Networking+ - Chapter 3

BIND is:

(Berkeley Internet Name Domain) most popular DNS server, is open server

DHCP

(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) scope of addresses assigned to clients for an IPv4

DNAT

(Dynamic Network Address Translation) the gateway has a pool of public address that it is free to assign to a local host when it makes a request to access the internet (like a poll drawing) pool of numbers is called a scope (addresses change) (like google or yahoo)

IANA

(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is the agency that assigns IP addresses to computer networks

ICMP

(Internet Control Message Protocol) protocol to carry error messages and information about the network

ICANN

(Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) domain names must be registered with an internet naming authority that restricts what types of hosts can be associated with

IPv6

(Internet Protocol version 6) has 128 bits written as eight blocks of hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. Each block is 16 bits, leading zeros in a four-character hex block can be eliminated. If a block has all zeros you can use double colons (ex: 201:0000:B80, 201::B80:0000) you can only use one set of double colons in each IP address

NAT means

(Network Address Translation), a technique designed to conserve public IP addresses needed by a network, routers use NAT

Ping

(Packet Internet Groper) used to verify that the TCP/IP is installed, bound to the NIC, configured correctly, communicating with the network

PAT stands for:

(Port Address Translation) process of assigning a TCP port number each ongoing session between a local host and internet host

SNAT

(Static Network Address Translation) the gateway assigns the same public IP address to a host each time it makes a request to access the internet (the IP address will never change) Server IP address has to be static (like amazon) printers have to be static

When planning horizontal cabling, what is the maximum allowable distance that can be used?

100 meters

What is NOT a range of IP addresses recommended for use in private networks?

127.0.0.0 through 127.255.255.255

Which of the following IP addresses would be a loopback IP address?

127.0.0.1

In the classful addressing scheme, what range of network addresses is considered a Class B?

128.0.x.y to 191.255.x.y

Which of the following IPv6 addresses represents a global unicast address?

2000::/3

IPv4 Addresses include:

32-bit address organized into four groups of 8 bits each (known as octets) each of the four octets can be any number from 0-255, some IP addresses are reserved. Example: 72.56.105.12

Data Link Layer MAC address has how many bits?

48 bits written in six hex numbers

How many ports does a computer have?

65, 535

Resolvers

A DNS client that requests information from the DNS servers

reverse DNS lookup

A function that finds the hostname of a device whose IP address is known. Has two modes: interactive (tests multiple DNS servers at one time) and noninteractive (tests a single DNS server)

Link (IPv6)

A link (local link) is any LAN bounded by routers, an interface is a node's attachment to a link

Tunneling (IPv6)

A method used by IPv6 to transport IPv6 packets through or over an IPv4 network

Recursive DNS

A query that demands an answer or says "it can't be found"

Iterative DNS

A query where the local server issues queries to other services

What statement correctly identifies the purpose of a software patch?

A software patch is a correction, improvement, or enhancement to software

dig (domain information groper)

A tool used for querying DNS server records available on Linux and macOS

nslookup

A utility that is used to test and troubleshoot domain name servers

Types of records in a DNS database:

A, AAAA, CNAME, PTR, NS, MX, SRV, TXT

Well-known top-level domains

ARPA, COM, EDU, GOV, ORG, NET, MIL, BIZ, INFO

Catching DNS server

Accesses the public DNS data and catches the DNS information

primary DNS server

An authoritative server for a DNS zone

APIPA means:

Automatic Private IP Addressing, when a DHCP has crashed (not connected to the internet) is able to connect to the network and is unable to lease and IPv4 address from the DHCP server

Class A, B and C are IP addresses are:

Available for public use on the internet

What is by far the most popular DNS server software available?

BIND

Link local unicast address

Can be used for communicating with nodes in the same link

Classful IPv4 addresses are divided into five classes:

Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E

Sockets

Consists of a host IP address and the port number of an application running on the host

Resource records are kept in the:

DNS database

DMZ

Demilitarized zone. Area between two firewalls separating the Internet and an internal network

Gateway

Devices that nodes use for access to the outside world (A modem for at home, a border router for companies)

What is DNS?

Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent of a phone book. They maintain a directory of domain names and translate them to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses

If a host's IPv6 address contains the network adapter's MAC address within the last 64 bits of the IPv6 address, what standard is being used?

EUI-64

Traditional MAC addresses contain two parts:

First 24 bits are known as the OUI (organizationally unique identifier) or manufacturer-ID (assigned by the IEEE), Last 24 bits make up the extension identifier or device ID (manufacturers assign each NIC a unique ID)

You can change DNS servers from:

From within interactive mode with the server subcommand

FQDN is?

Fully Qualified Domain Name, a unique character-based name in the application layer

DNS root level

Has 13 clusters of root server hold information to locate TLD servers

Name-serves

Hold databases, organized in a hierarchical structure

TLD servers:

Hold information about authoritative servers

IPv6 networks use:

ICMP and ICMPv6

Network Layer IP address has how many bits?

