NDFS 1020 Exam 3 (Chapters 9-12)

The UL for zinc is ___ mg/day.

40

Healthy children, especially breastfed infants, should consume how much Vitamin D supplement per day soon after birth through adolescence?

400 IU of vitamin D per day

Approximately __% of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.

41%

The UL for iron is ___ mg/day.

45

The adult AI for potassium is _____ mg per day.

4700

The Adequate Intake (AI) for Fluoride for adult men is ___ mg/day and women ___ mg/day.

4; 3

Depending on a person's age, sex, and body composition, ___ to ___% of his or her body is water weight.

50%; 75%

Food processing and preparation can destroy ___ to ___% of the folate in food.

50%; 90%

A goal of Healthy People 2020 is to have ___% of Americans drinking fluoridated tap water by 2020.

80%

For adult men, the RDA for iron is __ mg/day; for adult women between 19 and 50 years of age, the RDA for iron is ___ mg/day.

8; 18

What determines the amount of time one needs to spend in the sun to form adequate amounts of Vitamin D?

Location, time of day and year, age, skin color

What are some signs and symptoms of Zinc deficiency?

Loss of appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, skin rash, poor wound healing, impaired sense of taste, mental slowness, stunted growth, dwarfism, failure of sexual maturation (hypogonadism)

Hypothyroidism

Low blood levels of thyroid hormone

Hypokalemia

Low blood potassium

Hyponatremia

Low blood sodium often from Water Intoxication

Iron Deficiency

Low iron stores in the body

What does a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet include?

Low sodium, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, high in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products

What carotenoids does the eye's macula contain?

Lutein, Zeaxanthin

What are the functions of Potassium?

Maintain proper fluid balance Lower blood pressure (sodium increases) Transmission of nerve impulses Muscle contraction Maintain normal kidney function

What are the functions of Sodium?

Maintaining normal fluid balance, transmitting impulses by nerves, muscle function, transporting small substances such as glucose and amino acids into cells

An atom or molecule that loses one or more electrons has been ______.

Oxidized

What quick cooking methods that involve little contact between produce and water can conserve much of the vitamin content of the food?

Microwaving, steaming, and stir-frying

What has supplemental Vitamin B-6 been suggested to treat or aid?

PMS, Morning sickness, Carpal tunnel syndrome

Hypochromic

Pale color

_____ ______ is so widespread in foods that a nutritional deficiency is unlikely to occur among healthy people who eat varied diets.

Pantothenic Acid

Coenzyme A

Pantothenic acid-containing coenzyme that helps release energy from carbohydrates, fat, and protein, and is necessary for fatty acid synthesis

When does loss of bone mass begin? Why?

Mid-adulthood; Lower levels of testosterone and estrogen, which are needed for normal bone development and maintenance

What food source has more bioavailable Calcium, plant or milk products?

Milk products

What are food sources of Calcium?

Milk products (75% of total), broccoli, leafy greens (kale, collard, turnip, bok choy, mustard greens)

What foods are routinely fortified with Vitamin D?

Milk, ready-to-eat cereals, orange juice, margarine

What are food sources of Riboflavin?

Milk, yogurt, milk products, enriched cereal, liver, mushrooms, broccoli, asparagus, spinach, green leafy vegetables

What units are vitamins normally measured in?

Milligrams (mg), Micrograms (mcg or ug)

What are the functions of Calcium in the body?

Mineralization of bones and teeth, Muscular contraction/relaxation, Blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission

Simple Diffusion

Molecular movement from a region of higher to lower concentration

With vitamins, ______ is not necessarily better.

More

Lean muscle contains (More/Less) water than fat tissue.

More (about 73% water compared to fat tissue, 20%)

Osmosis

Movement of a solvent, usually water, through a selectively permeable membrane

What are the only groups at risk for Niacin deficiency?

People with alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, those with rare disorders that disrupt tryptophan metabolism

Vitamin C supplementation does not ______ colds, but can ______ the duration and severity of cold symptoms.

Prevent; Reduce

How does the body maintain the balance of compartmental fluids?

Primarily by controlling concentrations of ions in each compartment

How can the risk of Osteoporosis be reduced?

Proper diet, regular exercise (weight-bearing), exposing skin to sunlight, calcium/vitamin D supplements

Calcium-binding Protein

Protein necessary for absorption of calcium in the small intestine

Angiotensin II

Protein secreted in response to low blood volume and falling blood pressure

The bioavailability of zinc is enhanced when foods are eaten with ______, especially those with sulfur-containing amino acids.

Proteins

Vitamin D: Deficiency

RICKETS in children (soft bones, bowed legs, bone deformities) OSTEOMALACIA in adults (bone pain due to soft bones) OSTEOPOROSIS in elderly adults (severe bone loss) DECREASED IMMUNITY IMPAIRED GROWTH

What are the common signs of Dehydration?

Rapid weight loss Dry or sticky mouth Low or no urine output Dark urine No tears Sunken eyes Vomiting and/or diarrhea

Toxicity from consuming high amounts of Thiamin from food or supplements is ______. Why?

Rare; Excess vitamin is excreted in urine

Antacids may ______ Iron absorption.

Reduce

What are some signs and symptoms of Zinc toxicity?

Reduced HDL cholesterol levels, diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting, decreased immune system function

Vitamin D: Functions

Regulates CALCIUM absorption (from the GI Tract, Kidneys, and Bones) and metabolism (maintains normal blood calcium levels and manages storage of calcium in bones) BONE STRENGTH IMMUNE FUNCTION NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION GENE REGULATION DECREASES INFLAMMATION

What do most cases of Vitamin B-12 deficiency result from?

Problems that interfere with intestinal absorption of the vitamin (cobalamin) in foods (food-cobalamin malabsorption) and not from inadequate intake

Bone Mineralization

Process by which bone tissue gains strength and rigidity

What are the functions of Fluoride?

Remineralize tooth surface preventing cavities Bone development

What are the other names for Vitamin A?

