NCE Prep

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Emile Durkheim

-Father of modern sociology, pioneer of modern social research and established the field as separate and distinct from psychology and politics -Major proponent of functionalism -Argued that modern society was more complex than primitive societies because they were all similar, shared a common language. Even when people were dissimilar, they relied on each other to make society function. -Principles first outlined in 1895 work, Rules of Sociological Method -Research into suicide

Curricular Validity

-an evaluation of the extent to which the content of a test agrees with the content of instruction -Was the content available to the learner?

Grief Model of Acceptance

-denial -depression -anger/guilt -bargaining -acceptance

Daniel J. Levinson

-discovered that adult developmental transitions in white collar and blue collar men seemed to be relatively universal. Eighty percent of men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis. An "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes. -believed in three major transitions: early adult (17-22 -leaving family stage), age 30 transition (28-33 -make dreams a reality), midlife transition (40-45 -five years earlier for women, stressful, questions dreams/goals/morals ), age 50 transition, later adulthood transition (60-65 -makes peace) -subsequent research has shown that his theory of a midlife crisis is inaccurate

George Gazda's 3 types of groups

-guidance (preventative, aka 'psychoeducational') also called affective education group or psychological education group or psycho educational group -counseling (focus on primary conscious concerns, less structure than guidance group, -psychotherapy (tertiary and may emphasize unconscious)

Blood Alcohol Content Legally Impaired

.08 or higher

What blood alcohol content is likely to put someone in a coma

.40 and higher

acceptable reliability coefficient

0.8

A concentration of .10 means you have __ part alcohol to every ___ part of blood.

1 1000

Carkhuff's five level empathy scale is:

1 Not attending or detracting. 2 Subtracts affect from the communication. 3 Feelings expressed by client are basically interchangeable with client's meaning and affect. 4 Counselor adds to client's affect. 5 Counselor adds significantly to client's feeling and meaning in deepest moments.

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy

1) basic: same level as client 2) subtractive: not completely understand 3) addictive: adds to clients understanding and awareness

According to Satir what are the 4 issues which impeded communication within a family?

1) placating 2) Blaming 3) Irrelevance 4) Over reasonability

3 reasons for slow development of elementary school counseling:

1. Belief that school teachers could double as counselors 2. counseling was seen as focusing on vocational skills 3. Secondary schools used social workers and psychologists who would intervene if emotional problems were still an issue as the child got older

Initial phase of relationship building

1. Initiation: intro to counseling process, sets stage for therapeutic relationship 2. Clarification: defines problem and need for therapeutic relationship 3. Structure: define the relationship and intended outcome 4. Relationship: relationship developed and will work towards agreed-upon goals

Average time for adult group work

1.5-2 hours

Suicide rate in US

12 per 100,000

Charles Spearman

1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

Alfred Adler

1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order

Lewis Terman

1877-1956; Field: testing; Contributions: revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children

Henry Murray

1893-1988; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan, stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances

Secondary school counseling and guidance began in ____ and was fueled by the work of ____.

1900s Frank Parsons

Frank Parsons

1900s he set up centers to help individuals search for work; was the first to heavily focus on sociocultural issues.

Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

Harry Harlow

1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys Monkeys preferred terry cloth mothers over wire mothers (even though they dispensed milk). "Contact comfort" is important in the development of infant attachment.

Harry Harlow

1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)

Solomon Asch

1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures

Development of the ACA

1913 national vocational guidance association 1952 American personnel and guidance association 1983 American association for counseling and development 1992 American counseling association

Mary Ainsworth

1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment

Albert Ellis

1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Little Albert Experiment

1920 - Watson - classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby - white rat was paired with a loud clanking noise resulting in crying and fear of rat

E. G. Williamson

1930s - created one of the first counseling theories called the Minnesota Point of View (a trait and factor theory)

Stanley Milgram

1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study

The peak period of competition between therapies was during the late

1960s 1950s: developmental psychology 1960s: competing psychotherapies 1970s: biofeedback, behavior modification, crisis hotlines 1980s: professionalism

What year did the ACA launch the national board for certified counselors?

1983

Nuclear Family Emotional System

4 basic relationship patterns that can lead to problems within the family system Present in multiple family structures (not just the nuclear family) Family tension arises when external or internal stressors occur: tension appears in the form of anxiety within one of the patterns below: Marital conflict Dysfunction in one spouse Impairment of one or more children Emotional distance (fusion - little overt conflict) The anxiety within one of these four relationship subcategories may be what brings the family or marital dyad into therapy Consider... where does the anxiety present within this family?

Stages of Positive Interaction

4 stages: stage 1 exploring feelings: rapport building, define structure of counseling process, goal setting stage 2 consolidation: integrate the information, gain additional coping skills stage 3 planning: employ skills and prepare to manage on own stage 4 termination of relationship

What percent of all ethnic minority clients quit counseling after their first session?

50

Gerald Corey's STAGES OF GROUP THERAPY:

>> (Pre-group Issues: Formation of Group) 1. Initial Stage: Orientation & Exploration 2. Transition Stage: Dealing with Resistance 3. Working Stage: Cohesion and Productivity 4. Final Stage: Consolidation and Termination >> (Postgroup Issues - Evaluation & Follow Up.)

Playing the projection

A Gestalt experiment especially applicable to group therapy in which one client takes on and acts out characteristics they're describing or seeing in other members. Also used in individual therapy, clients can be asked to be or act in a way that is especially annoying or bothersome to him or her in other individuals. This technique is also designed to help clients own parts of themselves that are often disavowed.

Cultural pluralism

A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences.

learned helplessness

A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.

approach-avoidance conflict

A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made.

Cultural Encapsulation

A counselor imposing goals form their own culture on people from another culture

Jane Loevinger

A developmental psychologist who proposed 10 stages of ego development, which stressed the internalization of social norms and the maturing conscience in personality development.

Antabuse

A drug that, when combined with alcohol, causes violent nausea; it is used to control a person's drinking.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

A federal law that governs student confidentiality in schools. It requires that schools not divulge, reveal or share any personally identifiable information about a student or his/her family, unless it is with another school employee who needs the information to work with the student. An exception is the publishing of student directory information.

Stratified random sampling

A form of probability sampling; a random sampling technique in which the researcher identifies particular demographic categories of interest and then randomly selects individuals within each category.

Life Career Rainbow

A graphical model of life roles, covering all life stages, and career relatedness developed by Donald Super. The roles are child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker and homemaker. The life stages are growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance and disengagement.

inter-rater reliability

A measure of how similarly two different test scorers would score a test.

internal consistency

A measure of reliability How well a test measures what it is intended to measure while producing similar results each time

implosive therapy

A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus. The method is risky because overexposure can actually increase anxiety.

Counterbalancing

A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measure design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject

Bruce Tuckman's model of group development

A model of group development that includes 5 sequential stages: Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning

quota sampling

A nonprobability sampling technique in which researchers divide the population into groups and then arbitrarily choose participants from each group

correlation coefficient

A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.

Reliability coefficient of 1.0 indicates

A perfect score

Existentialism

A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions Developed as a reaction to the analytic and behavioral schools; viewed as being too deterministic and reductionistic Focus on here and now

Premack Principle

A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.

quasi-experimental research

A research technique in which the two or more groups that are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics, rather than random assignment Quantitative

behavioral rehearsal

A role-playing strategy in which a client acts out a behavior he wants to change or acquire. Can be quite useful in assertiveness training.

role conflict

A situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves

Chi-square test

A statistical method of testing for an association between two categorical variables. Specifically, it tests for the equality of two frequencies or proportions. Can only be run on data with whole integer tallies or counts Typically used when a researcher has a large normally distributed and unpaired sample sets Focus on data that has categorical data

Analyses of Variance (anovas)

A statistical method to compare the means of more than two groups by comparing the between-group variance to the within-group variance. One-way ANOVA: used when only one factor of influence across sample sets Usually tests for statistically significant differences between three or more sample sets More efficient and accurate than t tests

Test of significance

A statistical technique intended to provide researchers with confidence that their results are, in fact, true and not the result of sampling error.

Horizontal test

A test procedure that covers material from different subjects

Organismic

A theorist who views developmental changes as qualitative Gestalt psychologists Kurt Goldstein

Scattergram

A type of graph that represents the strength and direction of a relationship between co-variables in a correlational analysis.

