomboids? and elevator scapulae?
rhomboids = dorsal scapular nerve; levator scapulae = third and fourth cervical nerves and dorsal scapular nerve
Which of the following are commonly called "protein factories" of cell -ER -ribosomes -golgi apparatus -nucleolus
ribosomes
Which of the following cell structures lack membranes? select all that apply -mitochondria -ribosomes -lysosomes -cytoskeleton -nucleus -nucleolus
ribosomes, cytoskeleton, nucleolus
what are "protein factories"? what makes these?
ribosomes; nucleolus makes them
the gag reflex uses sensory fibers from what nerve? motor fibers from what nerve?
sensory from glossopharyngeal motor from vagus
Which of the following descending tracts of the spinal cord is responsible for coordination of body movement and posture -lateral corticospinal tract -rubrospinal tract -anterior corticospinal tract -tectospinal tract
rubrospinal tract
which descending tract of spinal cord functions include coordination of body movements and posture
rubrospinal tract
what is law for naming head and neck muscles
rules 1, then 2, then 3 so tensor 5 before palat 10 before gloss 12
what plexus of spinal nerve lies in the posterior pelvic wall in frot of the piriformis muscle to supply lower back, pelvis, and parts of thigh, leg, and foot with main branch being sciatic
sacral plexus
what type of joint is between carpals and metacarpals
saddle
what is the suture between two parietal bones
sagittal
usually symp and parasymp are opposite but where do they cooperate
salivary glands
deep cervical lymph nodes receive direct efferents from what? (many) all these vessels join to form what?
salivary glands, thyroid glands, posterior 1/3 of tongue, tonsils, nose, pharynx, and larynx; jugular lymph trunk
how many T-tubules lie within a single skeletal muscle
sarcomere
what cell is responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration
satellite cell
what are the bones of the proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial
scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
which branchial arch cartilage is also closely related to middle ear and becomes ossified to form stapes of middle ear, styloid process of temporal bone, styloid ligament, and lesser cornu of hyoid bone and upper half of body of hyoid bone; what is it AKA?
sceond arch cartilage; Reichert cartilage
where is aortic valve best heard
sceond right intercostal space
what are glial cells that form myelin for only a single part of axon in PNS
schwann cells
what is largest single nerve in human body
sciatic
what is the outer white part of the eye that provides protection and structure for inner parts of eye
sclear
which exocrine glands are associated with hair follicles and derived from ectoderm
sebaceous glands
which branchial arch does facial nerve come from
second
which pharyngeal arch is the future reichert cartilage, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser cornu and upper part of hyoid bone and stapes
second
which pharyngeal pouch contributes to formation of palatine tonsils
second
which branchial arch is the future stapes and portions of malleus and incus of middle ear, stylohyoid ligament, styloid process of temporal bone, lesser cornu of hyoid bone, and upper portion of body of hyoid bone
second (hyoid)
which branchial arch is the future facial nerve, stapedius muscle, muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle
second arch (hyoid)
around the 6th week bilateral maxillary processes give rise to two palatal shelves which elongate and move medially to fuse and form what
secondary palate (posterior 2/3 of final palate)
what does the choroid plexus do?
secrete CSF
bicarbonate secretions from pancreas are stimulated by what?
secretin produced from duodenum
what does LH stimulate in females?
secretion of estrogen by ovarian cells to result in ovluation and formatino of corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone
what part of sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland and sphenoidal sinuses?
sella turcica
the maxillary sinus drains into the middle meatus through the: -nasolacrimal duct -posterior nares -semilunar hiatus -inferior conchae
semilunar hiatus
Sertoli cells together with stratified layer of developing gametes comprise the cellular majority of what
seminiferous tubules
what does glossopharyngeal sensory supply
sensation and taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue
is alar plate associated with motor or sensory
sensory
what does dorsal horn relay
sensory
A pathologist receives a salivary tissue biopsy of what the dentist believes is a pleomorphic adenoma. However, the dentist forgot to mention the site of the biopsy. The pathologist identifies certain histological structures that would indicated this sample is not from the parotid gland. What structures can be seen in a histologic exam of the submandibular and sublingual glands but NOT in the adult parotid gland? -myoepithelial cells -serous cells -intercalated ducts -serous demilunes -striated ducts
serous demilunes
what are the serous caps on mucous cells called
serous demilunes
which cells primary function is producing testicular fluid
sertoli
The Barr body's presence is the basis of what tests
sex determination tests (like amniocentesis)
which are stores short term memory
short term memory area
are preganglionic sympathetic neurons long or short? myelinated or unmyelinated?
