NEU 101 Final Review
The movement of positive current across the photoreceptor membrane in the dark corresponds to which photoreceptor?
"dark current"
An action potential starts with the cell membrane at resting potential at about _____ and then the membrane potential changes until it reaches about ______. Then the membrane potential changes again until reaches almost _____ and then finally it returns to resting potential.
-65 mV, +40 mV, -80 mV
How long does an action potential last from the beginning of the rising phase to the end of the falling phase?
2 msec
Most parts of the neocortex have ___ layers
6
How does the eye focus on objects located at a distance less than about 9 m?
A change in the shape of the lens in addition to refraction by the cornea.
What is synaptic integration?
A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron.
Mitochondria convert ____ to ____.
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
The _______ is when sodium channels inactivate when the membrane becomes strongly depolarized. They cannot be activated again until the membrane potential becomes sufficiently negative to deactivate the channels.
Absolute Refractory Period
Medial Septal Nuclei is associated with which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
What is the relationship between action potential conduction velocity and axonal diameter?
Action potential conduction velocity increases with increasing axonal diameter.
The following structures exist on the pre-synaptic element of a synapse:
Active zones, vesicles, secretory granules.
What did Lashley conclude about the memory engram after studying maze learning in rats with various-sizes cortical lesions?
All cortical areas contribute equally to learning and memory
_______ is when a chain coils into a spiral configuration
Alpha Helix
Regulates fear and emotion
Amygdala
What is sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
An extensive intercellular sac that stores Ca2+
What types of cells can a neuron communicate with at a synapse?
Another neuron, muscle cell or glandular cell.
Certain substances can interfere with neurotransmission. _______ block the normal action of a neurotransmitter at a receptor while _____ bind to receptors and mimic the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters.
Antagonists, agonists
Certain substances can interfere with neurotransmission. ________ block the normal action of a neurotransmitter at a receptor while ___________ bind to receptors and mimic the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters.
Antagonists, agonists
Glia cells that help to regulate the amount of potassium in the extracellular fluid.
Astrocytes
Glia that regulate the chemical content of the extracellular space
Astrocytes
Which type of glia cells help to regulate the amount of potassium in extracellular fluid?
Astrocytes
What happens to muscle fibers when joints are immobilized in a cast following an injury?
Atrophy.
Norepinephrine is suspected to activate which system?
Attention control / alertness
Which muscles are involved in maintaining posture?
Axial Muscles
Axon terminals that connect to another axon are called ______________.
Axoaxonic
Axon terminals that connect to a dendrite are called ______________.
Axodendritic
Axon terminals that connect to a cell body are called ______________.
Axosomatic
Axon terminals that connect to a dendritic spine are called ______________.
Axospinous
Why does the drug atropine cause pupil dilation?
Balance of ANS activity shifts toward sympathetic division
A deep structure that seems to be involved in initiation voluntary movements.
Basal Ganglia
Controls vital functions like breathing & consciousness
Brain Stem
(Post-Synaptic Potentials) (PSPs) that occur at an electrical synapse are not usually large enough to trigger an action potential, so how can a postsynaptic neuron be strongly excited?
By the simultaneous occurrence of several PSPs
Which is the first step in the contraction phase of the excitation-contraction coupling?
Ca2+ binds to troponin.
Ca++
Calcium
Which of the following is striated muscle?
Cardiac and skeletal
Why do we say that ganglion cells are mainly responsive to differences in illumination that occur within their receptive fields?
Center-surround ganglion cells respond best when a light or dark edge falls at the boundary between the center and surround regions of the receptor field.
Latin for "little brain"
Cerebellum
The right half of this structure connects to the right side of your body.
Cerebellum
The biggest part of the brain
Cerebrum
________ is divided in half by the sagittal fissure
Cerebrum
The ______ is the main, front part of the brain while the _______ is the smaller part of the brain in the back.
Cerebrum, Cerebellum
What type of sensory information do muscle spindles transmit?
Changes in muscle length.
Cl-
Chloride
What do we mean by central pattern generators?
Circuits that give rise to rhythmic motor activity.
Which reflex prevents you from falling when you suddenly lift one foot off the ground in response to pain?