ABC theory of personality

A=activating event; B=belief system; C=emotional consequence; intervention: D=disputing the irrational behavior at B; E=a new emotional consequence/an effective new philosophy on life

Reliability

Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings

Piaget's formal operational stage is known for...

Abstract thinking Problem solving through deduction

Vocational developmental stages

According to Super, the five life stages (growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline)

William Perry's Dualistic Thinking

Adult cognitive development Good/bad, black/white, right/wrong No ambiguity

Suicidal clients often make attempts...

After the depression begins to lift

Who created the first standardized IQ TEST?

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Culture Epoch Theory

All cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.

Personalism (in multicultural counseling)

All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands Implies the counselor will make the best progress if she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than a diseased patient.

Ipsative format

Allows a person to compare two or more examples of his/ her own performance- does not allow for comparison with others

EEG

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

eidetic imagery

An especially clear and persistent form of memory that is quite rare; sometimes known as "photographic memory."

Average inter-item correlation

An estimate of internal consistency reliability that uses the average of the correlations of all pairs of items Used to determine if scores on one item relate to the scores on all other items

Self-Efficacy Theory

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Self-Efficacy Theory

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. Albert Bandura

Occupational Outlook Handbook

An on-line source for career information provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics

Flight-to-health variables

Analytic concept that asserts that the client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty has not been resolved

Jung is the father of...?

Analytic psychology

Practicing excitation

Andrew Salter Conditioned reflex therapy The practice of spontaneously experiencing and expressing true emotions

Person-environment theory

Anne Roe; a personality approach to career choice based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need; primarily psychoanalytic, though it also draws on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; utilizes a two-dimensional system of occupation classification utilizing fields and levels; in terms of career choice, lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs (job meets the most urgent needs); career choice is influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education, and intelligence; some support comes from the Rorschach and the TAT - projective tests Two dimensional system of classification: fields and levels

Metaneeds

Another term for higher-order needs. Maslow

Ahistoric therapy

Any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past.

Kurt Lewin conflict motivation theory

Approach-avoidance: positive with a negative factor Approach-approach: presented with two equal options Avoidance-avoidance: two negative alternatives

Edwin Bourdin felt that difficulties related to job choice...

Are indicative of neurotic symptoms

The S-R Model

As applied to classical conditioning, a model that assumes that the NS becomes directly associated with the UR and therefore comes to elicit the same response as the UR. Skinner

Positive Uncertainty

Associated with H.B. Gelatt; asserts that career decisions are made by using a whole-brain approach meaning that rational and intuitive components must be considered

Positive Uncertainty

Associated with H.B. Gelatt; asserts that career decisions are made by using a whole-brain approach meaning that rational and intuitive components must be considered Paradoxical approach to counseling Accept uncertainty of future and be positive that it is uncertain

AMECD

Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development

ASGW

Association for Specialists in Group Work

John Bowlby

Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver. In order to live a normal social life, the child must bond with an adult before age 3

John Bowlby

Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver.In order to lead a normal social life the child must bond with an adult before the age of 3.

ACA Core values

Autonomy: freedom to govern ones own choices for the future Nonmaleficence: causing least amount of harm possible Beneficence: promoting health and wellbeing for the good of the individual and society Justice: treating each individual with fairness and equality Fidelity: displaying trust in professional relationships and maintaining promises Veracity: making sure to provide the truth in all situations and contacts

tripartite

Awareness, knowledge, and skills of multicultural counseling

Choice Theory

Behavior is an attempt to control our perceptions to satisfy our genetic needs All human need survival, love and belonging, power or achievement, freedom or independence, and fun Glasses reality therapy

Maturation

Behavior is exclusively guided via hereditary factors, but certain behaviors will not manifest until necessary stimuli are present in the environment Individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold A counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives Clients' childhood and pet are important therapeutic topics

Contextualism

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

Baseline

Behaviorist term The frequency that a behavior occurs in the absence of treatment

What therapeutic school/theory emphasizes the notion of operational definition the most?

Behaviorists

absolute thinking

Beliefs that involve "must," "should," or "have to" (Ellis) (also known as musturbation)

Dictionary of occupational titles

Book that describes thousands of jobs in detail.

William McDougall and E.H. Ross

Both published the first textbooks in social psychology.

Emotional Cutoff

Bowenian idea- describes people managing their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them.

object loss

Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors. (Psychopathology)

object loss

Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors. Goes from protest, to despair, to detachment.

Object Loss

Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer this, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors.

Milton H. Erickson

Brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis

Two classes of constructivist theory

Brief therapy: examines what worked for a client in the past Narrative therapy: looks at stories in a clients life and attempts to rewrite or reconstruct the stories

Sir Francis Galton

British researcher, considered the father of mental tests; interested in the origin of intelligence and began the nature-nurture debate; thought that one's heredity is response for one's intelligence (eugenics)

Stinking-thinking

CBT term

Race

Can generally see differences as they are the result of genetics

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of

Carkhuff and Gazda

The Myers-Briggs type indicator reflects the work of?

Carl Jung

Raymond Cattell

Cattle-horn theory: Over one hundred abilities work together to create forms of intelligence Fluid intelligence: ability to think and act quickly Crystallized intelligence: acquired and learned skills Founded the institute for personality and abilities testing 16 personality factor questionnaire and culture fair intelligence test

CRC

Certified Rehabilitation Counselor

Accident Theory of Career Development

Chance factors influence one's career choice

Id

Chaotic, concerned with the body, sex, aggression,

Edmund Griffith Williamson

Chief spokesman for the Minnesota Viewpoint, which expanded upon Parson's model to create a theory for counseling which transcended vocational issues.

Little Hans

Cites psychoanalytic theory; Hans was a small child who had difficulty going into streets and was afraid of horses biting him. Freud used psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration to anxiety to explain it. Used in contrast to behavior therapy.

In vivo

Client is exposed to an actual situation which might prove frightful or difficult

Konrad Lorenz

Compared people to wolves or baboons Claimed humans are naturally aggressive (aggression necessary for survival) Solution is to use catharsis to get our anger out

ANCOVA (analysis of covariance)

Compares differences between and/or within groups while statistically controlling a variable

Compensatory Effect

Compensating outside of work for things not allowed on the job (i.e., librarian being quiet all day then getting loud/crazy at night)

Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)

Concepts that focus on how people perceive and understand the world. This strategy is based on recogniing a person's preferred sensory representations for self-expression and learning. When a client prefers a kinethetic mode, we use "I feel that...". When a client prefers an auditory mode, use "I hear you saying that...", and when a client prefers a visual mode, use, "I see that...". (Used for anchoring) Reframing and anchoring Created by Bandler and Grinder Influenced by work if Milton H Erickson, Fritz Perl's, Virginia Satir

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) career development theory

Content and process are the main components of career decision making Pyramid: Bottom: knowledge of self and occupations Center: decision making (communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, executing) Top: meta cognitions and executive processing domain

Types of non-probability sampling

Convenience sampling Ad hoc sampling Purposive sampling

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage Four

Coordination of secondary circular reactions (infants between 8 and 12 months). At this stage, infants' behavior becomes goal directed in trying to reach for an object or finding a hidden object indicating they have achieved object permanence. Emerging motor skills allow them to incorporate more of their environment into their activities.

fixed role therapy

Created by George A. Kelly, a client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role and is instructed to read the script at least 3x/day and to think, act, and verbalize like the person in the script.

Cyclical Test Spiral Test Power Test Speed Test Achievement Test Personality Test

Cyclical - several sections which spiral in nature Spiral - items get progressively harder Power - forced-choice, not timed, nobody receives a perfect score; difficulty is the content Speed - Only measures speed; difficulty is the time, not the content (ex: typing test) Achievement - measures maximum performance; there is a perfect score Personality - measures "typical" performance

Who proposed decision-making theory? What are the two stages?

David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara Anticipation Implementation/adjustment

H.B. Gelatt

Decision making model: predictive, value, decision Career counseling

School-to-Work Opportunities Act

Designed to assist the states in building school-to-work systems that prepare students for high-skill, high-wage jobs or future education

Tiedeman and O'Hara

Developed a decision-making theory of 2 parts: anticipation and implementation/adjustment. Differentiation Integration Ego identity Model based on Erik Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial development

Donal Super

Developed the Archway model as a way to show the factors that influence an individual's self-concept. One pillar represents factors within the individual, such as personality traits and interests, and the other pillar represents external factors that influence cheer development, such as community and the economy.