short; myelinated
are postganglionic parasympathetic neurons long or short? myelinated or unmyelinated?
short; unmyelinated
what does the vocalis muscle do
shortens vocal cords
what is autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder in which body produces abnormally shaped RBC which leads to anemia and also results in blocked blood vessels; what is AA substitutition that causes it
sickle cell anemia; valine in place of glutamic acid
what does the maxillary processes contribute to
sides of upper lip
what supplies the sigmoid colon w/ blood?
sigmoidal branches of inferior mesenteric artery
what is the epithelium of LI?
simple columnar with microvillus border to increase water absorption and mucus secreted by goblet cells lubricates fecal mas
what kind of nucleus do smooth muscles have? striations? T-tubules?
single nucleus near wides part of fiber; no striations; no T-tubules
what kind of nucleus do cardiac muscles have? striations? T-tubules?
single nucleus; striations are present; t-tubules are large in diameter
palatine tonsils contain many crypts but no what
sinuses
what is a small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a discontinuous epithelium? where are they found?
sinusoid; liver, lymph tissue, endocrine organs, hematopoietic organs such as bone marrow and spleen
in certain structures like liver, spleen, bone marrow, and certain glands, arterioles connect with what instead of capillaries?
sinusoids
all blood supplied to liver from hepatic artery and portal vein empties into what? thus it contains a mixture of what?
sinusoids of the liver thus it contains a mixture of arterial and venous blood
which branchial arch is the future recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve, all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
sixth arch
which bone is the infraorbital foramen and canal found? what are contents?
sphenoid and maxilla, infraorbital nerve artery and vein
what bones are the inferior orbital fissure in? what is the contents?
sphenoid and maxilla; infraorbital and zygomatic branches of V2, infraorbital artery, and part of inferior ophthalmic vein
which boone is the optic canal and foramen in? what are contents?
sphenoid bone, optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic artery
what bone is the superior orbital fissure in? what are the contents?
sphenoid bone; Oculomotor CN III, trochlear CN IV, abducens VI, lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve CN V1, superior and inferior divisions of ophthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus
the floor of the sella turcica is the roof of what
sphenoid sinus
which bone is the pterygoid canal found? what are contents?
sphenoid, area nerves and vessels
which bone is the foramen ovale found? what are contents?
sphenoid, mandibular nerve V3
which bone is the foramen rotundum found? what are contents?
sphenoid, maxillary nerve V2
which bone is the foramen spinosum found? what are contents?
sphenoid, middle meningeal artery
which bone is the foramen lacerum found? what are contents?
sphenoid, occipital and temporal; nerve of pterygoid canal and artery of pterygoid canal
what is a small space posterior and superior to the superior conchae which the sphenoidal sinus opens
sphenoidalethmoidal recess
what does the lingula serve as attachment for?
sphenomandibular ligament
which two arteries below are the most important arteries to the nasal cavity? -sphenopalatine artery -greater palatine artery -posterior ethmoidal artery -anterior ethmoidal artery
sphenopalatine artery and anterior ethmoidal artery
what goes through sphenopalatine foramen
sphenopalatine artery and vein and nasopalatine nerve
the maxillary artery ends by becoming what artery to supply the nasal cavity? what branches does this artery give rise to?
sphenopalatine artery; posterior lateral nasal and septal branches that includes a nasopalatine branch that goes through incisive foramen
what is a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies most of the blood of the nasal mucosa? how does it enter to send branches to posterior regions of lateral wall and nasal septum?