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid

Ariboflavinosis

Riboflavin deficiency disease characterized by fatigue, inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the mouth and throat, and glossitis, "Magenta tongue"

Tomatoes, bananas, and garlic should be stored at ______ temperature.

Room

Vitamin D: Sources

SUNLIGHT (or other source of UV light) DAIRY PRODUCTS (milk, yogurt, butter) FISH (salmon, herring, tuna) fortified BREAKFAST CEREALS EGGS

What are food sources of Iodine?

Saltwater fish, seafood, seaweed, some plants, especially leaves of plants grown near oceans, milk, eggs, iodized salt

Cheilosis

Scaling and cracking of the skin around the corners of the mouth

Myelin Sheaths

Structure that wraps around and insulates a part of certain nerve cells

Oxalic Acid

Substance found in spinach, collard greens, and sweet potatoes that interferes with mineral absorption

Vasoconstrictor

Substance that contributes to the constriction of blood vessels, which causes an increase in blood pressure

Antioxidants

Substance that gives up electrons to free radicals to protect cells

Diuretic

Substance that increases urine production

Prooxidant

Substance that promotes production of free radicals

Oxidizing Agent or Oxidant

Substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules

Free Radical

Substance with an unpaired electron; Highly reactive; Chemically unstable; Can damage or destroy proteins, fatty acids, and DNA by removing some of their electrons

What are some rich food sources of Vitamin E?

Sunflower seeds, almonds, plant oils, especially sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, fish, whole grains, nuts, seeds, certain vegetables.

What does the body depend on to synthesize Vitamin D?

Sunlight

Multivitamin-Multimineral Supplement

Supplement containing two or more vitamins and minerals

Beriberi

Thiamin deficiency disease characterized by weakness, poor muscular coordination, and abnormal functioning of the cardiovascular, digestive, and nervous systems

What are the 8 Vitamin B vitamins?

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B-6, Folate, Vitamin B-12

Water-soluble Vitamins

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid, folate, biotin, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Third stage of iron deficiency characterized by a lack of red blood cells or the production of red blood cells that do not contain enough hemoglobin

The majority of healthy people meet their AI for water by letting ______ be their guide.

Thirst

What is the primary regulator of fluid intake in most people?

Thirst

Vitamin K deficiency can develop in what type of people?

Those who have liver diseases, conditions that impair fat absorption (cystic fibrosis), long-term antibiotic therapy

Where is most of the iodide in an adult's body located?

Thyroid gland

Iodine is required for the production of what hormone?

Thyroid hormone

Alcoholics have high risk of zinc deficiency, because alcohol reduces zinc absorption and increases excretion of the mineral in urine. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

B Vitamins function as coenzymes. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Because of their relatively low body weights, infants and children are at greater risk of health consequences due to arsenic intake than adults. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Calcium supplements have actually been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). (TRUE/FALSE)

True

What can you do to reduce vitamin losses in fruits and vegetables?

Wait to trim, peel, and cut until just before eating or serving them

Metabolic Water

Water formed by cells as a metabolic by-product

Total Water Intake

Water ingested by consuming beverages, including drinking water, and foods

Intracellular Water

Water that is inside cells

Extracellular Water

Water that surrounds cells or is in blood; Interstitial

Why is it important to know the difference between fat- and water-soluble vitamins?

Water-soluble vitamins are not as likely to be toxic as fat-soluble vitamins

Calcium-rich diets have beneficial effects on heart disease risk factors, including hypertension, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and abnormal blood lipid levels. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Coenzymes in food or supplements are not absorbed intact in the small intestine. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Each day, only about 0.4 to 0.8 cup (100 to 200 mL) of the water that enters the digestive tract is not absorbed. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Eating carrots and other foods that are high in vitamin A and beta-carotene will help improve your vision. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Food consumption of potassium does not lead to potassium toxicity; therefore, there is no UL for the mineral. However, taking potassium supplements can lead to high blood potassium levels. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Fruits and vegetables are generally poor sources of Phosphorus. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Goiters often occur among populations living in areas that lack the mineral iodine in locally produced foods. In general, these regions are inland and far from an ocean. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

In general, vitamins regulate a variety of body processes, including those involved in cell division and development as well as the growth and maintenance of tissues. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Iron deficiency results in a growth delay in infants. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Many Americans do not consume enough vitamin D to meet the RDA. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Most vitamins are more bioavailable from natural food sources. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Plant foods, such as seeds and beans, generally contain organic phosphorus, including phytate. Phytate inhibits the absorption of phosphorus from such foods. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Pregnant women who are iodine deficient have higher risk of stillbirths (giving birth to a dead infant) or having low-birth-weight babies. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Regardless of whether a particular vitamin is naturally found in foods or synthesized in a laboratory, it generally has the same chemical structure and works equally well in the body. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

The AI for sodium does not apply for people who perspire heavily, such as marathon runners, or people who work in extremely hot conditions. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

The body makes some water as a result of metabolism. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

The inorganic arsenic content of rice is of particular concern, because rice cereal and other rice products are often the first foods fed to infants. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

The intestinal tract can absorb more iron when the body's need for the trace mineral increases. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

There is not enough information concerning human fluoride requirements to set an RDA for the trace mineral. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins. B vitamins function as components of coenzymes necessary for chemical reactions. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Vitamin E may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's, but does not enhance sexual performance, prevent aging, or cure Muscular Dystrophy or Parkinson's Disease. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Vitamins & minerals are absorbed as whole units, Not broken down like the macronutrients. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Vitamins and minerals are found in ALL food groups. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Vitamins do NOT provide Kcals, but are needed to utlize energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

It is unlikely that any vitamins still need to be discovered. (TRUE/FALSE)

True (Infant formula and liquid formulas provide necessary vitamins for life)

In addition to the water in beverages and foods, a considerable amount of water enters the digestive tract daily through secretions from the mouth, stomach, intestine, pancreas, and gallbladder. (TRUE/FALSE)

True (The intestinal tract absorbs most of this water)

The is No Upper Limit (UL) for water. (TRUE/FALSE)