Donal Super

Developmental Self-concept Five life stages: growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline Life career rainbow

Donal Super

Developmental approach to career counseling Constant evolving process

The 1950s were the golden years for...

Developmental psychology

DOT

Dictionary of Occupational Titles; A book that describes thousands of jobs in detail. 9 digit code First 3 digits refer to occupational category

Lev Vygotsky

Disagreed with Piaget and felt that development did not take place naturally. HE felt that stages unfolded due to educational intervention. He coined the term "Zone of Proximal Development"

Jerome Bruner

Discovery learning and constructivism. He wrote that the aim of education should be to create autonomous learners. He proposed three modes of representation: Enactive representation (action-based); Iconic representation (image-based); and Symbolic representation (language-based)

Conformity peaks in...

Early teens

ERIC

Educational Resources Information Center Scholarly literature

Carl Rogers's three core conditions for counseling relationship

Empathy Positive regard Conference

Human relations core

Empathy, positive regard/respect, and genuineness as identified by Carl Rogers

Functional group roles

Energizer Harmonizer Tension reliever Gatekeeper

Group roles

Energizer Scapegoat Interrogator Follower Gatekeeper Harmonizer/conciliator Storyteller

Transactional Analysis

Eric Berne believes that people operate in three ego states and that awareness is an important first step in changing our ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Three basic needs are stimulus, recognition, and structure.

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

Erik Erikson

Which two theorists agree that biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the sociocultural issues and the sociocultural demands of society?

Erik Erikson Harry Stack Sullivan

ego identity

Erik son's term for a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for; when an adolescent is able to integrate all his or her previous roles into a single self-concept

Who are the most prominent stage theorists?

Erikson and Piaget

ego identity

Erikson's term for a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for Inability to accomplish this task leads to role confusion, which is known as identity crisis

T. X. Barber

Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism

EPPP

Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP is to psychologists what the NCE is to counselors)

Umwelt, Mitwelt, & Eigenwelt

Existentialist terms for the physical world, the relationship world, and the identity world (Ei- as in I or identity).

Irvin Yalom

Existentialist, well known for studies in group work

Carl Whitaker

Experiential Family Therapy Experience not education changes families Experiential symbolic family therapy Joined family in session as he were a member of the family Felt that cotherapists are helpful Psychotherapy of the absurd

Eric Berne

Father of Transactional Analysis, suggested the group is held together by a bond between the leader and the group members.

Andrew Salter

Father of behavioral therapy, created assertiveness training and a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy; behavioristic theory of hypnosis & autohypnosis

Public Law 94-142

Federal law enacted in 1975 requiring provision of special-education services to eligible students.

intuitive grieving

Feeling, feminine

John O. Crites

Feels the need for career counseling exceeds the need for therapy. Believes career counseling is more difficult to perform than psychotherapy

Platykurtic distribution

Flatter and more spread out than a normal curve. (Memory: 'Plat' sounds like 'flat')

Kinda Gottfredson developmental theory of career

Focuses on circumscription (restrict choices) and compromise (sacrifice field of work)

positive and negative punishment

For positive punishment, try to think of it as adding a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is emitted to decrease future responses. As for negative punishment, try to think of it as taking away a certain desired item after the undesired behavior happens in order to decrease future responses.

Macoby and Jacklin

Found support for gender differences in verbal ability and mathematics in high school and college These girls often identified with their fathers and encouraged to value initiative and independence (unknown if influences by child-rearing patterns or bodily chemistry)

Who is considered the first social reformer and pioneer to focus on sociocultural issues?

Frank Parsons

Who is the father of vocational guidance?

Frank Parsons

Who is the father of vocational guidance movement?

Frank parsons

Who and who would say that regardless of culture humans have an instinct to fight?

Freud and Lorenz

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions Most comprehensive theory of personality and therapy ever devised

Therapists instrumental in the early years of social psychology movement

Freud, Durkheim, McDougall

Wish fulfillment

Freudian belief that many dreams express unconscious desires

wish fulfillment

Freudian belief that many dreams express unconscious desires

Making the rounds

Gestalt Used in group settings; a theme or feeling expressed by a client should be faced by every person in the room

Hot Seat

Gestalt Therapy Technique often used in group sessions the counselor confronts the person in the "Hot Seat" while other group member just listen, the members will then get an opportunity to relate their own experiences to that of the one in the "Hot Seat" Here and now moment

5 layers of neurosis

Gestalt concept Phony layer phobic layer (fear that others will reject you) impasse layer (feeling stuck) implosive layer (willingness to reveal the true self) explosive layer (relief from being authentic)

Leniency/Strictness Bias

Giving a worker a very high or a very low rating and avoiding average ratings

Lavender Ceiling

Glass ceiling but in relation to homosexuals, transgender, and bisexual individuals.

Who put little stock in notion of transference?

Glasser Ellis Behavioralists

National Career Development Association (NCDA)

Grand Rapids 1913

Frank Parsons is the father of...

Guidance

Murray Bowen

He is a psychiatrist known for having developed the Family systems theory from the 1950's onwards. It generally argues that people can only be understood from the viewpoint of their relationships with others, as part of a social system. They cannot be understood in isolation, cut-off from their relations with family members and others with whom they interact. In this theory, the concept of self-differentiation, which is to be opposed to the psychoanalytic concept of fusion, is core. Self-differentiation refers to the ability to simultaneously maintain one's individuality and identity while relating to others.

Development is cephalocaudal means

Head to foot

Positioning (strategic family therapy)

Helper accepts the clients predicament and then exaggerated the condition

Interpersonal leaders favor _______ while intrapersonal leaders favor _______.

Here and now interventions Working on the past, psychodynamic

What qualities are associated with premature termination from group?

High denial Low motivation Low intelligence

HPB

High probability behavior

Interest inventories work best with what age group?

High school age or above bc interests are not stable prior to then

Why did some behavioral scientists criticize Jean Piaget's developmental research?

His findings were derived from observing his own children

Lawrence Kohlberg

His theory has three levels of moral development: the pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional levels Moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

Horizontal Test vs. Vertical Test

Horizontal - measures various factors during same test (ex: math and science. "test battery") Vertical - different versions of a test, based on indiv. differences (education level)

predictive validity

How useful test scores are at predicting future performance

Anal retentive personality

In Freudian theory, a personality type characterized by perfectionism and excessive needs for self-control as expressed through extreme neatness and punctuality; stingy, cheap

Preoperational Stage

In Piaget's theory, occurs between ages two and seven; child begins to speak in multi-word sentences, expands his imagination, engages in symbolic play, and begins to possess a relative sense of time

Zone of Proximal Development

In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction

dissonance

Inconsistent thoughts

Anne Roe's career development theory

Influenced by maslows hierarchy of needs Psychological needs and parenting styles influenced career choices 8 fields: service, business, organization, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, arts and entertainment

privileged communication

Information given by a patient to medical personnel which cannot be disclosed without consent of the person who gave it.

Theories of group stages (broad)

Initial/orientation and exploration/preaffiliation/forming Transition/power and control/storming Working/norming/cohesion/negotiation, intimacy, frame of reference Separation/termination/closure/adjourning

Nonfunctional Group roles

Interrogator Dominator Monopolizer aggressor Recognition seeker Other roles: Victim Scapegoat Follower

Self-Directed Search (SDS)

Is based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six personality types, it is self administered and self scored Types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional Most popular approach to career choice today

Self-Directed Search (SDS)

Is based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, it is self administered and self scored

J. P. Guilford

Isolated 120 factors (elements/abilities) of intelligence with factor analysis Remembered for his thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking

Emic

J.G. Dragons emic-etic distinct in cross-cultural counseling Approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider A counselor using this frame of reference wants to know what somebody participating in the culture things Emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences

Etic

J.G. Dragons emic-etic distinct in cross-cultural counseling Approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider Adheres to the theory that humans are humans, regardless of background and culture Thus, the same theories and techniques can be applied to nay client that the counselor helps Counselor emphasizes the sameness among clients, a universalism perspective, that literally transcends cultural boundaries

Strategic school of family counseling

Jay Haley Close madanes

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

John Crites

Animus

Jung; male characteristics of the personality

Anima

Jung; represents the female characteristics of the personality

Parsons suggests 3 steps to implement the trait and factor approach

Knowledge of the self and aptitude's and interests Knowledge of jobs, advantages and disadvantages of them Matching individual with the work

A.A. Brill

Known for the impact Freudian therapy has on career choice.

