nervous system

14. The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the A. repolarization. B. threshold. C. refractory period. D. All-or-none law.

B

19. Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by A. stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal. B. blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal. C. blocking repolarization of the axon terminal. D. stimulating protein kinase activity.

B

23. What amino acid are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine derived from? A. histidine B. tyrosine C. tryptophan D. serine

B

26. The __________ dopamine system may be involved in emotional reward and drug addiction. A. nigrostriatal. B. mesolimbic C. amygdala D. dentate

B

10. Formation of new brain cells from neural stem cells is called A. endorphins. B. synapsis. C. neurogenesis. D. glutamates.

C

12. The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ____________ ions than ____________ ions. A. sodium, potassium B. calcium, potassium C. potassium, sodium D. chloride, potassium

C

13. Blocking ____________ channels would prevent neuronal depolarization. A. K+ B. Cl- C. Na+ D. Mg2+

C

16. What coding system do neurons use to get a greater response? A. greater amplitude of stimuli B. greater Na+ concentration gradient C. increased frequency of stimuli D. more active Na+/K+ pump

C

17. Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called A. hormones. B. enzymes. C. neurotransmitters. D. neurotrophins.

C

20. What is the predominant effect of stimulation of nicotinic-gated channels? A. stimulation due to outflow of K+ ions. B. inhibition due to outflow of K+ ions C. stimulation due to influx of Na+ ions D. inhibition due to influx of Cl- ions

C

21. At what region of the neuron are action potentials first produced? A. dendrites B. cell body C. axon hillock D. axon

C

22. Which of the following is NOT classified as a catecholamine? A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine C. histamine D. dopamine

C

24. Which of the following is NOT true of histamine? A. it is derived from the amino acid histidine B. acts as a hormone that stimulates gastric secretion C. acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain to cause drowsiness D. acts as a regulator in inflammation and allergies

C

25. Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid A. alanine. B. glycine. C. tryptophan. D. serine.

C

28. Mutation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate ((NMDA) receptor would affect the ability of ____________ to regulate neural function. A. ACh B. epinephrine C. glutamate D. nitric oxide

C

3. Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? A. motor or efferent B. interneuron or association C. multipolar D. sensory or afferent

C

4. Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. associative nervous system

C

41. Neurogenesis is the formation of new ______________ from neural stem cells. A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. neurons D. All of the choices are correct.

C

42. Which of the following is the correct list of the lobes of the cerebrum? A. insula, temporal, parietal, pons, occipital B. temporal, frontal, insula, cerebellum, occipital C. frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occipital D. cerebrum, midbrain, thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata

C

45. Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would limit A. voluntary skeletal muscle contraction. B. integration of cerebral activities. C. hearing. D. vision.

C

47. __________________ is a technique for visualizing brain region activity indirectly by detecting increases in blood oxygen levels. A. Computed tomography B. Electroencephalogram C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging D. Positron emission tomography

C

50. Aphasias are most often associated with damage to ___________ and ___________ areas. A. Wernicke's and the angular gyrus B. fornix and Broca's C. Broca's and Wernicke's D. the angular gyrus and septal nuclei

C

54. The conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory would be inhibited by A. ablation of the pons. B. ablation of the cerebral nuclei. C. ablation of the hippocampus. D. ablation of the occipital lobe.

C

56. The ______ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content. A. caudate nucleus B. substantia nigra C. amygdala D. lentiform nucleus

C

59. Which of the following is NOT a vital function of the medulla oblongata? A. vasomotor control B. cardiac control C. thirst control D. respiratory control

C

7. What structure is found around PNS axons that is NOT found around CNS axons? A. nodes of Ranvier B. myelin sheath C. neurilemma D. plasma membrane

C

9. The disease ______________ is characterized by destruction of CNS myelin sheaths and the formation of hardened scars. A. Parkinson's B. Alzheimer's C. multiple sclerosis. D. myasthenia gravis

C

11. Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes? A. can take up NT from a synapse B. can stimulate or inhibit neurons C. needed to form synapses in the CNS D. phagocytose foreign material in the CNS E. forms the blood-brain barrier

D

15. The period of time when Na+ channels are recovering from their inactive state and K+ channels are still open is the A. repolarization. B. absolute refractory period. C. relative refractory period. D. Both repolarization and relative refractory period are correct.