True (although water intoxication can occur)

Vitamins are NOT a source of energy (TRUE/FALSE)

True; Although many do participate in chemical reaction to release energy from other nutrients

Some free radical formation in the body is necessary and provides some benefits. (TRUE/FALSE)

True; Free radical stimulate normal cell growth and division

Some minerals, including arsenic, boron, lithium, nickel, silicon, and vanadium, are found in small amounts in the body, but their roles in health are unclear. (TRUE/FALSE)

True; Not currently classified as essential minerals

Iron salts are not as bioavailable as heme iron. (TRUE/FALSE)

True; Therefore they are less absorbed by the small intestine

Most uncooked vegetables, raw meats, and grain products are naturally low in sodium. (TRUE/FALSE)

True; Thus, most of the sodium Americans consume is from the salt that is added to food during processing, during preparation, or at the table

When diets supply plenty of protein-rich foods, the human body can synthesize Niacin from the amino acid ______.

Tryptophan

What are food sources of Pantothenic Acid?

Cereals that have been fortified with the vitamin, beef and chicken liver, sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peas, and soy milk

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals produced by nerve cells that enable the cells to communicate with other nerve cells

Most fresh fruits and vegetables should be kept in plastic packaging and ______ until they are used.

Chilled

What 2 minerals provide electrolytic balance in the extracellular fluid?

Chloride, Sodium

Osteoporosis

Chronic disease characterized by bones with low mass and reduced structure

Hydroxyapatite

Crystalline structure that forms on the collagen protein complex as bone is made

Renin

Enzyme secreted in response to low blood volume and falling blood pressure

Fluoride (F-) is not considered an ______ nutrient, because it is not required for growth or to sustain life.

Essential

Trace Minerals

Essential mineral elements required in amounts LESS than 100 mg per day

Major Minerals

Essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day

An ______ of one mineral can interfere with the absorption or metabolism of other minerals.

Excess

Skeletal Fluorosis

Excess fluoride intake that changes bone structure, causing joint stiffness, bone pain, and increasing risk for bone fractures

Results of clinical studies have provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). (TRUE/FALSE)

False

Vitamin D is widespread in food. (TRUE/FALSE)

False (Vitamin D is NOT widespread in food)

Produce that is frozen immediately after being harvested and then properly stored is less nutritious as fresh produce. (TRUE/FALSE)

False (just as nutritious)

Vitamin K deficiencies often occur. (TRUE/FALSE)

False (rarely)

It is necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day. (TRUE/FALSE)

False; It is NOT necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin every day

What are some causes of Osteoporosis?

Family history of osteoporosis, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption

People who have diseases that interfere with ______ absorption may become deficient in vitamin E, because dietary ______ enhances intestinal absorption of the micronutrient.

Fat

Are Fat-soluble or Water-soluble vitamins more likely to have a toxicity? Why or why not?

Fat-soluble are more likely to have a toxicity. Excesses of most water-soluble vitamins are filtered through the kidneys and eliminated in the urine, rather than stored in large amounts. (like fat-soluble vitamins are)

Adding a small amount of fat to low-fat foods can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb ______- soluble vitamins in these food. Why?

Fat; Activates fat digestion processes

If the body does not have enough iron to make hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the cytochromes, cells cannot obtain the energy they need to perform work. Thus, ______ is a major symptom of iron deficiency.

Fatigue

Where does the body eventually eliminate unabsorbed water?

Feces

What are some factors associated with Vitamin D deficiency?

Female, black, Mexican-American; excess body fat; using electronic media or games for more than 4 hours daily, drinking milk less than once a week.

Collagen

Fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and tendons

What foods naturally contain Vitamin D?

Fish liver oils and fatty fish (salmon, herring, catfish)

What are sources of Fluoride?

Fluoridate water, coffee, tea, soft drinks, beer, juice, fish, shellfish, toothpaste, mouthwash

Adequate intake of ______ is important for optimal bone health.

Fluoride

What are the side effects of Niacin toxicity?

Flushing of the skin (usually face/chest), GI tract upset (nausea/vomiting), liver damage.

By eating fresh fruits and raw or lightly cooked vegetables, a person is likely to obtain most of the foods' ______ content.

Folate

The same results will happen for an Iodine deficiency as with a toxicity. What are they?

Goiter, Hypothyroidism

Over time, consuming very high amounts of iodine can cause ______ and ______.

Goiter; Hypothyroidism

What are some major food sources of Vitamin K?

Green leafy vegetables, kale, turnip greens, salad greens, cabbage, spinach, broccoli, green beans, soybean and canola oils, margarine, salad dressing

Cytochromes

Group of proteins necessary for certain chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from macronutrients

What are the functions of Chloride?

HCl production (stomach) Regulation of acid-base balance Transmission of nerve impulses Immune fighting response of the white blood cells

Vitamin E: Deficiency

HEMOLYSIS (breakage) of Red Blood Cells (RBC) ANEMIA DECREASED MUSCLE COORDINATION and loss of neuromuscular control Damage to nerves and/or nervous system Compromised IMMUNITY

Vitamin K: Deficiency

HEMORRHAGING (severe and uncontrolled bleeding) HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE (rare but may occur in infants) Increased risk of HIP FRACTURES

Vitamin D: Toxicity

HYPERCALCEMIA (calcium deposits in soft tissue) Increased risk of KIDNEY STONES (in some cases) POOR GROWTH

Not all products made from milk are rich sources of calcium. Milk loses about ______ of its calcium content when it is processed to make cottage cheese.

Half

_____ water naturally contains a variety of minerals, including calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, and zinc.

Hard

What 2 things can easily destroy Folate?

Heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light (food processing/preparation)

Vitamin C is very unstable in the presence of what?

Heat, oxygen, light, alkaline conditions, iron, copper

Folate may "mask" what vitamin deficiency?

Vitamin B-12

What are the functions of Vitamin E?

1) Antioxidant (protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals) 2) Wound healing 3) Cell membrane integrity 4) Heart health (prevent atherosclerosis)

What 2 criteria do vitamins have to meet?