Counseling theories that are Epigenetic in nature:

Kohlberg Erickson Maslow (Stage emerges from one before it)

Imprinting work was done by?

Konrad Lorenz

Which of Freud's developmental stages is least psychosexual in nature?

Latency (occurs between 6 and 12) Sexual Interests are replaced by social interests sports, learning, hobbies

Who expanded upon Piaget's conceptualization of moral development?

Lawrence Kohlberg

blocking in group

Leader uses an intervention to stop a negative or counterproductive behavior with could hurt another member of the group

Avocational

Leisure

Neo-Freudians

Literally "New Freudians"; refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psychodynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality. Alfred Adler Karen Horney Erik Erickson Harry stack Sullivan Erich Fromm Stressed the importance of cultural issues and interpersonal relations; emphasized social factors

Ego psychologists

Logical, rational, power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check Unlike strict Freudians, they accent the ego and power of control

LPB

Low probability behavior

Interpretation

Make the clients aware of unconscious processes

Who commits suicide mode often?

Males

face validity

Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test.

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage Six

Mental combinations (toddlers between 18 and 24 months). True problem solving emerges at this stage where toddlers can mentally consider solutions to problems before taking any action. A more advanced concept of object permanence develops, which indicates that they are leaving the period of sensorimotor development and moving toward the preoperational period of thinking.

Radical Behaviorists do not believe in...

Mental constructs such as the mind nor consciousness If it can't be measured, it doesn't exist

NASW

National Association of Social Workers

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Levels of measurement

Nominal -describes variables that are categories (gender, height) Ordinal -describes variables that can be ranked (likert scale, 1-10 scale) Interval -describes variables that use equally spaced intervals (number of minutes, temperature) Ratio -describes anything that has a true zero point (angles, dollars, cents)

Ad hoc sample

Non-probability sampling Researchers must meet set quotas for s certain characteristic and can recruit yang participant as long as they have said characteristic

Purposive sampling

Non-probability sampling Used when have a precise purpose or target population in mind

OOH

Occupational Outlook Handbook; leading guide for national occupational and career information from the US Department of Labor. It describes the nature of work, earning, outlook, education, and job requirements, and related occupations for approximately 200 occupations. Predicts future needs for employment. This resource is available in book format or at www.bls.gov/oco/.

Trait and Factor Theory

Occupational decision making occurs when: A person has an accurate understanding of their traits (aptitudes, interests, personal abilities) A knowledge of jobs and the labor market An objective judgement about the relationship between their individual traits and the labor market.

Horizontal Sampling

Occurs when a researcher selects subjects from a single socioeconomic group.

Vertical sampling

Occurs when persons from two or more socioeconomic classes are used

Reversibility (Piaget)

One can undo an action and return to its initial shape

Yalom Group Stages

Orientation Conflict/dominance Development of cohesiveness

Sweet lemon rationalization

Overrates a reward (to protect self from bruised ego) (memory: sweets are overrated in our society)

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

People are much more likely to agree to a large request if they first agree to a smaller one Freedman and Fraser

Leon Festinger's theory of social comparison

People have a need to compare themselves with others to assess their own abilities and options We compare ourselves to others that are similar

BCP

Perception controls our behavior

Heredity

Person has 23 chromosomes Characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes Genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

Public Law 93-380 (also known as Buckley Amendment)

Persons over 18 can inspect their own records and those of their children.

Phases of Crisis

Phase 1: Person confronted by conflict that threatens self-concept responds with increased anxiety. Phase 2: If the usual defensive response fails and if threat persists, then anxiety escalates. Trial-and-error begins. Phase 3: If the trial-and-error attempts fail, then anxiety can escalate to severe and panic levels. Phase 4: If the problem is not solved and new coping skills are ineffective, then anxiety can overwhelm the person and lead to serious illness; assess for suicidal thoughts.

differential reinforcement of other behavior

Positively reinforcing an individual for engaging in healthy alternative behavior; alternative behavior increases via reinforcement; decreases inappropriate target behavior

Gelatt Decision Model

Predictive system - concerned with probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities Value system - concerned with relative preferences regarding outcomes Decision system - provides rules and criteria for evaluating outcome

R. K. Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to...

Prevent, correct, or enhance behavior Group work grid

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage Two

Primary circular reactions (infants between 1 and 4 months). Infants begin to adapt their reflexes as they interact with their environment. Actions that interest them are repeated over and over in circular reactions of actions and response to using their own bodies.

incremental validity

Process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid Ability to improve predictions when compared to existing measures Provides you with additional valid information that was not attainable via other procedures

R. J. Havinghurst

Proposed developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood (learning to walk or eat solid foods), tasks for middle childhood, ages 6 to 12 (learning to get along with peers or developing a conscience), tasks of adolescence, ages 12 to 18 (preparing for marriage and a career), tasks for earl adulthood, age 19 to 30 (selecting a mate and starting a family), tasks for middle age, 30 to 60 (assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and developing leisure), tasks of later maturity, age 60 to death (dealing with the death of a spouse and retirement).

J.P. Guilford

Proposed that intelligence consists of 150 distinct abilities Human intelligence and creativity

Erik Erikson

Psychoanalysis and disciple of Freud's, created a theory with eight stages in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Since the final stage does not even begin until age 60, many personality theorists believe that his theory actually covers the entire life of an individuals.

Classical Psychoanalysis versus Psychodynamics

Psychoanalysis: 3-5 sessions per week Couch Free association

Primal scene

Psychoanalytic concept where the child sees his parents having sexual intercourse or the child is seduced by the parent, which can lead to neurosis later in life.

personality tests

Psychological tests that measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes. Objective (rating scale) MBTI Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory Beck depression inventory Tennessee self-concept scale Projective (self-reporting) Rorschach Thematic apperception

Senile psychosis

Psychosis/ a break from reality brought on by old age, can also loosely imply memory loss.

Increasing a tests length raises or lowers reliability?

Raises

The 16 personality factor questionnaire (16 PF) reflects the work of?

Raymond B Cattell

Who created the culture fair intelligence test?

Raymond Cattell

Inductive reasoing

Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conlcusion; may be less cognitively advance than deduction (sometimes called bottom-up reasoning)

Predictive validity

Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage One

Reflexes (newborns between birth and 1 month). Infants exercise, refine, and organize the reflexes of sucking, looking, listening, and grasping.

N=1 design

Rely on a single individual for investigation purposes

deductive research

Research designed to test hypotheses and examine causal relationships between variables.

Qualitiative Research

Research that is based on unmeasurable qualitities, such as teacher observation and examination of case studies. Case studies Focus groups Interviews Observation

John Crites

Researched into the phenomenon of career maturity/vocational maturity Career maturity inventory 3 diagnosis types: differential (define propel), dynamic (attempt to understand reasons for problem), decisions (how to deal with problem)

Gibson

Researched the matter of depth perception in children using the visual cliff; demonstrated that depth perception is an inborn trait.

Synthetic validity

Researcher looks for tests that have been shown to predict each job element or component. Tests that predict each element can then be combined to improve the selection process

Five-point empathy scale

Robert Carkhuff Measured effectiveness of a counselor

Who developed the black intelligence test of cultural homogeneity?

Robert Williams

Brain Scans

SPECT: single photon emission imaging computed tomography PET: positron emission tomography CT: computed tomography

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage Three

Secondary circular reactions (infants between 4 and 8 months). Infants repeat actions that involve objects, toys, clothing, or other persons. They might continue to shake a rattle to hear the sound or repeat an action that elicits a response from a parent to extend the reaction.

John Holland

Self-Directed Search (SDS) to measure the six personality types- most popular approach to career choice; Individuals cycle and recycle through the developmental stages of growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline.

Order of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor Preparations Concrete Operations Formal Operations

Wilhelmina Wundt

Set up first psychological laboratory; theory of structuralism Father of psychology German 1879

Types of probability sampling

Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Systematic random sampling

What factor most influences ability to introspect, look within?

