nervous system

middle meningeal layer; like a cobweb in structure

arachnoid

structures that return cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood in the dural sinuses

arachnoid villi

neuron, serving as part of the conduction pathway between sensory and motor neurons

association neuron (interneuron)

neuron type found in the dorsal horn

association neurons (interneurons)

effectors are smooth muscle and glands

autonomic

regulation of blood pressure

autonomic

salivary reflex

autonomic

type of reflex involved in pupillary light reflex

autonomic

subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activities of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system

autonomic nervous system

generally conducts impulses away from the cell body

axon

releases neurotransmitters (neuron anatomy)

axon terminal

feeling a pinch triggers these 2 receptors: ____ and ____

bare nerve endings (pain); lamellated corpuscle

walking on hot pavement triggers these 2 receptors: ____ and _____

bare nerve endings (pain); muscle spindle

the lentiform nucleus, the caudate, and other nuclei are collectively called the ____

basal nuclei

the sympathetic nervous system becomes less efficient as aging occurs, resulting in an inability to prevent sudden changes in ____ when abrupt changes in position are made

blood pressure

fiber type in a spinal nerve

both afferent / efferent

fiber type in the anterior ramus

both afferent / efferent

the other major subdivisions of the brain are the ___ and the ____.

brain stem; cerebellum

the tail-like collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the ____

cauda equina

some of the fluid continues down the ___ of the spinal cord, but most of it circulates into the ___ by passing through 3 tiny openings in the walls of the ____

central canal; subarachnoid space; fourth ventricle

nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal chord

central nervous system (CNS)

normal maturation of the nervous system occurs in a ____ direction, and fine control occurs much later than ___ muscle control

cephalocaudal; gross

responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements

cerebellum

connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

ordinarily, CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle and then through the ____ to the fourth ventricle

cerebral aqueducts

after head injury, retention of water by brain

cerebral edema

the largest part of the human brain is the (paired) ____

cerebral hemispheres

midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts; bulges anteriorly

cerebral peduncle

ventricles in the brain contain ___

cerebrospinal fluid

results when a brain region is deprived of blood or exposed to prolonged ischemia

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

neck and shoulders (plexus only)

cervical plexus

forms the cerebrospinal fluid

choroid plexuses

cerebrospinal fluid is formed by capillary knots called ___ which hang into the ___ of the brain

choroid plexuses; ventricles

total nonresponsiveness to stimulation

coma

slight and transient brain injury

concussion

are amitotic

neurons

demonstrate irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area

neurons

release neurotransmitters

neurons

chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands

neurotransmitters

clustered ribosomes and rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

nissl bodies

gaps in a myelin sheath

nodes of Ranvier

feeling a caress triggers this receptor: ____

Meissner's (tactile) corpuscle / touch

gray matter is composed of ____

NONmyelinated fibers

a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS

PNS

transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron's membrane

action potential

damage to this fiber would lead to a loss of sensory function

afferent

fiber type in the dorsal root

afferent

neuron type in dorsal root ganglion

afferent

neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery

afferent neuron

beta waves are recorded when an individual is awake and ____

alert

progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits

alzheimer's disease

white matter includes:

anterior commisure; corpus callosum; pyramids; cerebellar peduncle

site of regulation of water balance and body temperature

hypothalamus

able to divide; therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms

neuroglia

support, insulate, and protect cells

neuroglia

location of the nucleus

neuron cell body

a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders

CNS

how many synapses occur in this reflex arc?

3

____ pairs of spinal nerves arise from the cord

31

of these pairs, ___ are cervical nervs, ____ pairs are thoracic nerves, ___ are lumbar nerves, and ___ are sacral nerves

8;12;5;5

the specialized motor speech area is located at the base of the precentral gyrus in an area called ____ area

Broca's

specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS

Schwann cells

tramautic injury that destroys brain tissue

contusion

large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

gray matter includes:

cortex of cerebellum; basal nuclei; thalamic nuclei

sensory receptors found in the skin, which are specialized to detect temperature, pressure changes, and pain

cutaneous sense organs

the usual cause of decreasing efficiency of the nervous system as a whole is ____.

decreased oxygen to the brain

conducts local electrical currents toward the cell body

dendrite

state in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron

depolarization

its outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull

dura mater

outermost covering of the brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue

dura mater

damage to this fiber type results in a loss of motor function

efferent

fiber type in the ventral root

efferent

neuron type found in the ventral horn

efferent (motor neuron)

neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands

efferent neuron

the largest parts of the motor homunculi are the lips, tongue, and ____

fingers

a ___ EEG is evidence of clinical death

flat

the spinal cord extends from the ___ of the skull to the ____ region of the vertebral column.