1) Body cannot synthesize the compound or make enough to maintain good health (it is an essential nutrient); 2) Compound naturally occurs in commonly eaten foods

What are the functions of Vitamin D?

1) Bone health: Regulates phosphorus and blood calcium concentration (Pulls Ca from Bones, Kidneys, and GI Tract) 2) Cell differentiation 3) Insulin secretion 4) Regulation of blood pressure 5) Immune system

What 4 factors affect vitamin bioavailability?

1) Changes to the normal GI transit time (i.e. diarrhea) 2) Health conditions that affect absorption of fats 3) Food processing and preparation techniques 4) Source of the vitamin (most vitamins more bioavailable from natural food sources)

What are the functions of essential minerals?

1) Form inorganic structural components of tissues like bones and teeth 2) Inorganic ions for blood clotting (Ca++), maintenance of fluid balance (Na+) 3) Cofactors (Mg++, Cu++) 4) Componets of enzymes, hormones, other organic compounds

What are the functions of Water? (5)

1) Nutrient transport 2) Waste removal 3) Metabolic Reactions 4) Helps regulate body temperature 5) Absorbs shock

Phosphorus is needed to: (4)

1) Synthesize ATP and creatine phosphate(energy production) 2) Synthesize phospholipids, DNA, and RNA 3) Regulate acid-base balance 4) Activate many enzymes and hormones necessary for energy metabolism

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

1) Vision (Cornea and Retina) 2) Protein synthesis, Growth, and Reproduction 3) Immunity 4) Bone health 5) Maintains epithelial tissue (i.e. skin)

How long can you live without water?

1-2 weeks

The UL for iodine is ___ mg/day.

1.1

If men and postmenopausal women take a multivitamin/multimineral supplement, they should choose one with a maximum of ___ mg of iron.

10

When vitamin D is lacking, the intestine absorbs only ___ to ___% of the calcium in foods; with the vitamin, intestinal absorption of dietary calcium increases to 30 to 80%

10 to 15%

The human body needs at least ___ mg/day of each major mineral.

100

What is the adult RDA for Calcium?

1000 to 1200 mg/day

What is the Adequate Intake (AI) for total water intake in young women? Young men?

11 cups (2.7 L); 15.5 cups (3.7 L)

What is the RDA for Calcium for children and teens?

1300 mg/day; Allows for increases in bone mass during growth and development

The adult RDA for iodine is ___ μg/day.

150

What is the minimum requirement for Sodium in the body? What is the AI in adults under 51?

180 mg/day; 1500 mg/day

The AI for chloride is _____ mg.

2300

The adult UL for sodium is _____ mg/day.

2300

Magnesium participates in more than ______ chemical reactions in the body.

300

Cigarette smokers should add an extra ___ mg/day to their Vitamin ___ RDA, because exposure to tobacco smoke increases radical formation in the lungs.

35; C

All cells in the body in vitamin __ to develop and function properly.

A

Bioavailability

Body's ability to absorb and use minerals

What vitamins are deficient in people with Cystic Fibrosis?

A, D

Americans consume less than recommended amounts of vitamins __, __, __, and K

A;D;E

Vitamin E: Functions

ANTIOXIDANT (helps protect cell membranes and prevents free-radical damage in body cells and tissues) WOUND HEALING DECREASES OXIDATION Improves IMMUNITY Helps maintain NERVOUS TISSUE

Dental Fluorosis

Abnormal change in the appearance of tooth enamel due to chronically high fluoride exposure while the teeth are developing

What have deficiencies of Vitamin B-12, Folate, and Vitamin B-6 been associated with?

Abnormal neurological function and psychological health, including depression and dementia

Hyperthyroidism

Abnormally high blood levels of thyroid hormone

Calcium is absorbed in the duodenum through ______ transport, a process that requires calcium-binding protein.

Active

What is often the first sign of an Iodine deficiency?

Goiter

What are among the major risk factors for hypertension?

Advanced age, African-American ancestry, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking cigarettes, excessive alcohol use, high sodium intake

What populations of people are more vulnerable to vitamin deficiencies?

Alcoholics, older adults, those hospitalized for long periods, anorexia nervosa, intestinal conditions that interfere with vitamin absorption, or have rare metabolic defects that increase their vitamin requirement

Who are at risk for magnesium deficiency?

Alcoholics, poorly controlled diabetes, certain medications (such as diuretics) that increase urinary excretion of magnesium, older adults

What are good sources of preformed Vitamin A, including retinyl esters?

Animal foods such as liver, butter, fish, fish oils, eggs

Do plant foods or animal foods tend to be more reliable sources of minerals (such as iron and calcium)? Why?

Animal foods; Animal products often have higher concentrations of these minerals (except magnesium and manganese)

What are two hormones that participate in the body's efforts to maintain fluid balance?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Aldosterone

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid; Cofactor that performs a variety of important cellular functions, primarily by donating electrons to other compounds (antioxidant); Collagen synthesis; Immune function; Bile and hormone synthesis (Cortisol, Aldosterone, Thyroxin)

Iron Overload

Ingestion of toxic amounts of iron

Vitamin B-6

B vitamin component of the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP); Important for energy metabolism, particularly protein metabolism, as a part of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Folate

B vitamin that is a component of the coenzyme tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA); Includes folic acid; Important for energy metabolism, DNA synthesis, and homocysteine metabolism

Absorbing natural vitamin ___ from food requires a complex series of steps.

B-12

When vitamin ___ is unavailable, folate cannot be used, and a deficiency of folate occurs, even though dietary intakes are adequate.

B-12

Vitamin __ and Vitamin __ are both water-soluble vitamins.

B; C

Vitamin K: Functions

BLOOD CLOTTING (needed to produce 4 blood-clotting factors) BONE HEALTH (functions as a co-factor for an enzyme that produces osteocalcin - a protein that's essential for bone-building and mineralization)

Selectively Permeable Membrane

Barrier that allows the passage of certain substances and prevents the movement of other substances

What are the food sources of Iron?