Social class: higher social class

SMART goals

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely

Albert Roberts Crisis Stages

Stage 1: biopsychosocial, identify imminent dangers Stage 2: make contact and establish rapport Stage 3: identify specific problems and possible cause of crisis Stage 4: provide counseling to understand emotional content of problem Stage 5: work on coping strategies Stage 6: implement action plan for treatment Stage 7: follow-up and continue to evaluate

SOC

Standard Occupational Classification System; provides information based on broad occupational definitions. Codes job clusters via similar function

SIC

Standard industrial classification manual Classified businesses in regard to type of activity they are engaged in (service or product)

The MMPI-2 is what kind of test?

Standardized personality test

Robert Kegan

Stated the client can make a meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. His six stages of development are 1) incorporative 2) impulsive 3) imperial 4) interpersonal 5) institutional 6) interindividual

nonparametric tests

Statistical tests that are distribution free; data do not have to conform to defined distribution characteristics. Less likely to be valid. Ex: moods median test, Krystal-Wallis fest, Mann-Whitney test

Modal Behavior

Statistically, the most common and normative behaviors of a society

Occupational Tests

Strong interest inventory Self-directed search O*net internet profiler Career assessment inventory Kiser career interests assessment

Personality Theory is also known as...?

Structural theory

Martin E.P. Seligman

Studied helplessness by electrocuting dogs during specific situation by which the dogs would give up and not fight the shocks

SUDS

Subjective units of distress scale; used in systematic desensitization

a support group vs self help group

Support -created by an organization and charges fees (AA) Self- help -neighborhood group

Primary groups

Support, guidance, psychoeducational, prevent unwanted consequences by teaching healthier alternatives

Jean Piaget

Swiss psychologist who pioneered the study of cognitive development in children; his theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down development into sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages; the leading name in cognitive development for children

backup reinforcer

Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens.

Group roles divided into what subcategories?

Task roles Maintenance roles Self-serving/individual roles

Robbers Cave Experiment

Teaches a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing the competition and enhancing cooperation

Stephen Karpman's Drama Triangle

Term from transactional analysis Used to identify roles of persecutor, rescuer, and victim in relationships

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage Five

Tertiary circular reactions (toddlers between 12 and 18 months). Toddlers become creative at this stage and experiment with new behaviors. They try variations of their original behaviors rather than repeating the same behaviors.

forced choice items

Test items in which a person is forced to choose between two items that are paired such that they are equivalent in social desirability. The two items might both be highly desirable or highly undesirable. The item type is believed to force the participant to express a motive or preference, independent of social pressure.

Vertical tests

Tests on the same subject given at different levels or ages

Elementary school counseling and guidance services gain momentum in...

The 1960s

O*NET

The Occupational Information Network (O*Net) is a comprehensive, interactive database developed by the US Department of Labor to identify and describe important information about occupations, worker characteristics, work skills and training requirements. The on-line system is available at http://online.onetcenter.org.

Validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Equilibration

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation); occurs when the child achieves a balance; when new information is presented, which the child's current cognitive structures, known as "schemas" cannot process, a condition referred to as "disequilibrium" sets in. The child therefore changes the schemas to accommodate the novel information, and equilibration or equilibrium is mastered.

BASIC ID

The conceptual framework of multimodal therapy, based on the premise that human personality can be understood by assessing seven major areas of functioning: behavior, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functions. Arnold Lazarus

BASIC ID

The conceptual framework of multimodal therapy, based on the premise that human personality can be understood by assessing seven major areas of functioning: behavior, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functions. Arnold Lazarus.

Content Validity

The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover.

construct validity

The extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct.

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

The extremist behaviorist who developed operant conditioning, schedules of reinforcement, the Skinner box and wrote controversial works suggesting social change based on behaviorism.

Elementary school counselors are defined as...

The only organized profession to work with individuals from a purely preventative and developmental standpoint

Choice Theory

The only person whose behavior we can control is our own

Assimilation

The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group

Systemic sampling

The process of selecting a sample of subjects for a study by drawing every nth unit on a list True experiment

Harry Stack Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory

The purpose of all behavior is to get needs met through interpersonal interactions and to decrease or avoid anxiety.

Ethology

The scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in natural environments.

Standard error of measurement

The standard deviation of test scores you would have obtained from a single student who took the same test multiple times

Epistomology

The study of how we know what we know

Psychodiagnostic

The study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues.

Freud believed that morality developed from...

The superego

F test

The test used to statistically evaluate the differences between the group means in ANOVA

Nathan Ackerman

The theory of psychodynamic family counseling, was concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between then. Prior to Ackerman, it was considered inappropriate to include family members in analytic treatment sessions. cure dysfunction (1950s)

cognitive triad

The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

Arnold Gessell

Theory of development based on maturational readiness (development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity)

instrumental grieving

Thinking, masculine

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Who created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy?

Truax and Carkhuff

Erik Erikson stages

Trust vs. Mistrust; Hope; 0 - 1½ Autonomy vs. Shame; Will; 1½ - 3 Initiative vs. Guilt; Purpose; 3 - 5 Industry vs. Inferiority; Competency; 5 - 12 Identity vs. Role Confusion; Fidelity; 12 - 18 Intimacy vs. Isolation; Love; 18 - 40 Generatively vs. Stagnation; Care; 40 - 65 Ego Integrity vs. Despair; Wisdom; 65+ Stages are psychosocial

convergent validity

Two similar measures/tests reveal the same result

Unfinished Business

Unexpressed feelings (such as resentment, guilt, anger, grief) dating back to childhood that now interfere with effective psychological functioning; needless emotional debris that clutters present-centered awareness. Gestalt concept

Arnold Gesell

Used a 1-way mirror for observing children. Felt that development Is primarily determined through genetics, thus a child must be at a certain level before they can succeed in educational settings Maturationist

Scale

Used to categorize and quantify variables Type: Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

concurrent validity

Used to determine if measures can be substituted such as taking an exam in place of a class

Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of who?

Virginia Satir

Restraining (strategic family therapy)

Warn family about negative consequences of change Ex: expect relapse

Symbiosis

What Mahler calls the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker. Difficulties in this relationship can result in adult psychosis.

task-facilitative behavior in attending

When the counselors thoughts are in relation to the client

experimental neurosis

When the differentiation process becomes too tough because stimuli are almost identical

Pygmalion effect

When the experiment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy bc experimenter is so determined to prove hypothesis Similar to Rosenthal/experimenter effect

Null hypothesis

When the researcher declares a hypothesis that a relationship doesn't exist between two variables, groups, or tangible instances

Stanine

Whole-number scores from 1 to 9, each representing a wide range of raaw scores. Stanine scores combine some of the properties of percentile ranks with some of the properties of standard scores.

orgone box

William Reich - thought that repeated sexual gratification was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies; clients would sit on orgone box to increase orgone life energy

Reentry woman

Woman who goes from working inside the home to working outside the home

Monolithic perspective

You see all members of a specific race or group as identical to each other.

meta-analysis

a "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion

Carkhuff scale

a 5-point scale created by Robert Carkhuff that is intended to measure empathy, genuiness, concreteness, and respect; a rating of 1 is the poorest and a rating of 5 is the most desirable. A rating of 3 is considered the minimum level of acceptance.

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning; example: systematic desensitization

Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

a career interest inventory based on Holland's theory; test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests; compares a person's interests with those of persons who have been in the occupation for at least 3 years and state that they enjoy their work; measures interests, not abilities; consists of 291 items and is untimed (typically completed in 35 minutes); suited to high school, college, and adult populations; must be computer scored; examinee responds to questions using a forced choice format of "strongly like" to "strongly dislike" to each item

Ego state analysis

a common practice in transactional analysis in which the counselor helps the client discern out of which ego state (i.e., parent, child, or adult) he or she is primarily operating in a given situation

rational emotive behavior therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

high context culture

a culture in which people are taught to speak in an indirect, inexplicit way

Low context culture

a culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally

sleeper effect

a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

a depressive disorder in children characterized by persistent irritability and frequent episodes of out-of-control behavior; Diagnosis can only be given to children up to 18 years old and is meant to decrease the numbers of children who are diagnosed with bipolar disorder

sociogram

a diagram that represents relationships within a group, especially likes and dislikes of members for other members

Sociogram

a diagram that represents relationships within a group, especially likes and dislikes of members for other members Moreno and Jennings

stimulus discrimination

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Type II error

a false negative, the incorrect acceptance of a null hypothesis that is actually false

Type I error

a false positive, the incorrect rejection of a null hypothesis when it is really true

anaclitic depression

a form of depression experienced by infants if they are separated for a prolonged period from their attachment figure (Rene Spitz)

Gestalt means

a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole The integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Muzafer Sherif

a founder of social psychology, studied social norms, conducted Robber's Cave experiment

Avocation

a hobby or minor occupation Done for pleasure

two-tailed test

a hypothesis test in which the research hypothesis does not indicate a direction of the mean difference or change in the dependent variable, but merely indicates that there will be a mean difference

one-tailed test

a hypothesis test in which the research hypothesis is directional, positing either a mean decrease or a mean increase in the dependent variable, but not both, as a result of the independent variable

Z-score

a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) Standard score Use zero as the mean

coefficient of determination

a measure of the amount of variation in the dependent variable about its mean that is explained by the regression equation

Standard deviation

a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean Square root of the variance

test-retest reliability

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

Balance theory

a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency & a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.