Crossed-extensor reflex
A watery potassium rich fluid inside cells
Cytosol
Match the types of memories with examples: - George Washington was the first US president - - Knowing how to play the piano - - Associating a certain ringtone with the friend who you assigned to that tone - I watched a great movie last night.
Declarative, Nondeclarative, Nondeclarative, Declarative
Dendrites synapse onto one another are called _______________.
Dendrodenritic
Which term is used to represent a change in the membrane potential from the normal resting value to a less negative value?
Depolarization
Which type of amnesia does not cause other cognitive defects?
Dissociated amnesia
Ventral Tegmental Area is associated with which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
The layer of the meninges closest to the skull (farthest from the brain itself)
Dura Mater
One of three layers of the neural plate that develops to become the entire nervous system
Ectoderm
The symbol used to indicate the equilibrium potential for potassium.
Ek
What is the meaning of an ion's equilibrium potential?
Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient.
The process during which the vesicle membrane at a synapse is recovered and recycled and the vesicle is refilled with neurotransmitter.
Endocytosis
______ is the process during which the vesicle membrane at a synapse is recovered and recycled and the vesicle is refilled with neurotransmitter.
Endocytosis
Which neurons monitor the chemical status of the stomach and intestinal contents?
Enteric sensory neurons
In the ______ first, the voltage-gated sodium channels inactivate. Second, the voltage-gated potassium channels finally open. There is a great driving force on K+ when the membrane is strongly depolarized. Therefore K+ rushes out of the cell through the open channels, causing the membrane potential to become negative again.
Falling Phase
All ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (T/F)
False
Axons can survive alone if they are cut from their cell body (T/F)
False
Ions are approximately the same size as electrons. (T/F)
False
It is impossible for a neuron to fire during the relative refractory period. (T/F)
False
Large changes in membrane potential require large changes in ionic concentrations (T/F)
False
Parvocellular (P-type) ganglion cells are bigger than Magnocellular (M-type) ganglion cells (T/F)
False
Potassium ions are too large to fit through the pores of gap junctions. (True/False)
False
Some action potentials are more powerful than others (T/F)
False
Some action potentials are more powerful than others. (T/F)
False
Teaching a rat to push a lever can be accomplished using classical conditioning (T/F)
False
The ANS innervates the entire system of muscles, including skeletal muscle fibers (T/F)
False
The mesencephalon develops from the mesoderm (T/F)
False
The protein composition of the membrane of axons is basically the same as that of the membrane of the cell's soma (T/F)
False
The same neurotransmitter always has the same effect (excitatory or inhibitory) on post-synaptic cells. (T/F)
False
The space in the synaptic cleft of chemical synapses is approximately the same size as the space between electrical synapses (True/False)
False
Computer Tomography Scans (CT Scans) do not require exposure radiation (T/F)
False CT scans DO expose people to X-irradiation and are thus used more for clinical reasons rather than for pure research purposes.
Prosencephalon is the ______.
Forebrain
Which part of the developing brain holds the precursor to the eyes?
Forebrain
Axon terminals typically have "auto-receptors" which are typically _________.
G-protien coupled.
Axon terminals typically have "auto-receptors" which are typically:
G-protien coupled.
What type of motor neurons ensures that the spindle continues to provide information about muscle length during muscle contraction?
Gamma motor neurons
Which cells in the retina fire action potentials?
Ganglion cells
Specialized sites of intercellular connection where electrical synapses occur
Gap Junctions
specialized sites of intercellular connection where electrical synapses occur
Gap Junctions
____________ are long stretches of DNA that are missing or duplicated.
Gene copy number variations
Responsible for sorting proteins
Golgi apparatus
______ neurons have relatively short axons, while _____ neurons have long axons that can extend almost all the way across the brain.
Golgi type 2, Golgi type 1
Rhombencephalon is the ________.
Hindbrain
________ performs primitive functions like regulating the autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
What are the effects of hippocampal lesions on behavior in the standard versus lighted radial arm maze?
Impaired performance in the standard task but little effect on the lighted maze.
What is the advantage of of the phospholipid bilayer arrangement?