Beef, fish, poultry (meat), enriched cereal grains

What is the precursor for active Vitamin A?

Beta-Carotene (causes a yellow/orange pigmentation)

When the body has adequate iron stores, the absorptive cells make ferritin, which ______ more iron from being absorbed. When the absorptive cells lack ferritin, they ______ more iron to enter the bloodstream.

Blocks; Allow

To prevent ______-______ deficiency from developing during infancy, newborns generally receive a single injection of vitamin K immediately after birth.

Blood-clotting

Where does the body store Vitamin E?

Body fat, skeletal muscle, liver

Dehydration

Body water depletion

Osteoblasts

Bone cells that add bone to where the tissue is needed

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that tear down bone tissue

What are the functions of Magnesium?

Bone mineralization Muscle contraction/relaxation Enzyme function Energy production DNA/protein synthesis Muscle/nerve function

Young children that are more likely to develop Rickets are:

Breastfed, dark skin, minimal sunlight exposure, little or no vitamin D intake

What are the side effects of Pantothenic Acid deficiency?

Burning Feet Syndrome (severe aching in the feet), headache, fatigue, impaired muscle coordination, GI tract disturbances (Only caused experimentally)

Vitamin A: Toxicity

CAROTENEMIA (orange-colored skin, usually harmless) BIRTH DEFECTS BONE FRACTURES LIVER DAMAGE Headaches, Nausea/Vomiting

What is another name for Vitamin D?

Calciferol

What is the most plentiful mineral element in the body?

Calcium

Findings of observational studies suggest an association between eating diets rich in fruits and vegetables and lower risk of what disease? Possibly due to what?

Cancers, heart disease, age-related macular degeneration; Beta-carotene and antioxidant carotenoids.

Dietary supplements containing calcium ______ are the most commonly used products.

Carbonate

Diets supplying high amounts of ______ (beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) may lower the risk of AMD.

Carotenoids

What are rich sources of beta-carotene, a crotenoid that the body can convert to Vitamin A?

Carrots, spinach and other leafy greens, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, broccoli, mangoes, and cantaloupe

Although Phosphorus is concentrated in the skeleton, the mineral is essential for every ______ in the human body.

Cell

Most of the body's potassium is in ______.

Cells

What can happen if you take more than needed of a vitamin?

Cells are saturated with a vitamin and contain all they need and cannot accept additional amounts of the micronutrient. Continuing to take the vitamin can produce a toxicity disorder, because exposure to the excess micronutrient or its by-products can damage cells. Liver damage can also occur

Epithelial Cells

Cells that form protective tissues that line the body

Vitamin B-12

Cobalamin; B vitamin that is a component of coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate; Maintains Myelin sheaths of nerve cells

In the body, most Water-soluble vitamins (especially Vitamin B) function as components of ______ involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids.

Coenzymes

What substances contain caffeine and are therefore diuretics?

Coffee, tea, energy drinks, soft drinks

Vitamin

Complex organic molecule that regulates certain metabolic processes

What are the functions of Zinc?

Components of over 300 enzymes Growth/development Wound healing Sense of taste/smell DNA synthesis Nervous/Immune system function

Phytic Acid

Compound found in grains, seeds, and beans that interferes with mineral absorption

Goitrogens

Compounds in food that inhibit iodide metabolism by the thyroid gland

Xerophthalmia

Condition affecting the eyes that results from vitamin A deficiency

Pernicious ("deadly") Anemia

Condition caused by the lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by vitamin B-12 deficiency, nerve damage, and megaloblastic red blood cells

Peripheral Neuropathy

Condition characterized by severe sensory nerve damage

Oseomalacia

Condition characterized by softening of the bones as a result of inadequate vitamin D status in adults; Symptom of muscle weakness

Cretinism

Condition in infants who are born to iodine-deficient women; Infants have permanent brain damage and growth retardation

Osteopenia

Condition in which a person has weak bones that are susceptible to fracture

Anemia

Condition in which the body does not have enough healthy RBCs and oxygen transport in blood is impaired; Symptoms include lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, overworked heart

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Condition that many women experience a few days before their menstrual period begins

Water Intoxication

Condition that occurs when too much water is consumed in a short time period or kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood

What factors contribute to the risk of Osteomalacia in adults?

Confined indoors or almost fully covered when outside during the day, kidney, liver, or intestinal diseases

Storing vitamin C-rich foods in ______ conditions, such as in the ______, will help preserve the micronutrient.

Cool; Refrigerator

The body can synthesize vitamin ___, niacin, and ______ under certain conditions.

D; Choline

What are food sources of Phosphorus?

Dairy foods, meat, cereal grains

What part of vegetable greens generally contain more vitamins?

Darker leaves (contain more vitamins than paler inner leaves or stems)

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Degenerative brain disorder associated with a deficiency of thiamin and most commonly caused by excessive alcohol consumption

People who are ______ and older than ___ years of age do not sense thirst as accurately as younger adults.

Dehydrated; 60

What are the 4 "Ds of Pellagra?"

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

What do signs and symptoms of Vitamin B-6 deficiency include?

Dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, confusion

Biological Activity

Describes vitamin's degree of potency or effects in the body

What are the treatments of hypertension?

Dietary modifications, managing stress, prescription medications

Caffeine and Alcohol are ______.

Diuretics

Initially, folate deficiency affects cells that rapidly ______, such as red blood cells.

Divide

Where does the greatest amount of Calcium absorption occur?

Duodenum

Use of vitamin ___ supplements has been associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.

E

Enrichment does not replace the vitamin __, vitamin __, magnesium, several other micronutrients, and ______ that were naturally present in the unrefined grains.

E; B-6; Fiber

Ions

Electrolytes; Mineral elements or small molecules that have electrical charges

Neural Tube

Embryonic structure that eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord

What are the functions of Iron?

Energy metabolism Growth Reproduction Wound healing Immune function

Goiter

Enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not the result of cancer

What food sources of Niacin?