Likert Scale

a numerical scale used to assess people's attitudes; it includes a set of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

The TAT

a projective test in which subjects look at and tell a story about ambiguous pictures

Gestalt psychology

a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

social distance scale

a rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group Emory Bogardus 1920s

Sociometry

a research method in which students rate the social status of other students Jacob Moreno

Sociometry

a research technique used to assess a child's social status within the peer group Used in group therapy

Positive-Reinforcing Stimulus

a reward that, sometimes unintentionally, maintains or increases a behavior

probability sampling

a sampling method that relies on a random, or chance, selection method so that the probability of selection of population elements is known

intermittent reinforcement schedule

a schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elapsed (interval) or after a specified or average number of behaviors has occurred (ratio)

Critical incident stress debriefing

a session usually held within 24 to 72 hours of a critical incident, where a team of peer counselors and mental health professionals help emergency service personnel work through emotions that normally follow a critical incident

sensate focus

a sex therapy technique that requires a couple to redirect emphasis away from intercourse and focus on their capacity for mutual sensuality William H Masters Virginia Johnson

t-test

a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means

t test

a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means Used in formal experiments

Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)

a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is evoked by a "releasing stimulus"; an instinct

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

progressive muscle relaxation

a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn Dr. Edumund Jacobson

Spitting in the client's soup

a technique that points out certain client behaviors so that the behavior is no longer seen as desirable to the client. ex: you disparage your sister to feel better about yourself Adlerian psychotherapy technique

Rational imagery

a technique used by rational-emotive behavior therapists in which the client is to imagine that s/he is in a situation which has traditionally caused emotional disturbance. The client then imagines changing the feelings via rational, logical, scientific thought.

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

intelligence test

a test designed to measure a person's intellectual ability WAIS-IV Wechsler intelligence scale

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn Measure abstract/conceptual reasoning, verbal processing, numerical reasoning

decremental model of aging

a theory that holds that progressive physical and mental decline is inevitable with age Disproven

Family Systems Theory

a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules

T-group

a training group conducted to relieve tension in a work environment

aversive conditioning

a type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

convergent thinking

a type of critical thinking in which one evaluates existing possible solutions to a problem to choose the best one

Marathon group

a type of group that is one long group; plays on the theme that after an extended period of time defenses and facades will drop and the person can become honest, genuine, and real; generally lasts a minimum of 24 hours and may be conducted over a weekend or a period of several days; created by Frederick Stoller and George Bach

systematic random sampling

a variation of random sampling in which a researcher selects every nth person from the population

terminal drop (terminal decline)

a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death (final 5 years)

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Retroflection

act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else (gestalt concept)

ABC Theory

activating event, belief system, emotional consequence REBT -Ellis

Real culture

actual behavior patterns of members of a group; even those that are illicit or frowned up

post hoc tests

additional hypothesis tests that are done after an ANOVA to determine exactly which mean differences are significant and which are not

Very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with:

aggression

Q-sort

an assessment technique in which you sort descriptors according to how much they apply to you (along a dimension such as Agree disagree)

Behavioral Consultation

an indirect alternative to behavioral therapy whereby the therapist serves as a consultant to an individual such as a parent, teacher, or supervisor who ultimately implements the behavioral interventions with the client in the natural setting Bandura Social learning theory model

statistically significant

an observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance

intermittent reinforcement

an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development Konrad Lorenz

Critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

cognitive dissonance

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs

bivariate analysis

any statistical analysis investigating the relationship between two variables

Connotative error (aka semantic differential)

applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different from the true dictionary definition.

comparative psychology

area of psychology in which the psychologists study animals and their behavior for the purpose of comparing and contrasting it to human behavior Konrad Lorenz

Arthur Jensen

argued that intelligence is primarily inherited and that environment plays only a minimal role in intelligence. Supported the g factor theory

Autoplastic view

asserts that change comes from within

Dollard/Miller hypothesis

asserts that frustration leads to aggression Albert Ellis disagrees. He maintains that clients believe this which is due to an irrational through process not automatic response

Obtrusive measurement

assessment tools (such as observation) conducted without knowledge of the individual

Empiricism is often said to be the forerunner of...

behaviorism

John B. Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

B. F. Skinner

behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons

Instinct theorists

believe that humans and animals are motivated by instincts - fixed, inborn patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species Freud, Lorenz, McDougall

Safety Plan

bigger, more substantial document that covers a lot more strategies to help a client; used in lieu of a non-suicide contract;

John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with

bonding and attachment

Suboxone

buprenorphine/naloxone used to treat opioid/pain killer dependence (heroin) Comes in table and film form

sublimation (defense mechanism)

channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior I.e. a person who likes to cut things becomes a butcher A.A. Brill theory of career choice -psychoanalytic

Lev Vygotsky

child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research

John Ertl

claimed he invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency and take the place of the paper and pencil IQ test; device relies on a computer, an EEG, a strobe light, and an electrode helmet; theory is that the faster one processes the perception, the more intelligence he or she has

Archway Model

clarifies how biological, psychological, and sociological determinants influence career development and reveals diverse life roles over an individual's life span. Donal super

Three types of learning

classical conditioning (association), operant conditioning (reinforcement), insight

nosology

classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena

Alloplastic view

client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment.

Assimilation-contrast theory

client perceives counselor's somewhat similar attitude/statement as even more similar (assimilation error) and dissimilar attitudes as even more dissimilar (contrast error).

Flight from reality

client resorts to psychosis to avoid dealing with current life difficulties

Myths about aging

cognitive decline, empty-nest syndrome, chronic illness, sexual inactivity

Leon Festinger

cognitive dissonance Balance theory

Symbolic Schema

cognitive structure that grows with life experience. Piaget Schema is a system that allows a child to test our things in a physical world

covert sensitization

cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and establish negative rather than positive associations with them

Test battery

collection of tests that usually assess a variety of different attributes

parallel forms reliability

consistency between/among alternate versions of the same instrument; e.g. creating 2 parallel forms of a questionnaire (with difficult questions) and both tests show correlation

Three major barriers to intercultural counseling are

culture-bound values, class-bound values, and language differences

Tertiary groups

deals more with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding.

Neal Miller

demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes. (heart rate, blood pressure)

Side effects of Vivitrol

depression and suicidal feelings

Joseph Wolpe

described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias

Cultural Norm

describes how people are supposed to act

National Culture

describes the cultural patterns common to a given country

Workforce innovation and opportunity act

designed to help job seekers access employment, education, training, and support services to succeed in the labor market and to match employers with the skilled workers

Group work grid

developed by R. K. Coyne, model that shows four levels of intervention; individual, interpersonal, organization, and community population

Eli Ginzberg

developmental career theorist; research found that occupational choice takes place over a 6-10 year period, the choice is irreversible, and always has the quality of compromise; theory postulated three stages: fantasy, tentative, and realistic; exploration leads to crystallization By 1972 (about 20 yrs after the creation of his theory), he modified his position by stating that the process of choice is open-ended and lifelong. This, of course, refuted the notion of irreversibility. He also replaced compromise with the concept of optimization. -Now believes in a developmental model of career choice which asserts career choice decisions are made throughout the lifespan and career choice is reversible.

split-half reliability

dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are

Organismic theorists

do not believe in a mind-body distinction; believe the development consists of qualitative changes; believe change can be internal; opposing view to empiricism; feel individual's actions are more important than the environment in terms of one's development; term has been used to describe Gestalt psychologists who emphasize a holistic model

Quasi-experimental design

do not randomly assign subjects to treatment and control groups, while true experimental designs do use randomization

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that...

each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage.