sphenopalatine artery; sphenopalatine foramen
The communication between the pterygopalatine fossa and the nasal cavity is the : - sphenopalatine foramen - foramen spinosum - infraorbital foramen - foramen ovale
sphenopalatine foramen
wht is failue of neural tube to close posteerioly
spina bifida
neural tube forms the future what
spinal cord
the midbrain relays sensory signals from what to what
spinal cord to thalamus
what is origin of fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus tract
spinal ganglia on same side
what is it where dorsal and ventral roots meet
spinal nerve
Which of the following trigeminal nuclei mediates pain and temperature from the head and neck -spinal nucleus -pontine nucleus -mesencephalic nucleus -chief nucleus
spinal nucleus
what is a sharp, slender projection process
spine
which major ascending tract is responsible for touch related to visual reflexes
spinotectal
what is the sympathetic nerve that passes through celiac plexus to slow motility of small intestine
splanchnic nerve
what is the larges lymph organ formed by reticular and lymphatic tissue
spleen
what are the two sites of blood promotion in fetus and infant
spleen and liver
how does blood enter spleen? drained ?
splenic artery at hilum and drained by splenic vein which joins superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein to liver
what is the cellular material of spleen? and what is it made of?
splenic pulp, made of lymphocytes and macrophages
the celiac artery supplies the foregut; what are the 3 terminal branches?
splenic, left gastric, common hepatic arteries
On a patient's panoramic radiograph, the dentist notices a small, well defined radiolucency that sits inferior to the mandibulr canal. The dentist performs a sialograph that rules out a true cyst and makes the working diagnosis a static bone cavity. Which of the following salivary glands creates the depression in bone that radiographically gives the above appearance. -sublingual gland -von ebner gland -submaxillary gland -parotid gland
submaxillary gland (submandibular gland)
what are the regional group of lymph nodes located behind the chin on the mylohyoid muscle? where do they receive lymph from? what do they drain to?
submental, from tip of tongue, floor of mouth beneath tip of tongue, mandibular incisors and gingiva, center part of lower lip, skin over chin; drain to submandibular and deep cervical
does gall bladder contain submucosa? what about rugae?
submucosa no, rugae yes
what forms the posterior wall of the axilla
subscapularis, teres major, and lat. dorsi
what in the midbrain help control movement and lesions result in parkinson
substantia nigra
what are some stroke warning signs?
sudden weakness/paralysis/numbness of face/arm/leg on one or both sides, loss of speech or difficulty understanding it, dimness or loss of vision particularly in one eye, unexplained dizziness, sudden severe headache and loss of consciousness
what is a shallower and less abrupt cleft than a fissure that makes a wide groove on the surface of a bone that allows for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and tendons
sulcus
what is the crista terminalis represented by on externl surface?
sulcus terminalis
what is origin and insertion of biceps brachi?
superaglenoid tuberlce of scapula and coracoid process of scapula insert on tuberosity of radius
the external carotid artery terminates within the parotid gland, just behind the neck of the mandible, where the external carotid artery gives off two final branches. which two arteries below are those final branches -superior thyroid artery -superficial temporal artery -posterior auricular artery -occipital artery -facial artery -maxillary artery -anterior ethmoidal artery
superficial temporal artery maxillary artery
the blood supply to the rectum is from the superior, middle, and inferior rectal arteries. What do each of these come from
superior = continuation in inferior mesenteric artery middle = branch of internal iliac inferior = branch of internal pudendal artery in perineum
what makes up the borders of the infra temporal fossa
superior = greater wing of sphenoid bone anterior = maxillary tuberosity medial = lateral pterygoid plate lateral = mandibular rams and zygomatic arch inferior = no bony border posterior = no bony border
what makes up the borders of the pterygopalatine fossa
superior = inferior surface of sphenoid bone anterior = maxillary tuberosity medial = lateral = pterygomaxillary fissure inferior = pterygopalatine canal posterior = pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
what makes up the borders of the temporal fossa
superior = inferior temporal line anterior = frontal process of zygomatic bone medial = surface of temporal bone lateral = zygomatic arch inferior = infra temporal crest of sphenoid bone posterior =inferior temporal line
what is superior origin of lateral pterygoid? what is inferior origin of lateral pterygoid? what is insertion?
superior = infra temporal crest of great wing of sphenoid inferior = lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone insertion = both insert at articular disc of TMJ and neck of mandibular condyle
what is the origin and future tissue of maxillary process(es)?