It effectively isolates the cytosol of the neuron from the extracellular fluid.
Why is the enteric nervous system known as the "little brain"?
It is capable of operating independently.
What happens when cortisol is released into the bloodstream?
It mobilizes energy reserves and suppress the immune system
How does myelin helps increase conduction velocity?
It provides electrical insulation
How does myelin help increase conduction velocity?
It provides electrical insulation.
If a rat had a lesioned striatum, what would you expect from its performance on radial arm maze tasks?
It would do well on the WIN-SHIFT task, it would do poorly on the WIN-STAY task
Which of the following are cations? K+, Na++, Ca++, Cl-?
K+, Na++, Ca++
What is the function of gamma motor neurons?
Keep la axons active during muscle contraction.
The protein that helps anterograde transport move materials from the soma to the terminal
Kinesin
_______ mice are genetically engineered where a native gene is replaced with a modified version
Knock-in
______ mice are genetically engineered mice where one gene has been deleted
Knockout
______ ion channels are "unlocked" with a particular shape of molecule, like a lock and key.
Ligand gated
___________ cells secrete hormones into posterior pituitary, and _______ cells secrete hormones into the anterior pituitary.
Magnocellular neurosecretory, parvocellular
Ion channels that are physically pulled open.
Mechanoreceptors
Acetylcholine is suspected to activate which system?
Memory formation / general excitability
Part of the cytoskeleton about the same thickness as the cell membrane and are found throughout the neuron (but especially in the neurites) and are made of two thin strands of actin.
Microfilaments
Glia that remove debris and dead cells
Microglia
_________ are part of the cytoskeleton that is relatively large, runs longitudinally down neurites and consists of tubulins stuck together like pearls on a string
Microtubules
Mesencephalon is the _______.
Midbrain
Responsible for cellular respiration
Mitochondria
What are second messengers?
Molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol.
Which of the following describes the function and location of Golgi tendon organs?
Monitor muscle tension, situated in series with muscle fibers.
Typographical errors where a single protein is abnormal or missing
Mutations
What are hippocampal place cells?
Neurons that fire when the animal is in a specific location
As determined by physiological recordings in awake behaving animals, what kind of stimuli are most likely to activate the Locus Coeruleus neurons?
New, unexpected, non-painful stimuli
Which kind of learning involves a change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus?
Nonassociative learning
Locus Coeruleus is associated with which neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
What is the difference between ON-center ganglion cells and OFF-center ganglion cells?
ON-center ganglion cells receive input from ON bipolar cells, whereas OFF-center ganglion cells receive input from OFF bipolar cells.
Glia that wrap myelin around the axon
Oligodendrocytes
What is a motor unit?
One alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
Membrane enclosed structures
Organelles
The ______ is because of the relative permeability of the membrane greatly favors sodium, the membrane potential goes to a value close to the equilibrium potential of Na+ which is greater than 0mV
Overshoot
Which hormone(s) are released by the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Which of the following brain regions are important for declarative memory consolidation?
Parahippocampal cortex, rhinal cortex and hippocampus
Which of the following brain regions are important for declarative memory consolidation?
Parahippocampal cortex, rhinal cortex, and hippocampus
__________ nervous system activity causes a decrease in heart rate.
Parasympathetic
__________ nervous system activity causes an increase in intestinal motility and digestion, while _________ would cause these digestive systems to slow down
Parasympathetic, Sympathetic
Preganglionic axons that emerge from the brain stem connect to the __________ , axons that emerge from the middle (thoracic and lumbar) of the spinal cord connect to the ___________ , and axons that emerge from the lower (sacral) parts of the spinal cord connect to ____________.
Parasympathetic, sympathetic, parasympathetic
What evidence indicates that the striatum participates in procedural memory in humans?
Patients with Parkinson's show procedural memory deficits
_______ connect amino acids into a chain
Peptide bonds
Bilateral temporal lobectomy such as that sustained by H.M. is characterized by which of the following?
Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory
What is meant by the "inverted eye"?
Photoreceptors are at the very back of the eyeball.
The symbol used to indicate the relative permeability of potassium
Pk
Proteins made of a single chain of amino acids
Polypeptides
The hindbrain develops into the ______, _______, and ________.
Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla
K+
Potassium
Which type of memory is used for skills, habits and behaviors?
Procedural Memory (a category of nondeclarative memory, aka implicit memory)
How does the sodium-potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential?
Pumps potassium ions in and sodium ions out
Mitochondria "inhale"
Pyruvic acid
A variable set of structures that contribute to the differences in amino acids
R Group
The properties of _______ determine the differences between amino acids
R groups
What process affects antagonistic muscles when the elbows are flexed?
Reciprocal Inhibition
The delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) task is a test of what type of memory?
Recognition memory
The _________ is when the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized until the voltage-gated potassium channels close. Therefore, more depolarizing current is required to bring the membrane potential to threshold.
Relative Refractory Period
When a patient cannot remember events that occured prior to a trauma, what kind of amnesia is he suffering from?
Retrograde amnesia
Dopamine is suspected to activate which system?
Reward signaling
Responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
The ______ is when the inside of the membrane has a negative electrical potential, there is a large driving force on Na+. Therefore, Na+ rushes into the cell through the open sodium channels, causing the membrane to rapidly depolarize.
Rising Phase
__________ are molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol.
Second messengers
Determines the equilibrium potential for an ion (other than concentration gradient)
Selective ionic permeability
Raphe Nuclei is associated with which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
What type of memory deficit occured in patient H.M. after the medial temporal lobe was removed from both hemispheres?
Severe Anterograde amnesia
____________ are small changes in DNA analogous to misspelling a word
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
Responsible for folding proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following are the targets of the ANS?
Smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
Serotonin is suspected to activate which system?
Social reward / mood
Na++
Sodium
Feeling and control of your skin and arm/leg muscles is handled by your _______ while feeling and control of your heart and intestines is handled by your __________.
Somatic PNS, Visceral PNS
How does the locus coeruleus (LC) make the neurons of the cerebral cortex more responsive to salient sensory stimuli?
Speeding information processing by the point-to-point sensory and motor systems and making them more efficient
The majority of dopamine receptors are located in which brain structure?
Striatum
Which nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for you feeling jet-lagged after traveling to a far-away time zone?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
__________ nervous system activity causes an increase in heart rate.
Sympathetic
A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron.
Synaptic integration
Tract, Bundle, & Commissure
Terms that refer to collections of axons
Sends sensory information to the cortex
Thalamus
What distinguishes the ANS from the somatic motor system?
The ANS balances synaptic excitation and inhibition.
Which of the following tasks is used to test working memory in prefrontal cortex in humans?
The Wisonsin card-sorting test
The interface between brain & body
The hypothalamus
The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is about -65mV. What does this mean about the relative charge of the inside & outside of a cell?
The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside
What is Hebb's cell assembly theory?
The internal representation of an object consists of all the cortical cells that are activated by the external stimulus.
Determines the ion selectivity of specific ion channels
The nature of R groups lining the ion channel
What is meant by the term duplex retina?
The retina is capable of both scotopic and photopic vision.
What do we mean by the somatic motor system?
The skeletal muscles and the parts of the nervous system that control them.
What is the absolute refractory period?
The time period of about 1 msec after an action potential before another one can be initiated.
Where are the motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles located?
The ventral horn of the spinal cord.
When sodium selective ion channels embedded in a cell membrane open, what happens to sodium ions?
They are attracted to the inside of the cell because of a concentration gradient & they are attracted to the inside of a cell because of an electrical charge
Why are lower motor neurons called the "final common pathway" for behavior control?
They directly command muscle contraction.
Why are flexors and extensors antagonists?
They pull on the joint in opposite directions.
The ______ is the membrane potential at which enough voltage-gated sodium channels open so that the relative ionic permeability of the membrane favors sodium over potassium.
Threshold
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
To release stored calcium ions into the muscle fiber.
______ occurs in the nucleus of a cell where ______ occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Transcription, translation
_______ mice are genetically engineered to have genes that have been introduced or overexpressed
Transgenic
"Color matching" experiments in psychology showed that a combination of 3 different lights were always able to be combined to match a "target color". (T/F)
True
A rat with bilateral hippocampal lesions will have difficulty remembering the location of a hidden platform in a Morris water maze & avoid going down the same arms in a radial arm maze more than once.