Enriched cereals, beef liver, tuna, salmon, poultry, pork, mushrooms

______ helps protect Americans from developing the deficiency diseases associated with the lack of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and iron.

Enrichment

What are some factors that can influence a person's fluid input and output?

Environmental: Temperature, humidity, altitude Physiological: Fever, vomiting, diarrhea Lifestyle: Exercise habits, sodium intake, alcohol intake

What do many medical researchers suspect is responsible for promoting chemical changes in cells that ultimately lead to heart attack, stroke, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and even the aging process?

Excess oxidation

What can destroy certain vitamins (Such as vitamin C)?

Exposure to excessive heat, alkaline substances (such as baking soda), light, and air

Riboflavin's chemical structure is fairly stable, but what can break it down quickly?

Exposure to light

The concentration of chloride in _______ fluid helps to regulate fluid balance.

Extracellular

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

Eye disease resulting in changes in the macula of the eye, causing distorted vision

The UL was established because taking folic acid supplements can cure not only the anemia that occurs in ______ deficiency but also the anemia that is a sign of vitamin ___ deficiency.

Folate; B-12

Because of the additional steps required to remove the glutamates, naturally-occurring folate is not as bioavailable as ______ ______.

Folic Acid

What are some foods that can enhance iron absorption, especially of nonheme iron?

Foods high in vitamin C

Iodide

Form of iodine that the body absorbs and uses

Heme Iron

Form of iron found in meat that is absorbed efficiently

Nonheme Iron

Form of iron that is not absorbed as efficiently as heme iron; found in meat, vegetables, grains, supplements, and fortified or enriched foods

What are the food sources of Potassium?

Fresh fruits, fruit juice, vegetables, milk, whole grains, dried beans, meats

Vitamin K: Sources

GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES (kale, spinach, broccoli, green beans, turnip greens, salad greens, cabbage) BEANS & SOYBEANS VEGETABLE OILS Healthy GI Tract (microflora in gut can synthesize up to 50% of needs)

Iron supplements can cause:

Gastrointestinal distress, including stomach irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation.

What is the role of the coenzyme PLP (Pyridoxal phosphate)?

Helps produced Heme; Helps convert toxic amino acid, homocysteine, to cysteine, a nonessential amino acid

More of what type of heme iron is absorbed in the intestinal tract?

Heme iron (than nonheme iron)

A standard dose of Vitamin K is given to babies at birth to prevent what disease?

Hemorrhagic Disease (infants have a sterile gut and don't produce Vitamin K)

Hypercalcemia

High blood calcium; Signs include kidney stones, bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, hypertension

Hypermagnesemia

High blood magnesium

Hyperphosphatemia

High blood phosphorus level

Hyperkalemia

High blood potassium

Vitamin absorption tends to increase when the body's needs for the micronutrients are also ______ than usual.

Higher

Folic acid deficiencies are associated with elevated blood levels of ______.

Homocysteine

If the body lacks vitamin B-6, how can that affect Homocysteine?

Homocysteine can accumulate in blood and may contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Calcitonin

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high

Aldosterone

Hormone secreted from adrenal glands in response to dehydration; Stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium and thus water

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone secreted from pituitary glands in response to dehydration; Stimulates kidneys to conserve water

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that increases blood calcium using Osteoclasts; Works with Vitamin D to increase intestinal calcium absorption and reduce calcium excretion in urine

Thyroid Hormone

Hormones that control the rate of cell metabolism and are dependent on iodine for production

Most animals are able to synthesize all the Vitamin C they need. Why animals are not able?

Humans, guinea pigs (for these animals, the micronutrient is essential)

What is a possible risk of Sodium deficiency?

Hyponatremia

Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH)

Inherited genetic defect that causes people to absorb too much iron; Symptoms include fatigue, lack of energy, abdominal pain, loss of sex drive, heart problems

Night Blindness

Inability to see in dim light; Can occur if retinol is unavailable; May be early sign of vitamin A deficiency

Precursor

Inactive form of a vitamin; Can be activated in the body (ie Beta-Carotene, Pre-Vitamin D3)

What is the most reliable sign of vitamin K deficiency?

Increase in the time it takes for blood to clot

Unlike vitamins, minerals are _______.

Indestructible; Heating a food does not affect the food's mineral content (minerals are water soluble, andcan leach out of a food and into cooking water)

Sodium Sensitive

Individual who may develop hypertension as a result of consuming a high-sodium diet

Gastritis

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach

Cystic Fibrosis

Inherited respiratory disease caused by a defective gene that leads to overproduction of thick and sticky mucus; Unable to digest fat properly due to blockages forming in ducts that convey pancreatic enzymes to the small intestine, that reduce fat absorption. Often develop deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins.

Calcium and iron compete for absorption in the small intestine, so a meal with high calcium content can ______ iron absorption.

Inhibit

A healthy person's average daily water ______ equals his or her average daily ______.

Input; Losses (an average healthy adult consumes and produces approximately 2500 mL of water and eliminates about 2500 mL of water daily)

Why are severe Biotin deficiencies rare?

Intestinal bacteria produce some biotin; Found in a wide variety of foods

What are needed to digest naturally occurring Folate and remove all but one glutamates? What does this result in?

Intestinal enzymes; Results in the folic acid form

What are the body's 2 major fluid compartments?

Intracellular water, Extracellular water

There appears to be a(n) ______ relationship between Vitamin K intake and risk for osteoporosis.

Inverse

Cofactor

Ion or small molecule that an enzyme needs to function

Any form of bleeding results in the loss of what trace mineral?

Iron

Excess ______ in the blood acts as an oxidant. Oxidants are free radicals that damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA.

Iron

In the United States, ______ deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency and the leading cause of anemia.

Iron

Heme

Iron-containing component of hemoglobin and myoglobin

Heme

Iron-containing portion of Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Iron-containing protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from red blood cells

Hemoglobin

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen

Babies are generally born with low vitamin ___ stores, and a deficiency of the vitamin can occur soon after birth because of the newborn's immature GI tract.