foramen magnum; lumbar

short term memory is in the ___ lobe

frontal

the primary motor area in the ____ lobe is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements

frontal

collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS

ganglion

muscle sensations when rowing a boat trigger these 2 receptros: ____ and _____

golgi tendon organ; muscle spindle

a ___ is an elevated ridge of cerebral cortex tissue

gyrus

if its drainage is blocked, a condition called ___ occurs, which results in increased pressure on the brain

hydrocephalus

body temperature regulation is a problem in premature infants because the ___ is not yet fully functional

hypothalamus

part of the limbic system; contains centers for many drives (rage, pleasure, hunger, sex)

hypothalamus

three major functions of the nervous system are ____, ____, and ____

interpret information; monitor information; commands responses

may cause medulla oblangata to be wedged into foramen magnum by pressure of blood

intracranial hemorrhage

leaning on a shovel triggers this receptor: ___

lamellated corpuscle

in most humans, the area that controls the comprehension of language is located in the ____ cerebral hemisphere

left

the right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from the ___ side of the body

left

abdominal wall (plexus only)

lumbar plexus

anterior thigh

lumbar plexus

the meninges, which cover the spinal cord, extend more inferiorly to form a sac from which the CSF can be withdrawn without damage to the spinal cord, a process called ____

lumbar tap / puncture

contains autonomic centers, which regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers

medulla oblangata

composed of dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid villi

meninges

protect the brain

meninges

nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers are called ____ nerves, whereas those carrying just sensory fibers are referred to as sensory, or ___ nerves

mixed; afferent

autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination

multiple sclerosis

increases the speed of impulse transmission

myelin sheath

white matter is composed of ____, which provide for communication between different parts of the brain as well as with lower CNS centers

myelinated fibers

another name for a bundle of nerve fibers is ____

nerve (fascicle)

the primary visual cortex is in the ____ lobe of each cerebral hemisphere

occipital

cerebral palsy involves crippling neuromuscular problems and usually is a result of a lack of ___ to the infant's brain during delivery.

oxygen

arises from cranial and sacral nerves

parasympathetic

constricts eye pupils, decreases heart rate

parasympathetic

has more specific control

parasympathetic

long preganglionic axon; short postganglionic axon

parasympathetic

normally in control

parasympathetic

postganglionic axons secrete acetylcholine; cholinergic fibers

parasympathetic

nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

leg and foot (2)

peroneal / tibial nerves

diaphragm

phrenic nerve

innermost covering of the brain; delicate and vascular

pia mater

the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1 through T1 and L1 through S4 take part in forming ___, which serve the ___ of the body

plexuses; limbs and anterolateral body trunk

electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron

polarized

contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brainstem centers

pons

the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral hemisphere(s) is found in the _____ gyrus

postcentral

the posterior rami of the spinal nerves serve the ____

posterior body trunk

the chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron

potassium ions

the primary motor cortex is located in the ____ gyrus

precentral

sensory receptors found in muscle and tendons that detect their degree of stretch

proprioceptors

the ____ tract is the major descending voluntary motor tract

pyramidal

period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus

refractory period

period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron

repolarization

state in which all voltage gated Na ions and K ion channels are closed

resting period

as a rule, CSF is formed and drained back into the venous blood at the ___ rate

same

posterior thigh

sciatic nerve

a change in intellect caused by a gradual decrease in oxygen delivery to brain cells is called ___

senility

what tissue is the effector?

skeletal muscle

proccess by which ATP is used to move Na ions out of the cell and K ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron

sodium-potassium pump

flexor reflex

somatic

type of reflex involved in effectors are skeletal muscles

somatic

subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles

somatic nervous system

type of reflex involved in patellar (knee-jerk) reflex

somatic reflex

sensations such as touch and pain are integrated in the _____

somatosensory association

changes, occurring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system functioning

stimuli

list in order the minimum elements in a reflex arc from the stimulus to the activity of the effector

stimulus, receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, effector organ

death of brain neurons, which results from a sudden cessation of oxygen delivery, is called a ____

stroke (CVA)

the convolutions see in the cerebrum are important because they increase the ___

surface area

arises from spinal nerves T1 to L3

sympathetic

causes a dry mouth, dilates bronchioles

sympathetic

fight-or-flight system

sympathetic

postganglioninc axons secrete norepinephrine; adrenergic fibers

sympathetic

short preganglionic axon, long postganglionic axon

sympathetic

junction or point of close contact between neurons

synapse

cortical areas involved in audition are found in the ____ lobe

temporal

encloses the 3rd ventricle

thalamus

important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation

thalamus

what is the stimulus?

the pin prick

the ventral rami of T1 though T12 run between the ribs to serve the ____.

thorax

bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS

tract

a ministroke; fleeting symptoms of a CVA

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

the cavities found in the brain are called ____

ventricles