IPv4 has 32 bits (written as four decimal numbers called octets), IPV6 128 bits written as eight blocks (16 characters)

The two type of IP addresses are?

IPv4, IPv6

Auto configuration

IPv6 addressing is designed so that a computer can auto-configure its own link-local IP address similar to how an IPv4 uses an APIPA. Uses FE:80, 1) Creates an IPv6 2) the computer checks to make sure sure the IP address is unique to the network 3) the computer asks if a router or network can provide configuration information PROCESS IS CALLED THE PREFIX DISCOVERY

What does the MX record do in a forward DNS zone?

It identifies the e-mail server to be used for e-mail traffic for the domain

What statement regarding the Server Message Block protocol is accurate?

It is used by Windows and UNIX-based operating systems to share files

what type of IPv6 address is fe:80::8cfl:2c42:ffde:dalc?

Link local address

MAC address

Media Access Card, the physical address of the machine

NIC stands for:

Network Interface Card

Class D and E are:

Not available for public use. Class D beings with octets 224-239 and are used for multicasting, Class E begins with octets 240-254 and is used for research, not routable unable to go through a router

Namespace

Part of the DNS in the application layer, the entire collection of computer names and their IP addresses

The four common DNS servers:

Primary DNS server, Secondary DNS server, Catching DNS server, Forwarding DNS server, all of them can co-exist on the same machine

Address translation

Processes where a gateway device substitutes the private IP addresses with its own public address (for when these computers need access to other networks)

Event viewer

Provides a diagnostic of a problem and recommended steps to fix a problem

Forwarding DNS server

Receives queries from local clients but doesn't resolve them

Types of DNS requests:

Recursive & Iterative

Which of the following protocols is used as a signaling protocol for the initial connection between hosts, but does not participate in data transfer during the session?

SIP

Two variations of NAT:

SNAT and DNAT (SNAT for outgoing messages, DNAT for incoming messages)

What Application layer protocol can be used to monitor and gather information about network traffic and can alert network administrators about adverse conditions that need attention?

SNMAP

You are setting up a DNS zone and have been asked to create SPF and DKIM records. What type of DNS record will hold this information?

TXT record

Classful addressing

The dividing line between the network and host portions is determined by the numerical range the IP address falls in

How can you determine the manufacturer of a NIC card based on the MAC address?

The first 24 bits, known as the Organizationally Unique Identifier, identify the manufacturer.

Interface ID (IPv6)

The last 64 bits or four blocks of an IPv6 address that identifies the interface

Name resolution

The process of discovering the IP address of a host when the FQDN is known

DNS Server

The server responsible for tracking computer names and their IP addresses

Last part of the FQDN is called:

Top-level domain (TLD)

Neighbors (IPv6)

Two or more nodes on the same link

Subnet Mask

Used to indicate what portion of an IP address is the network portion (network ID) and what part is the host portion (host ID)

Port numbers are divided into three types:

Well-known ports - 0 to 1023 Registered ports - 1024 to 49151 Dynamic and private ports - 49152 to 65535

Dual stacked (IPv6)

When a network is configured to use both IPv4 AND IPv6

Dynamic IP addresses:

are automatically assigned by a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server

Static IP address are:

assigned manually by the network administrator

Secondary DNS server

backup authoritative name server for an organization

Microsoft DNS Server

built-in DNS service in the Windows Server OS

Global Unicast address

can be routed on the Internet

Anycast address

can identify multiple destinations, with packets delivered to the closest destination

You are troubleshooting a DNS issue on a Linux system, and need to test the resolution of your domain mycompany.com MX record using Google's DNS server with the IP address of 8.8.8.8. What dig command will accomplish this?

dig @8.8.8.8 mycompany.com MX

Port numbers

ensures data is transmitted to the correct process among multiple processes running on the computer

what command can you utilize to display tcp/ip configuration for each network adapter installed?

ifconfig/all

on a linux based system what command can be used to display the tcp/ip information associated with every interface on the system?

ipconfig -a

A Windows computer on your network is having issues resolving queries for a specific domain, but not other domains. Other computers on the same network resolve the name just fine. What command can you issue that might fix the problem?

ipconfig /flushdns

With an FQDN of ftp1.dallas.mycompany.com, what part is the domain name?

mycompany.com

multicast address

packets are delivered to all nodes on a network

At the Transport layer of the OSI, what is used to find and communicate with a particular application running on a host?

port numbers

ipconfig

shows the current TCP/IP addressing and domain name

Unicast address

specifies a single node on a network

DNS zone

the domains that an organization is responsible for managing

Port 80

the internet

Command Link tools:

tools that troubleshoot network problems (ping, ipconfig, ifconfig, nslookup, dig)

What text editor can be used on Linux to view and edit the contents of a configuration file?

vim

What command can be used to check a domain computer's time source from a Command Prompt window?

w32tm /query /source