superior and anterio swelling(s) from mandibular arch and neural crest cells; midface, upper lip sides, cheeks, sceondary palate, posterior portion of maxila with associated tissues, zygomatic bones, portion of tmeporal bones
what all does the superior orbital fissure transmit
superior and inferior divisions of oculomotor nerve CN III, trochlear nerve CN IV, lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve CN V1, abducens nerve CN VI, superior and inferior divisions of ophthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus
what supplies blood to anus?
superior and inferior rectal arteries
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers in the teeth originate where
superior cervical ganglion
what is termination of spinotectal tracts
superior colliculus
what is origin of tectospinal tract
superior colliculus (midbrain)
the internal thoracic artery descends on the pleura behind costal cartilages just lateral to the sternum and ends in the 6th intercostal space by dividing into what two arteries?
superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
where does abducens exit skull
superior orbital fissure
where does oculomotor nerve exit skuull
superior orbital fissure
where does opthalmic division V1 enter orbit through
superior orbital fissure
where does trochlear nerve exit skull
superior orbital fissure
the duodenum receives blood from what arteries?
superior pancreatic duodenal (branch of gastroduodenal) and inferior pancreatic duodenal (branch of superior mesenteric)
the duodenum proximal to the entry of the bile duct receives its arterial supply from what?
superior pancreatic duodenal artery
parasympathetic fibers from what nucleus and nerve go to submandibular gland
superior salivatory nucleus and facial nerve
what are the 4 anterior branches of external carotid? what are the 4 posterior?
superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, maxillary arter ascending pharyngeal, occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal ST AP FLO PMS
what is the external circular layer of muscle in pharyngeal area?
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
what forms the acetabulum
superiorly by ilium posteroinferiorly by ischium anteromedially by pubis
the mylohyoid muscle divides the submandibular gland into what two lobes? which makes up most of gland?
superirifal and deep; deep makes up most
what is it when there is more than one renal arteries supplying each kidney (happens in 25-40% of time)
supernumerary renal arteries
rotating forearm with palm turning outward
supination
The bone of alveolar process exists only to do what?
support teeth (why it resorbs w/ extraction and never forms if tooth never erupts)
what are some functions of skeletal system
support, protection, body movement, hemopoeises (Red bone marrow), reservoir for calcium and phoshorus
what are 4 branches of lingual artery?
supra hyoid, dorsal lingual, sublingual, deep lingual branches
what branch of lingual artery supplies supra hyoid muscles?
suprahyoid artery
what drains the adrenal gland?
suprarenal vein into IVC on right and renal vein on left
nails ,inner ear, outer ear, lens of eye, epidermis, adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary), hair, enamel of teeth, mammary glands, anal canal below pectinate line, and parotid gland are derivatives of what
surface ectoderm
small bronchioles have nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (Clara cells) that secrete what?
surface-active lipoprotein
what is a substance containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins? what makes it? what does it line?
surfactant; type II alveolar cells; lines alveoli and smallest bronchioles
All of the following statements concerning the breast and mammary gland are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -breast cancer causes dimpling of overlying skin and nipple retraction -the mammary gland is connected to skin by strong CT strands called cooper ligaments -the nipple usually lies at level of 6th intercostal space -the mammary gland is modified sweat gland located in superficial fascia -the breast receives arterial blood through branches of lateral thoracic and internal thoracic arteries
the nipple lies at level of 6th intercostal space is false because its usually at level of 4th intercostal space
the main distinguishing feature of the duodenum is what?
the presence of gland in the submucosa called Brunner glands that counteract gastric acids
the optic nerve consists of axons of ganglion cells of what
the retina
the small left gastric artery runs to the cardiac end of the stomach, gives off a few esophageal branches, and turns to the right along with the lesser curvature of the stomach an anastomoses with what
the right gastric artery
the right vagus nerve gives rise to right recurrent laryngeal nerve which hooks around what
the right subclavian artery
all of the following statements are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -there are two brachiocephalic veins but only one brachiocephalic artery -the brachiocephalic artery is an extremely short artery and is the first branch of aortic arch -the right subclavian artery arises from aortic arch behind right common carotid -the head and neck are supplied by right and left common carotid arteries
the right subclavian artery arises from the aortic arch behind the right common carotid artery
at puberty, the granulosa cells begin to multiply and form the multilayered _____________
theca interna
why are mast cells and basophils considered different cells?