K

The body stores very little Vitamin ___.

K

When vitamin __ is unavailable, blood-clotting factors are inactive, and the blood does not clot effectively.

K

Sometimes, minerals and waste products collect into crystals that enlarge and form a hard mass in the kidney called a ______ _______.

Kidney Stone

What are the major regulators of the body's water content and ion concentrations? How?

Kidneys; Maintain proper hydration by filtering excess ions from blood. When they remove ions, water follows and becomes the main component of urine. If more watery fluids are consumed than the body needs, the kidneys excrete the excess water in urine.

What are food sources of Folate?

Leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, asparagus, broccoli, orange juice, enriched grain products, fortified cereals

The body requires each trace mineral in very small amounts, generally ______ than 100 mg/day.

Less

Fat-soluble vitamins are chemically similar to what nutrient? How does this affect digestion and absorption?

Lipids; Processes that normally occur during fat digestion facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

What are food sources of Biotin?

Liver, eggs, peanuts, salmon, pork, mushrooms, sunflower seeds

What are food sources of Vitamin B-6?

Liver, meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, bananas, spinach, sweet red peppers, broccoli

What are the main sites for iron storage?

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

What 2 groups are essential minerals classified into?

Major minerals, Trace minerals

Ferritin

Major storage form of iron; serum concentrations are used to assess iron status

Food-Cobalamin Malabsorption

Malabsorption of vitamin B-12 due to the inability to release vitamin B-12 from animal protein during the digestive process due to declining HCl production; Most common in those ages 50 years and older

Products made from vitamin E-rich plant oils, such as ______ and ______ dressings, also supply the micronutrient.

Margarine; Salad

Systolic Pressure

Maximum blood pressure within an artery that occurs when the ventricles contract

What are food sources of Vitamin B-12?

Meat, milk and milk products, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, liver (stored in the liver)

Transferrin Receptor

Membrane-bound receptor that attaches to iron; used to measure iron status

In women, the rate of bone loss increases significantly after ______.

Menopause

Total Body Iron

Method of assessing iron status; the ratio of blood transferrin receptor to ferritin

Vitamin A: Deficiency

NIGHT BLINDNESS XEROPHTHALMIA (total irreversible blindness) POOR GROWTH DRY SKIN INCREASED RISK OF INFECTION (i.e. measles)

Why are "Major" minerals called major?

Needed in greater amounts in the diet; Stored in larger quantities in the body than trace minerals

Pregnant women who suffer from folate deficiency have high risk of giving birth to infants with ______ ______ ______ (NTDs).

Neural tube defects (NTDs

Pellagra

Niacin deficiency disease characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death

Can the body make toxic levels of Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight?

No (because skin limits its production of 7-dehydrocholesterol)

Some plant foods, such as spinach, contain ______ iron, but oxalic acid in spinach binds to the mineral, reducing its absorption.

Nonnheme

Vitamin K: Toxcity

Not Common

Water-Soluble Vitamin are usually ____ ______ in the body and must be ______ more often.

Not stored; Replenished

Vitamin A: Sources

Orange, Yellow, and Dark Green VEGETABLES (pumpkin, squash, spinach, sweet potatoes, broccoli, carrots) FRUIT (mangos, cantaloupe) MILK

Arsenic in food can occur in two forms, ______ and ______. Which type of Arsenic is dangerous?

Organic; Inorganic; Inorganic

What are some naturally occurring compounds that reduce iron absorption?

Oxalic Acid (spinach) Polyphenols (tea, coffee, wine, some fruits/vegetables) Phytic acid (or phytates) (Whole grains, rice, legumes) Soy protein

When does the body's requirements for vitamins generally increase?

Periods of growth (infancy/adolescence), pregnancy, breastfeeding

Hypertension

Persistent elevated blood pressure; Greater risk of CVD, heart disease, stroke, kidney failure

Prehypertension

Persistent systolic blood pressure readings of 120 mm Hg to 139 mm Hg and diastolic readings of 80 mm Hg to 89 mm Hg

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

Phosphorus

What 2 acids often contained in plant foods interfere with mineral absorption?

Phytic acid, Oxalic acid

What are the food sources of magnesium?

Plant foods such as spinach, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, chocolate, Animal products such as milk and meats

What are food sources of Vitamin C?

Plant foods; peppers, citrus fruit, papaya, broccoli, cabbage, berries

Blood contains inactive clotting factors and cell fragments called ______ that are necessary for blood clotting to occur. When a blood vessel is cut, blood in the injured area undergoes a complex series of steps to form a clot that stops the bleeding. A clot is comprised of strands of the protein ______ that traps blood cells, forming a mesh. The liver synthesizes several blood-clotting factors, and the organ needs vitamin ___ to produce four of them properly.

Platelets; Fibrin; K

What is the primary positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid?

Potassium

Maintenance of Intracellular water volume depends to a large extent on the intracellular concentration of ______ and ______ ions.

Potassium; Phosphate

Iron needs increase during ______ and periods of rapid ______.

Pregnancy; Growth

Who are at risk of Vitamin A deficiency?

Preschool children who do not eat enough vegetables, low-income urban residents, older adults, people with severe alcoholism, fat malabsorption, or liver diseases

Peak Bone Mass

Present when bones have their maximum strength

Diastolic Pressure

Pressure in an artery that occurs when the ventricles relax between contractions

Vitamins are needed to (Large/Small) amounts compared to Macronutrients.

Small

What is the primary site of vitamin absorption?

Small Intestine

Where does Vitamin C absorption occur?

Small Intestine

Microcytic

Small cell

Signs of Vitamin D toxicity

Small intestine absorbs too much calcium from foods and is deposited in the kidneys, heart, and blood vessels. Calcium deposits can interfere with cells' ability to function and cause cellular death; Muscular weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, mental confusion

What is salt or table salt's chemical name?

Sodium Chloride

What are some examples of Ions?