True
Axon terminals can contain both synaptic vesicles and secretory granules (T/F)
True
Axon terminals contain mitochondria (T/F)
True
DNA never leaves the nucleus of the cell (T/F)
True
Different parts of the neocortex have distinct cryoarchitechture (arrangements of cells within tissue) (T/F)
True
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is an imaging technique that uses MRI (T/F)
True
Grillner and his colleagues showed that the activation of NMDA receptors on the spinal interneurons is sufficient to generate alternating rhythmic activity in the lamprey spinal cord (T/F)
True
Human eyeballs have more rods than cones (T/F)
True
Human eyes have far more Parvocellular (P-type) cell than Magnocellular (M-type) ganglion cells (T/F)
True
It is impossible for a neuron to fire an action potential during the absolute refractory period. (T/F)
True
It is possible for ions to interact electrostatically with ions that are on the opposite side of the cell membrane (T/F)
True
It is possible to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion if the concentration difference across the membrane is known. (T/F)
True
Our color vision is due to the ratios of response of three different types of cone cell (T/F)
True
Parvocellular (P-type) cell and Magnocellular (M-type) ganglion cells send signals along separate pathways (T/F)
True
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans allow observation of patterns of current brain activity not just anatomy (T/F)
True
Rods are able to respond to lower light levels than cones (T/F)
True
Rods are able to respond to lower light levels than cones. (T/F)
True
Rods are bigger than cones (T/F)
True
Sodium ion channels, once opened, cannot be re-opened until the membrane potential returns to a negative value (T/F)
True
Sodium ion channels, once opened, cannot be re-opened until the membrane potential returns to a negative value. (T/F)
True
Some potassium (K+) ions enter through sodium ion channels. (T/F)
True
Synapses at neuromuscular junctions are more reliable than those in the CNS
True
Synapses at neuromuscular junctions are more reliable than those in the CNS (T/F)
True
The Autonomic Nervous System (the ANS) is the same thing as the Visceral PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) (T/F)
True
The cell bodies of autonomic lower motor neurons lie outside the central nervous system (T/F)
True
The majority of synapses in the human brain are chemical, not electric. (True/False)
True
The neocortex is only found in humans (T/F)
True
The olfactory bulb is proportionally larger in rats than is humans (T/F)
True
The same neurotransmitter does not always have the same effect (excitatory or inhibitory) on post-synaptic cells.
True
There is no rough endoplasmic reticulum in axons (T/F)
True
Vesicles are sometimes released even if there was not an action potential that triggered their release. (T/F)
True
Sarah loves pizza. When Sarah opens the pizza box and she sees & smells the food, she drools with anticipation. She orders a lot of pizza from her local restaurant and whenever it is delivered, the delivery person rings her doorbell. This happens so often that she starts to drool whenever she hears her doorbell. Match the following terms from classical conditioning to features in this example:
Unconditioned stimulus (pizza) Conditioned stimulus (the sound of the doorbell (auditory stimulus)) Conditioned response (drooling in response to the doorbell)
In the _______ the voltage-gated K+ channels add to the resting potassium membrane permeability. Because there is very low sodium permeability, the membrane potential goes toward the equilibrium potential for K+ causing a hyperpolarization relative to the resting membrane potential until the voltage-gated potassium channels close again.
Undershoot,
Which source of input to the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord is responsible for the initiation and control of voluntary movements?
Upper motor neurons in motor cortex and brain stems.
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) is produced by the _________.
Ventricles
The fluid-filled chambers in the brain that suggested to ancient peoples that the brain functioned primarily as some kind of fluid pump
Ventricles
_______ ion channels open & close in response to the membrane potential in which they are embedded.
Voltage gated
Which of the following channels in the active zones of the axon terminal open when the membrane depolarizes and causes the release of synaptic vesicles?
Voltage-gated calcium channels
Which of the following channels in the active zones of the axon terminal open when the membrane depolarizes and causes the release of synaptic vesicles?
Voltage-gated calcium channels.