they are derived from different precursor cells in bone marrow
which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the left and right renal arteries? - they both arise from the abdominal aorta below the superior mesenteric artery -the left renal artery is longer than the right -the right renal artery is somewhat higher than the left -the right renal artery arises below the superior mesenteric artery, while the left one arises below the inferior mesenteric artery
they both arise from the abdominal aorta below the superior mesenteric artery
all of the following statements concerning sinusoids are true except one. which is the exception? -they have a small lumen (5-10 micrometers) they are wider and more irregular than capillaries -they have walls that consist partly of phagocytic cells -they form part of the reticuloendothelial system which is concerned chiefly with phagocytosis and antibody formation
they have a small lumen (5-10 micrometers)
all of the following statements concerning erythrocytes are true except one, which is the exception? they are biconcave in shape they have average life span of 60 days they rely completely on anaerobic metabolism they have no nucleus they have no mitochondria they are disposed of by the spleen
they have an average lifespan of 60 days (its 120)
which branchial arch does glossopharyngeal nerve come from
third
which pharyngeal arch is the future greater cornu and lower part of hyoid bone
third
which pharyngeal pouch contributes to formatin of inferior parathyroid glands and thymus glands
third
what do parathyroid glands develop from
third and fourth pharyngeal pouches
which branchial arch is the future glossopharyngeal nerve and stylopharyngeus muscle
third arch
which branchial arch is the future greater cornu of hyoid bone, lower portion of body of hyoid bone
third arch
which branchial arch cartilage ossifies to form the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and the lower half of the body of the hyoid bone
third arch cartilage
The manubrium of the sternum articulates with all of the following structures except one, what is exception? - body of sternum - first rib - second rib -third rib -clavicle
third rib (articulates with body of sternum)
Which of the following is the first endocrine gland to appear in embryonic development and develops from endoderm invaded by mesenchymal cells? -hypothalamus gland -pituitary gland -thyroid gland -pineal gland
thyroid gland (day 24)
where is salti taste most sensitive
tip and sides
the vagus gives visceral sensory to what
tongue, pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, carotid sinus, stomach, small intestine
what are the two branches of facial artery off of the cervical portion?
tonsilar (to tonsils) and ascending palatine (ascends alongside pharynx to base of skull)
what are secondary lymph organs? what do they do?
tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix; filtering component
what do a-beta fibers carry info related to
touch
unilateral lesions of the hypoglossal nerve result in deviation of the tongue towards which side?
toward affected side
overdistenion of valves of AV orifices of heart is prevented by papillary muscles and what
trabeculae carneae
what are the structures of the lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchi, lungs
which subcompartment of ECF is a set of fluids that are just outside of normal compartments that make up CSF, digestive juices, mucous, etc
transcellular fluid
what type of epithelium is found lining the urinary bladder that are specialized to change shape in response to pressure (cuboidal when empty and flattened when full)
transitional epithelium
where is the primary location of the globular cell
transitional epithelium (kidneys and bladder)
what is the process of taking information from DNA, encoding on RNA and using it to create proteins that ribosomes do
translation
autonomic ganglia contain motor cell bodies which are synpatic sitess where impulse does what
transmitted from axon of preganglionic to dendrites of postganglionic
what is the primary function of arteries? what about arterioles? capillaries? veins?
transport blood away from heart that rich in oxygen; control blood pressure; diffusion of nutrients/oxygen; carry blood back to heart
Most of the muscles that act on the shoulder girlde and upper limb joints are supplied by branches of the brachial plexus. Which of the following is NOT? -levator scapulae -rhomboid major -rhomboid minor -trapezius -serratus anterior -pectoralis minor -subclavius
trapezius (CN XI)
what word refers to a T-tubule sandwiched between two dilated cisternae of SR?