D

30. Which of the following are natural analgesics? A. endorphins B. enkephalins C. dynorphins D. All of the choices are correct.

D

31. Inhibition of neuropeptide Y synthesis would A. induce euphoria. B. induce obesity. C. stimulate leptin secretion. D. inhibit eating.

D

33. Endogenous cannabinoids have effects similar to the active ingredient in A. cocaine. B. nicotine. C. amphetamines. D. marijuana.

D

43. The ____________ is a cerebral lobe that is involved in memory and integration of sensory information (mostly pain) with visceral responses. A. temporal B. frontal C. parietal D. insula

D

57. The suprachiasmatic nuclei A. are located in the anterior hypothalamus. B. controls melatonin secretion from the pineal gland. C. contains "clock cells" that have patterns which repeat about every twenty-four hours. D. All of the choices are correct.

D

52. The hypothalamus and the limbic system are involved in A. aggression. B. fear. C. sex. D. goal-directed behavior. E. All of the choices are correct.

E

1. The brain and spinal cord comprise the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.

A

18. Botulism toxin prevents release of Ach, causing A. flaccid paralysis. B. hemiplegia. C. spastic paralysis. D. None of the choices are correct.

A

2. Which of the following is NOT a structural classification of neurons? A. motor neuron B. bipolar neuron C. multipolar neuron D. pseudomultipolar neuron

A

27. Addictive drugs, as well as nicotine, activate dopamine release in the A. nucleus accumbens. B. corpus striatum. C. basal nuclei. D. corpus callosum.

A

29. Benzodiazepines act by increasing ________ activity. A. GABA B. glutamate C. ACh D. enkephalin

A

36. Temporal summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

A

37. Enhancing the excitability of a synapse so that transmission is favored along certain pathways is called A. long-term potentiation. B. synaptic plasticity. C. excitotoxicity. D. summation.

A

58. Visual reflexes would be impaired by damage to the A. superior colliculi. B. inferior colliculi. C. red nucleus. D. medial geniculate nuclei.

A

6. The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

A

60. What condition is caused by a sudden failure of the RAS? A. narcolepsy B. Parkinson's disease C. Alzheimer's disease D. insomnia

A

32. Endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters, meaning they are A. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron. B. released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron. C. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse back to the presynaptic cell body. D. None of the choices are correct.

B

34. Nitric oxide A. is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. C. is produced from L-asparagine. D. All of the choices are correct.

B

35. Spatial summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

B

38. Synaptic plasticity involves structural changes in neurons such as A. formation of axillary branches B. formation of dendritic spines C. formation of more axon terminals D. mitosis of neurons

B

39. The function of ____________ neurons is to link sensory stimuli with the appropriate motor responses. A. bipolar B. association C. motor D. pseudounipolar

B

40. Which area of the brain contains neural stem cells that are apparently important in learning and memory? A. arcuate fasciculus B. (subgranular zone of the) hippocampus C. temporal lobe D. cerebral cortex

B

44. Which of the following statements is true of the cerebral cortex? A. Sensations from the feet would be on the most inferior area of the somatesthetic cortex. B. Areas of the body with the greatest density of receptors will have larger areas on the somatesthetic cortex. C. The hands have a very small area on the motor cortex. D. The left side of the motor cortex controls muscles on the left side of the body.

B

46. What condition may be partly caused by impairment of mirror neuron function? A. Alzheimer's disease B. autism spectrum disorder C. Parkinson's disease D. epilepsy

B

48. Which type of sleep pattern may aid the consolidation of declarative memory? A. REM B. nonREM

B

49. Impaired motor coordination in Parkinson's disease is often due to A. degeneration of the red nucleus. B. degeneration of the substantia nigra. C. lack of regulation of the cerebral peduncles. D. degeneration of the mesolimbic system.

B

5. The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

B

51. Ablation of the amygdala and limbic system would primarily result in A. loss of voluntary muscle contraction. B. attenuation of aggressive behaviors. C. loss of ability to detect olfactory inputs. D. no noticeable effects.

B

53. Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system? A. cingulate gyrus B. angular gyrus C. amygdala D. hippocampus

B

55. Which area of the brain has shown to be involved in complex problem-solving? A. hippocampus B. prefrontal cortex C. amygdala D. medial temporal lobe

B

8. The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the A. neurilemma. B. node of Ranvier. C. sheath of Schwann. D. white matter.

B