What role do voltage-gated potassium channels play in the action potential?
Voltage-gated potassium channels restore negative membrane potential after the spike.
What role to voltage-gated potassium channels play in the action potential?
Voltage-gated potassium channels restore negative membrane potential after the spike.
_________ last a few seconds _________ lasts a few hours __________ last days, months or years
Working memory, Short-term memory, Long-term memory
What is the node of ranvier?
a region where axonal membrane is exposed
What is an oscilloscope and how is it used to study neuronal activity?
a sophisticated voltmeter that displays electrical signals in graphical form
Neurotransmitters that are amines:
acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin.
The following neurotransmitters are amines:
acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin.
Spinal nerves carry _______ information from the body to the brain through the ______ of the spinal cord and carry _______ information from the brain to the body through the ______
afferent, Dorsal Root, efferent, Ventral Root
Axons separate from the soma of a cell at the _________ and extend for some length before ending at the _________. Occasionally, axons branch in what is known as an _________.
axon hillock, axon terminal. axon collateral
Neurons typically have one _____ but many ______.
axon, dendrites
Nissl stain changes the color of _______ while Golgi stain changes the color of _________.
cell bodies, entire neurons
In electrical synapses, the membrane of two cells are connected by specialized channels. The smallest part of these channels is _________, six of which combine to form a ___________ and two of these (one from each cell) combine to form a _____________.
connexin, connexon, gap junction.
The _________ is a structure consisting of white matter which connects the two hemispheres
corpus callosum
The following are important function of ________________: - Helping coordinate neighboring cells in early brain development - Connecting sensory and motor neurons in invertebrate species to help with a fast escape reflex - Helping synchronize the activity of different neurons (such as those in the inferior olive)
electrical synapses
If a signal from a pre-synaptic element bring the membrane potential closer to the threshold for firing an action potential, the signal is said to be ______.
excitatory
If a signal from a pre-synaptic element brings the membrane potential closer to the threshold for firing an action potential, the signal is said to be ________
excitatory
The symbol used to indicate the conductance of potassium
gk
In _____________, you gradually learn to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning, like the sound of your air conditioning turning on or off. In ____________ a strong stimulus (like a sudden loud noise from outside) causes you to respond more to all subsequent stimuli (noticing the small noises of your apartment's plumbing,
habituation, sensitization
The amount of oxytocin present in the brain has been shown to
increase affiliation & social bonding
Your right eye and right ear are ______
ipsilateral
How is the patch-clamp method used to understand ion channels?
it allows a study of the ionic currents passing through individual ion channels.
Your eyes are ______ to your ears, but _____ to your nose.
medial, lateral
The hippocampus is associated with:
memory consolidation, spatial memory, storage of memories
Neurofilaments
part of the cytoskeleton that consist of multiple subunits that are wound together into a rope-like structure, making them mechanically very strong.
The __________ releases hormones directly into the bloodstream, while the ________ acts indirectly.
posterior pituitary, anterior pituitary
The equilibrium potential of ______ is closest to the resting potential of neurons.
potassium
The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain the resting membrane potential by ________.
pumping potassium ions in and sodium ions out.
An action potential starts with the cell at resting potential, then the _______, then the ______ then the _______ then the ________ before it returns again to the resting potential.
rising phase, overshoot, falling phase, undershoot
The most important function of __________ is the site of protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum
The pontomesencephalotegmental complex and The basal nucleus of meynert are associated with which system?
the Acetylcholine system
Dynein
the protein that provide "legs" for retrograde transport
Absorption
the transfer of light energy to a particle or surface.
G-protien-coupled receptors are referred to as a metabotropic receptors because . . .
they can trigger widespread metabolic effects
G-protien-coupled receptors are referred to as a metabotropic receptors b/c they can _______.
trigger widespread metabolic effects
Neurotransmitters fall into three classes. Amino acids are packaged in _____. Amines are packages in _______. Peptides are packaged in _______.
vesicles, vesicles, secretory granules
Neurotransmitters fall into three classes. Amino acids are packaged in ________. Amines are packages in _________. Peptides are packaged in ___________.
vesicles, vesicles, secretory granules.