triad
Which muscle below inserts on the olecranon process of the ulna? -brachialis -triceps brachii -biceps brachii -coracobrachialis
triceps brachii
Preganglionic parasympathetic axons are associated with all of the following cranial nerves except one. Which is the exception? -oculomotor -facial -trigeminal -glossopharyngeal -vagus
trigeminal
Which cranial nerve supplies the derivatives of the first branchial arch? -trigeminal -facial -glossopharyngeal -vagus
trigeminal
sensory nerve fibers in the dental pulp originate from which CN
trigeminal
what is a large blunt projection for muscle attachments on femur
trochanter
what is the medial condyle at distal end of humerus ? what does it articulate with?
trochlea, ulna
what is the only cranial nerve that emerges from the back aspect of the brain stem
trochlear
the pituitary gland regulates many other glands via what type of hrmones
tropic hormones
The thymus is a predominent feature of the superior mediastinum during infancy and childhood. The thymus has numerous afferent lymphatics and lymphatic nodules
true then false (no afferent or lymphatics nodules)
what is a small rounded process
tubercle
what is a large rounded roughened process
tuberosity
the tuberosity of the radius gives attachment to what? styloid process to what?
tuberosity = biceps brachii tendon styloid process = brachioradialis muscle
what shape are sweat glands
tubular
after filtrating, fluid in tubules of nephrons undergo two more processes, both which involve the peritubular capillaries: what are they?
tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
what shape are major salivary glands
tubuloacinar gland
what are all the major salivary glands classified as
tubuloalveolar or tubuloacinar
when does a tumor that leads to excess GH lead to pituitary Gigantism?
tumor prior to adolescence
which layer (or tunic) of the larger vessels is infiltrated with a system of tiny blood vessels called vasa vasorum that nourish the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall? -tunic intima -tunica media -tunica adventitia -none of the above
tunica adventitia
what is the outer layer of CT of BV? what does it contain? what nourishes it?
tunica adventitia; CT w/ elastic and collagenous fibers; vasa vasorum
what is the innermost layer of blood vessels? what type of epithelium does it have? what is this epithelium called? what type of vessels is this present in?
tunica intima; simple squamous epithelium - called endothelium and a thin basement membrane; ONLY layer present in all vessels of any size
what is the middle layer of BV that is usually very thick in arteries? what does it consist of?
tunica media; consists of smooth muscle fibers mixed with elastic fibers
what is the result of mitosis?
two identical daughter cells with same chromosomal content as parent cell
what is efferent pathway of autnomic nervous system
two nerve fibers from CNS to effector w/ synapse at ganglion
Which nerve supply preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to otic ganglion
tympanic and lesser petrosal branches of glossopharyngeal
the coronoid process is part of which bone? - radiums -humerus -ulna -scapula - clavicle
ulna
does the ulna contact any carpal bones? radius?
ulna no, radius = all of proximal row but pisiform
which terminal branch of medial cord of brachial plexus supplies motor innervation mainly to intrinsic muscles of hand and caries sensory innervation from medial 1.5 digits
ulnar nerve
which region contains stomach, pancreas, SI, transverse colon, right and left kidneys, right and left ureters, and cisterna chyli*****
umbilical
what are aka simple glands like sweat glands
unbranched
does gray matter of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies or myelinated nerve fibers
unmelinated nerve cell bodies
are the axons that converge on optic disk myelinated or unmyelinated
unmyelinated
Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are transported to the pituitary gland for storage by way of: -myelinated nerve fibers -both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers -unmyelinated nerve fibers -none of above
unmyelinated nerve fibers
the ventral rami of C5 and C6 unite to form what trunk of brachial plexus
upper
what is the upper surface of liver? and lower?
upper = diaphragmatic, lower = visceral
external carotid artery supplies neck, face, scalp, maxilla, and tongue, and begins at upper border of what? (where the termination of common carotid artery is) and terminates where?
upper border of thyroid cartilage and terminates within parotid gland
what forms the medial wall of the axilla
upper four or five ribs and intercostal muscles along with serratus anterior
upper limbs are supplied by what arteries? head and neck by what?
upper limbs by subclavian arteries; head and neck by common carotid arteries
where is olfactory epithelium very prominent of nasal cavity? what type of epithelium is it?