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California

established counselor's "duty to protect" or "duty to warn"

Konrad Lorenz

ethology (animal behavior); studied imprinting and critical periods in geese

noogenic neurosis

existentialism, the frustration of the will-to-meaning

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

Social influence core

expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness

External validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

Virginia Satir described what as "the largest single factor in determining the kinds of relationships we have with others"?

family communication

William McDougall

father of "hormonic psychology" a Darwinian viewpoint which suggested that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies 1908 work: Introduction to Social Psychology eugenics: notion that genetics (selective breeding of those w/high intelligence) would improve the gene pool and the human condition Now seen as "scientific racism"

Frank Parsons

father of guidance; acknowledged the significance of culture

Generalized anxiety

fear, dread, or apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason for the feeling. (Contrasts to phobia in which client can pinpoint exact source of fear.)

Frederick C. Thorne

felt that true eclecticism was much more than a "hodgepodge of facts;" closely associated with the term eclectic

Parent ego state

filled with the shoulds, oughts, and musts which often guide our morality; coined by Eric Berne; roughly equivalent to Freud's superego

Murray Brown (1978) who developed family systems theory, believed that the goal for achieving positive well-being was to

find the balance between achieving personal autonomy and individuation while maintaining appropriate closeness with one's family system

Jesse B. Davis

first person to set up a systematized guidance program in the public schools.

Imprinting (Lorenz)

form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object

Joseph H. Pratt

formed the first counseling/therapy groups from approx. 1905 to 1923; groups dealt with tuberculosis

Stanley Coopersmith

found that child-rearing methods have a tremendous impact on self-esteem. Children with high self-esteem are punished as much as others, but were provided with a clear understanding of what was morally right or wrong. Kids with high self-esteem had more rules, but punishment was focused on behavior being bad and not the child being bad. Parents with high self-esteem children are more democratic, listen to child's arguments, and explain reasons for rules.

Maccoby and Jacklin

gender differences in verbal and spatial ability; major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry

Secondary groups

groups that meet principally to solve problems

Girls...

grow up to smile more; use more feeling words by age 2; better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

Psychoeducational groups can also be referred to:

guidance groups

Kohler's Highest level of morality is post conventional morality. Here the individual...

has self-imposed morals and ethics

androgynous

having both male and female characteristics

Cephalocaudal

head to toe

Altruism

helping others for unselfish reasons

What part(s) of the brain influence mood?

hippocampus amygdala thalamus

Third Force Psychology

humanistic psychology, which was viewed by Maslow and others as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism

Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes

id, ego, and superego. Neither Freud nor Berne characterized these ego states as biological entities. Instead, they are hypothetical constructs used to explain the function of the personality. In Freudian theory, as well as in TA, experts in the field often refer to these entities as the "structural theory."

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by

identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.

Personalism (in multicultural counseling)

implies the counselor will make the best progress if she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than a diseased patient.

social facilitation

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered F.H. Allport

Preconscious

in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness Deeper than the conscious but not as deep as the unconscious mind

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Sensorimotor Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions (five senses) and motor activities (crawling, beginning to walk)

Concrete Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events and others' perspectives

Formal Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 11 to adulthood) during which people begin to develop abstract thought and complex problem-solving skills

confounding variable

in an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

successive approximations

in the operant-conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response.

Karpman's drama triangle

in transactional analysis, a model of interactions that show roles of victim, persecutor, and rescuer

Caplan's psychodynamic mental health consultation

in which the consultant does not see the client directly, but advises the consultee (i.e., the individual in the organization who is receiving the consultant's services). This model is interesting because it recommends that the consultant--not the counselor/consultee--be ethically and legally responsible for the client's welfare and treatment.

suicide rates

increase with age

Difficulty Index

indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly

Vivitrol

injectable form of naltrexone that begins working in two days for less individual receives an injection once a month extended release formula that relieves craving from alcohol and the motivation to drink intended to be used along with counseling and other methods of treatment

Stanford-Binet Test

intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University

ICD

international classification of diseases

Harry Stack Sullivan

interpersonal psychoanalysis; groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System, a configuration of personality traits Similar to Erickson's theory but biological determination is seen as less important

therapeutic cognitive restructuring (REBT)

irrational thinking - core of emotional disturbance, cognitive dispution-refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.

World of Work Map

is a method of organizing families of occupations and was developed by ACT. It incorporates the Holland codes by creating a circle of occupations organized by the primary tasks of working with People, Data, Things, and Ideas. ACT identified 26 career areas (families of occupations) and using their career exploration materials, over 500 specific occupations can be identified as well as hundreds of college majors.

Gestalt Therapy

is an existential/experiential form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility, and that focuses upon the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person's life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation Fritz Perl

Fear of death

is greatest during middle age (Erikson)2

The fear of death

is greatest during middle age.

Freud's Oedipus Complex

is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs & occurs during the phallic stage.

American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA)

known today as the American counseling Association (ACA)

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

language based assessment testing Receptive vocabulary

The need to affiliate decreases for...

later born children Stanley Schachter

speculative leaders

leaders that focus primarily on the here-and-now

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect the same, more, or less social conformity than he would from a client from his or her own culture

less

Eros and Thanatos

life instinct and death instinct Freud

Circumscription

limiting one's career aspirations to a set of acceptable choices based on interests and values 4 stages Orientation to size and power Orientation to sex roles Orientation to social valuation Orientation to unique, internal self

Normative format testing

means of testing to compare individuals to others

discriminant validity

measure of the lack of association among constructs that are supposed to be different

Statistical Norm

measures actual conduct

EMG (electromyogram)

measures muscle tone

The ratio IQ is calculated by the formula:

mental age/chronological age × 100

Carol Gilligan

moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse

Boys...

more physically aggressive and active probably due to androgen and hormones; seem to process better visual-perceptual skills

Joseph Breuer

neurologist who taught Freud 'talking cure', or 'catharsis'

Allen Ivey

neuroplasticity occurs in counseling social justice issues (abuse, poverty, bullying, racism, sexism) disengage the frontal lobe talking about them in counseling influences the biology of the brain three types of empathy

Dysthymia

neurotic depression, depressive neurosis, longstanding depressed mood to qualify, it should have existed for at least one year in children and adolescents or two years in adults not as intense as in clinical depression

fugue state

no concept of self/can take on a whole new identity/life; experience memory loss and amnesia

Rogerian Counseling is also known as:

non directive, client-centered, person-centered, self-theory

Mores

norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

The number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will to take to intervene increases, as the

number of bystanders increases

The Tarasoff Duty

obligation of physicain to report patients who are potentially harmful to others, + obligation to warn potential victims of impending threat

Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)

occupational aptitude test that helps students decide whether a student should attend college, and if so, where he or she might excel the most; suitable for students in grades 8-12; takes about 3 hours to complete; grew out of the trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling

Ambivalent transference

occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past

negative reinforcement

occurs when the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur all reinforcers (positive and negative) increase the probability that a behavior will occur

Confounding

occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other

Freudian Stages

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

Social exchange theory

our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Kurt Lewin's Field Theory

personality is dynamic and constantly changing; can be divided up into ever-changing "systems" that function in an integrated fashion under optimal conditions but are diffused when person is under anxiety or tension Cohesiveness (groups) T-group movement

Regression to the mean

phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.

organismic variables

physical, physiological, or cognitive characteristics of the client that are important for both the conceptualization of the client's problem and the formulation of effective treatments Researcher can not control (height, weight, age)

Aaron Beck

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

Andrew Salter

pioneer in behavior therapy, creating a paradigm dubbed 'conditioning reflex therapy', behavioral theory of hypnosis, and autohypnosis.

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play Social learning theory or observational learning Children who view aggression initiate the behavior

R.A. Fisher

pioneered hypothesis testing.

Jacob Moreno

pioneered psychodrama and coined the term group therapy

Narrative therapy is what kind of approach

postmodern

Anne Roe

postulated jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs.