Sodium, potassium, phosphate, Chloride ions

In contrast to Intracellular water, maintenance of extracellular water volume depends primarily on the extracellular concentration of _____ and ______ ions.

Sodium; Chloride

Water is a major ______.

Solvent

Oral Rehydration Therapy

Specially prepared solutions of water and electrolytes used to prevent and treat dehydration

What are the 2 most common NTDs?

Spina Bifida, Anencephaly

How can you ensure that fresh produce retain their vitamin content better?

Store at temperatures near freezing, in high humidity, and away from air

Fat-Soluble Vitamins are ______ in the body and ______ is more likely.

Stored; Toxicity

Glossitis

Swollen and sore tongue

What are the functions of Vitamin K?

Synthesis of blood-clotting, proteins, and bone proteins

The natural form of vitamin E has more biological activity, that is, it produces more effects in the body, than ______ vitamin E.

Synthetic

As cells prepare to divide, they need ______ to make DNA.

THFA (Includes Folate)

What are food sources of Chloride?

Table/sea salt, seaweed, rye, tomatoes, celery, olives

Vitamin E: Toxicity

Taking Vitamin E dietary supplements can interfere with the blood-clotting function of Vitamin K and cause significant and/or uncontrolled bleeding (hemorrhaging)

Frozen fruits and vegetables need to be cooked without ______ to conserve much of their vitamin content.

Thawing

Bioavailability of Vitamins

The amount of that vitamin that is actually available for use by the body

How can fat-soluble vitamins cause a toxicity in the body?

The body has more difficulty eliminating excess fat-soluble vitamins because they do not dissolve in watery substances such as urine. The body then stores extra fat-soluble vitamins, primarily in the liver and in adipose tissue. Over time, these vitamins can accumulate and cause toxicity.

Why don't water-soluble vitamins generally cause a toxicity in the body?

The body stores only limited amounts of most water-soluble vitamins (vitamin B-12/exception), and kidneys can filter excesses of water-soluble vitamins from the bloodstream and eliminate them in urine.

Hydration

The body's water status

Adult RDAs for magnesium range from 310 to 420 mg/day. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

What is Vitamin E also known as?

Tocopherol

Who are at higher risk of Calcium deficiency?

Total vegetarians (vegans); lactose intolerant

Keratin

Tough protein found in hair, nails, and the outermost layers of skin

Transferrin

Transport protein for iron in the bloodstream

A half teaspoon of iodide-fortified salt supplies the adult RDA for iodine. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

According to the Dietary Guidelines, calcium is a "nutrient of public health concern." (TRUE/FALSE)

True

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), microwave cooking does not reduce the nutrient content of foods any more than do conventional cooking methods. (TRUE/FALSE)

True

Megaloblastic Anemia

Type of anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells; Deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B-12 can lead to this form of anemia

Anencephaly

Type of neural tube defect (NTD) in which the brain does not form properly or is missing

Spina Bifida

Type of neural tube defect (NTD) in which the spine does not form properly before birth and fails to enclose the spinal cord

Phosphorus deficiency is (Common/Uncommon).

Uncommon

Single-mineral supplements are usually _______ unless they are medically prescribed to treat a specific condition, including iron deficiency.

Unnecessary

Kidneys also remove waste products, such as ______, from the bloodstream.

Urea

Vitamin E: Sources

VEGETABLE OILS (sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils) NUTS & SEEDS (sunflower seeds, almonds) WHEAT GERM FISH Green leafy VEGETABLES Fortified BREAKFAST CEREALS

Vitamin A: Function

VISION (healthy cornea and retina) EPITHELIAL TISSUE (healthy skin + cells that line digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts) GROWTH BONE REMODELING IMMUNITY (needed for the production of WBC)

Who are at a greater risk of Vitamin B-12 deficiency? Why?

Vegans; Plant foods are not sources of Vitamin B-12

______ have a higher risk of iron deficiency than people who eat meat, because meat provides heme iron.

Vegetarians

Today, severe ______ deficiencies are uncommon in the United States, thanks in part to modern food preservation practices, food enrichment and fortification, and the year-round, widespread availability of fresh fruits and vegetables from other countries.

Vitamin

What vitamin plays a role in the production and activity of white blood cells?

Vitamin A

Thiamin

Vitamin B-1; Vitamin component of a coenzyme that is important for energy metabolism as part of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

Riboflavin

Vitamin B-2; Important for energy metabolism as part of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Niacin

Vitamin B-3; Important for energy metabolism as part of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

What vitamin does not function as part of a coenzyme as do B vitamins, but instead serves as a nutrient cofactor?

Vitamin C

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency disease; Early signs include pin-point bleeding under the skin (petechiae) round hair follicles about 20 to 40 days after consuming a vitamin C- deficient diet. Later person's skin bruises easily; gums become spongy and bleed with the slightest touch

What vitamin acts as a hormone?

Vitamin D

What vitamin is called the "Sunshine Vitamin?"

Vitamin D (exposure to sunlight activates the vitamin D pre-cursor made in the body

What stimulates the synthesis of calcium-binding protein?

Vitamin D in the form of calcitriol

Rickets

Vitamin D-deficiency disorder in children resulting in improper bone growth

Although many American adults do not consume recommended amounts of vitamin ___, its deficiency is rare.

Vitamin E

What vitamin can interfere with blood-clotting medication (Coumadin)?

Vitamin K

Biotin

Vitamin component of a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide to other compounds thus promotes the synthesis of glucose and fatty acids and the breakdown of certain amino acids

Pantothenic Acid

Vitamin component of coenzyme A (CoA)

Bacteria that reside in the lower intestinal tract produce certain ______, particularly biotin and vitamin K, which can be absorbed to some extent.

Vitamins

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

What is the simplest way to determine if an individual is consuming enough water?

Volume of urine (also urine color)

What are food sources for Thiamin?

Whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, pork, legumes, orange juice, Brewer's yeast

Most people with osteoporosis are older adult ______.

Women

Carotenemia

Yellowing of the skin that results from excess beta-carotene in the body; Mostly harmless