upper medial portion; pseudo stratified columnar epithelium (contains olfactory sensory cells)
what is the only trunk of brachial plexus that sends branches to innervates muscles
upper trunk
what dos TSH stimulate ?
uptake of iodine and synthesis and release of TH
what is the adult remnant of the allantois
urachus
what are long, slender, fibromuscular tubes that transport urine from pelvis of kidney to base of urinary bladder
ureter
where does filling of bladder constrict the ureters
ureterovesical junction
what is a fibromuscular tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of body (in males also carries semen)
urethra
what is a distensible sac that is situated in pelvic cavity posterior to pubic symphisis
urinary bladder
The aortic body is one of several small clusters of chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and supporting cells located along the aortic arch. It is innervated by the: -glossopharyngeal -vagus -accessory -hypoglossal
vagus
what is the parasympathetic nerve that supplies SI via celiac plexus to increase motility
vagus
what provides parasympathetic control to heart?
vagus
The accessory nerve CN 11 exits skull through jugular foramen with the: -vagus and hypoglossal nerve -facial and abducens nerves -glossopharyngeal and vestibulocochlear nerves -vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
where does ascending and transverse colon get parasympathetics from
vagus nerve
Which of the following travels with the esophagus through the esophageal opening in diaphragm? -aorta -thoracic duct -azogos vein -vagus nerve -Right phrenic nerve
vagus nerve (vAGUS travels with esophAGUS)
vertebral arteries give rise to what artery that supplies cerebellum? what about basilar artery?
vertebral arteries give rise to posterior inferior cerebellar artery; basilar to anterior inferior cerebellar artery and superior cerebellar artery
what supplies the posterior 2/5 of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
vertebrobasilar arteries
what is origin of vestibulospinal tract
vestibular nucleus
which disfunction of cerebellum is nystagmus, head tilt
vestibular sign
what epithelium lines vestibules? what about conchae?
vestibules = nonkeratinized stratified squamous; conchae = pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
which descending tract is responsible for coordination of posture and balance
vestibulospinal tract
what are some things that small intestine epithelium have
villi, brush border microvilli
do smooth muscles have cell junctions?
visceral = many multiunit = few
In the peripheral nervous system, which fibers carry impulses from viscera? -somatic affarent fibers -visceral afferent fibers -somatic efferent fibers -visceral efferent fibers
visceral afferent fibers
which fibers carrie impulses to smooth and caridac muscle
visceral motor
what type of peritoneum covers the organs
visceral peritoneum
which fibers carry impulses from viscera
visceral sensory fibers
which humor is a gel like substance in back of eyeball to provide shape
vitreous
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cardiac muscle? -voluntary -intercalated discs -less extensive SR than skeletal muscle -single nucleus
voluntary
plasma is 91% what? what is the other portion of plasma that is not water?
water, formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)
in most cases, ptosis is caused by either a weakness of what muscle? or a problem with what nerve?
weakness of levator muscle or problme with occluomotor nerve
when does a tumor result in pituitary dwarfism?
when GH deficiency results in early displacement of epiphyseal cartilages of bone
what is the important point of whether gigantism or acromegaly will occur
whether the epiphyses of long bones have fused with shaft or not
which matter is inner and outer in SC?
white = outside gray = inside
what do neuronal cell processes group together as in brain
white matter
what type of mater makes up the cerbral medulla
white matter
all sympathetic preganglionic neurons enter paravertebral ganglion chain via what?
white ramus communicans (myelinated)
evntually the foramen ovale becomes permanently closed with what and becomes what
with fibrous connective tissue and becomes the fossa ovalis
the collagen fibers of the osteoid form a woven network without a preferred orientation and lamellae are not present . this type of bone is called what
woven bone
Teacher collins syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that presents with many craniofacial deformities. One of the characteristic traits is downward slanting eyes which is caused by underdevelopment of the bone that forms the substance of the cheek. Which bone is this that anchors many of thee muscles of mastication and facial expression? -ethmoid -zygomatic -occipital -sphenoid
zygomatic bone (AKA malar bone)
how many nephrons are in the cortex of each kidney?
~1,000,000