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

preconventional: child responds to consequences, reward and punishment conventional: desire to meet standards of family, society and nation postconventional: self-accepted morality, concerned with universal ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights

Prognosis

probability for recovery or for other outcomes

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

proposed a developmental theory in 1950s with three periods: fantasy (birth to 11) in which play becomes work oriented; tentative (ages 11 to 17); and realistic (17 and up). Lifelong process

Harry Stack Sullivan

psychiatry of interpersonal relations; postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence

Freud is the father of _____

psychoanalysis

reaction formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a

psychodynamic clinician

Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)

published by Dept. of Labor, groups jobs in 14 interest areas to help job seekers research job interests

Dichotomous items

questions such as true/false that give the test taker opposing choices

Deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases behavior

RS

religious, spiritual

non-experimental research

research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both Survey designs Correlational designs Comparative designs

David Wechsler

researcher that worked with troubled kids in the 1930's in NYC. He observed that many of these kids demonstrated a type of intelligence that was much different than the type of intelligence needed to succeed in the school system (STREET SMARTS). He created tests to measure more than verbal ability. Developed WAIS-IV, WISC-IV, WPPSI-III

Negative-Reinforcing Stimulus

results in weakening or termination of undesired behavior

non-probability sampling

sampling methods that do not require random selection of elements

SSRIs

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors most commonly prescribed antidepressant medicines

The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)

SNRIs

serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors focus on serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain

Abreaction

similar to catharsis in that emotions are purged, but when the emotional outburst is very powerful and/or violent.

Exaggeration experiment

similar to paradoxical intervention; emphasized the exaggeration in regard to present moment verbal & nonverbal behavior in the here & now (e.g., "What is your left hand doing? Can you exaggerate the movement?" Gestalt therapy fritz perls

Occam's Razor (Parsimony)

simplest explanation for a given set of data is the best one

Organismic Viewpoint

slanted toward qualitative rather than quantitative factors that can be measured empirically; do not believe in a mind-body distinction; developmental change can be internal; individuals actions are more important than the environment

parapraxis

slip of the tongue, Freudian slip

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive are...

socially adept but not very intelligent

quid pro quo

something given in exchange or return for something else

Daniel Paul Schreber

spent 9 years in a mental hospital and wrote the book Memoirs of a Mental Patient, Freud after seeing a copy thought he was dealing with issues around homosexuality and that he had a fear he would be turned into a woman and mate with God creating a new race

T-score

standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10

Status Attainment Theory

states that a person will achieve the same levels of emotional and financial success as parents.

John Holland

stressed a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his personality type.

Rene Spitz

studied the behavior of young children and infants who had been in hospitals or institutions since birth and did not have parental contact, she found that these kids had problems sleeping and were more prone to illness

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

systems theory Connectedness of all living thoughts Family is a system

introjects (Ackerman)

taking in personality attributes of others that become apart of your own self-images; internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves; eventually these introjects determine dhow the individual will relate to others

Types of cohesion

task and social

Scapegoating

tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence

recency effect

tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information In career counseling, it is judging an employee based upon most recent performance

Internal verbalizations

term Albert Ellis used for self-talk when he first created REBT, previously known as RET

Concurrent Validity

test results are compared with other results around the same time

Interest inventory test

tests that help you identify the activities you enjoy the most The strong The kuder occupational interest survey

practical intelligence

the ability to solve everyday problems through skilled reasoning that relies on tacit knowledge In the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's developmental theory

Centration (Piaget)

the act of focusing on one aspect of something. It is a key factor in the preoperational stage.

Acculturation

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

Human capital theory

the argument that individuals make investments in their own "human capital" in order to increase their productivity and earnings

Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

Triadic consultation

the consultant works with a mediator to provide services to a client

construct validity

the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or reports to be measuring Ex: math test May be testing reading skills if it's a long word problem Convergent validity Discriminant validity

internal validity

the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable

Concurrent validity

the degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with the measures gathered from other assessment techniques

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

macroculture/ majority culture

the dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

summative evaluation

the evaluation that determines the effect of a program on the priority population

Freudians refer to the ego as

the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle It is a mediator between Id (instincts) and superego (the conscience) Reality principle Houses individuals identity

criterion validity

the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome Ex: SAT and success in college Predictive validity Concurrent validity

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest Face validity: Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test. Curricular Validity: -an evaluation of the extent to which the content of a test agrees with the content of instruction -Was the content available to the learner?

Content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest Rational of logical validity

external validity

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people Researchers in counseling are critical of psychosocial experiences since the experimental situations are often artificial and lack external validity

Anna O.

the first psychoanalytic patient. Anna O. was a patient of Freud's colleague Joseph Breuer. She suffered from symptoms without an organic basis, which was termed hysteria. In hypnosis, she would remember painful events, which she was unable to recall while awake. Talking about these traumatic events brought about relief and this became the talking cure or catharsis. Although Freud became disenchanted with hypnosis, his association with Breuer led him to his basic premise of psychoanalysis; namely, that techniques which could produce cathartic material, were highly therapeutic.

relativistic thinking

the idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or wrong answer More than one way to view the world

Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development

the individual has self-imposed morals and ethics

representational thought

the intellectual ability of a child to picture something in their mind Learned before object permanence

Convergent validity

the measure should correlate more strongly with other measures of the same constructs

Affiliation

the need one has to associate with others

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations Moralistic

Rosenthal effect

the phenomenon of experimenters treating subjects differently depending on what they expect from the subjects; also called the Pygmalion effect

Radical Behaviorism

the philosophical position that free will is an illusion or myth and that human and animal behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences Skinner

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Equilibration

the process by which children (or other people) balance assimilation (what one takes in) and accommodation (what is changed) to create stable understanding When new info is present that the child cannot process, disequilibrium occurs. Therefore the child changes the schemes to accommodate the new information.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive Study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, love Abraham Maslow

Psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits (mental testing or measurements)

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

psychopharmacology

the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms

game theory

the study of how people behave in strategic situations Eric Berne

Halo effect

the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Predictive Validity

the test makes predictions that are confirmed later

Construct Validity

the test measures a certain characteristic

gender schema theory

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly Sandra Bem

Frustration-aggression theory

the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress (hypothesis by John Dollard and Neal Miller)

inductive research

the type of research in which general conclusions are drawn from specific data

Electra complex

the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view Piaget sensorimotor stage

Applied Behavior Analysis

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior Skinner

Empiricism

the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. It is the forerunner of behaviorism If you can't measure it, it doesn't exist Value statistical studies

Ideal culture

the way individuals are supposed to behave

Empiricists

theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes; only learn from objective facts; grew out of the philosophy of John Locke in the 1600s

Jensenism

theory that IQ is largely determined by genes, including racial heritage Arthur Jensen believed that Blacks had lower IQs due to genetic factors

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference is interpreted as...

therapeutic resistance

Jacob L. Moreno

this person introduced the term "group psychotherapy" into counseling literature in the 1920's Invented psychodrama

Modal personality

those character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a social group and are therefore the most representative of its culture

consequential validity

tries to ascertain the social implications of using tests

risky shift phenomenon

type of group polarization effect in which a group discussion leads to the adoption of a riskier course of action than the members would have endorsed initially

Sour grapes rationalization

underrating a reward (because they didn't get it)

General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)

used by state employment security offices, VA hospitals, and related gov agencies; measures 12 job related aptitudes

Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)

used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization; created via the process of introspection by rating the anxiety associated with the situation; 0-100 with 100 being the most threatening situation; counselor can ask a client to rate imagined situations on the _____ so that a treatment hierarchy can be formulated

Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test

useful when a client may have an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty; suitable for ages 4+; used

process consultation

using outside consultants to assess organizational processes such as workflow, informal intra-unit relationships, and formal communication channels

Vocational guidance vs career counseling

vocational guidance is a developmental and educational process within a school system while career counseling is viewed as a therapeutic service for adults

Animism

when a child acts as if a nonliving object has lifelike abilities and tendencies

Central tendency bias

when a supervisor erroneously rates the majority of workers as average

spillover

when person engages in activities at home that are similar to those involved in his job

abstractive behavior (in attending)

when the counselor is thinking about his/her own concerns (e.g., where to go for lunch, how much money s/he is making that day)

ipsative assessment

when your score is compared to a previous test score you received. Ex: kuder occupational interest survey

Abiscissa

x-axis Plots the iv

ordinate

y-axis Plots the dv

Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory

•Emphasizes the importance of behavior (action) and cognition (Knowing or thinking) in making career decisions •Focuses on teaching the client career decision-making techniques and helping them use these techniques effectively in selecting career alternatives and dealing with unexpected events. •Focuses on helping the counselor conceptualize issues •Important factors: genetic endowment, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task-approach skills