Neuro -class review quesitons

You are evaluating the hearing for a client who has unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in her left ear only. Which of the following areas could possibly be damaged in such a unilateral hearing loss? [Check all that apply.]

-hair cells in the left cochlea -left CN VIII -cochlear nuclei in the left brainstem

-brain stem -cerebellum -inferior surface of frontal lobes -anterior temporal poles&medila /inferior temporal lobes -olfactory fibers and CNI

-posterior fossa -posterior fossa -anterior fossa -middle fossa -anterior fossa

CN I CN II CNV CNVII CNIX CNX

-smell -sight -somatosensory -somatosensation from the face and anterior tongue -taste from anterior tongue -somatosensation &taste fromthe posterior tongue and velum -somatosensation from the pharynxs and larynx

How many pair of cranial nerves enter/exit through foramina in the bones of the skull?

12

How many thoracic spinal nerves are in the human body?

12 pairs

How many total pairs of spinal nerves are in the human body?

31 pairs

How many cervical spinal nerve pairs do we have in the human body?

8

Match each description of a neurological disorder below with the best corresponding category of neurological disorder to which it belongs.

A condition that leads to swelling from infections of the brain, such as encephalitis or meningitis → inflammatory disease, A disease that affects the white matter, such as Multiple Sclerosis → demyelinating disease, A progressive condition where parts of the brain are gradually destroyed, such as Alzheimer's disease → degenerative disease, A disease that affects the control centers for movement, such as Parkinson's disease → movement disorder

Match each letter in the image below with the best corresponding label for the four major primary cortical areas.

A → Primary Motor Cortex, B → Primary Somatosensory Cortex, C → Primary Auditory Cortex, D → Primary Visual Cortex

Match each letter from the image below with the best corresponding name for the corresponding sulcus or landmark.

A → central sulcus, B → parieto-occipital sulcus, C → lateral sulcus, D → pre-occipital notch

Match each letter in the image below with the best corresponding label for landmarks on the anterior brainstem:

A → cerebral peduncles, B → medullary decussation

Match each letter in the image below with the best corresponding label to indicate the appropriate region of the spinal column and spinal nerves:

A → cervical, B → thoracic, C → lumbar, D → sacral

Match each letter indicated in the image below with the best label for these basal ganglia and subcortical structures:

A → corpus callosum (white matter), B → caudate nucleus (head/body), C → lateral ventricle (body), D → septum pellucidum, E → internal capsule (white matter), F → putamen, G → globus pallidus (external), H → globus pallidus (internal), I → thalamus, J → caudate nucleus (tail), K → lateral ventricle (inferior horns), L → third ventricle

Match each letter in the image below with its best corresponding label for the spinal cord landmark.

A → dorsal horn, B → ventral horn, C → afferent fibers, D → efferent fibers, E → dorsal root ganglion, F → spinal nerve

Match each letter shown on the lateral view of the brain below with the best corresponding functional cortex area label:

A → dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, B → Broca's area, C → primary motor cortex, D → primary auditory cortex, E → primary somatosensory cortex, F → Wernicke's area, G → supramarginal gyrus

Match each letter shown on the image below with the best corresponding label for the cranial bones:

A → frontal bone, B → ethmoid bone, C → sphenoid bone, D → temporal bones, E → occipital bone

Match each letter to the name of the corresponding cerebral lobe:

A → frontal, B → limbic (cingulate), C → parietal, D → occipital, E → temporal

Match each letter from the image below with its best corresponding label.

A → internal capsule, B → basal ganglia, C → thalamus

Match each letter in the image below with the best corresponding label for landmarks of the CNS:

A → midbrain tegmentum, B → midbrain tectum, C → pons, D → medulla, E → cerebellum

Match each letter in the image below with the best corresponding label for landmarks of the posterior brainstem:

A → pineal gland, B → superior colliculi, C → inferior colliculi, D → cerebellar peduncles

Match each letter below with its best corresponding label for parts of the Vagus nerve:

A → root of CN X, B → pharyngeal branch, C → superior laryngeal branch, D → recurrent laryngeal branch

Match each letter shown on the inferior view of the brain below with the best corresponding functional cortex area label:

A → ventromedial prefrontal cortex, B → inferior temporal gyrus, C → fusiform gyrus, D → parahippocampal gyrus, E → primary olfactory cortex

Match each letter on the image below with the best corresponding anatomical label:

A → vermis, B → dentate nuclei, C → cerebellar white matter, D → cerebellar cortex, E → cerebrum

Which cortical area is represented as Broadmann area 41?

A1

abel each part of the basal ganglia indicated in the parasagittal slice shown below:

A: Caudate nucleus B: Putamne A+B: striatum C: globus pallidus B+C: lentiform nucleus

this area helps with subvocal rehearsal for silent reading → A, this area helps with visual recognition for sight reading and linking printed letters with their corresponding sounds → C, this area helps with phonological decoding for sounding out words when reading → B

A= where yellow, purple and blue meet B= corner of blue above purple adn pink C= bottom of pink

medial parts of the parietal lobes inferior and medial parts of the frontal lobes

ACA

Which of the following arteries are part of the "anterior circulation" of blood supplied to the brain from the two internal carotid arteries? [Check all that apply.]

ACA, MCA

Match each letter on the image below to the best corresponding label for language areas in the dominant (left) hemisphere shown below.

Blue=brocas area yellow= supramarginal gyrus green= wernickes area Orange= angular gyrus

Which area of the cortex is important for expressive language and grammar (syntax)?

Broca's area

Where will you find the dens process (sometimes also called the "odontoid" process)?

C2

Which of the following CN carry incoming afferent information about smell?

CN I

Match each cranial nerve number with its corresponding name.

CN I → Olfactory, CN II → Optic, CN V → Trigeminal, CN VII → Facial, CN VIII → Vestibulocochlear, CN IX → Glossopharyngeal, CN X → Vagus, CN XI → Accessory, CN XII → Hypoglossal

Match each cranial nerve with its corresponding sensory function.

CN I → smell, CN II → sight, CN V → somatosensation from the face & anterior tongue, CN VII → taste from the anterior tongue, CN IX → somatosensation & taste from posterior tongue and velum, CN X → somatosensation from the pharynx & larynx

Which cranial nerves have their motor centers in and emerge from the medulla? [Check all that apply.]

CN IX, CN X, CN XII, CN XI

Which nerve innervates the motor muscle fibers involved in mastication?

CN V

Match each cranial nerve with the corresponding muscle group(s) it innervates.

CN V → muscles of jaw closure, CN VII → muscles of the face, CN X (pharyngeal branch) → muscles of the pharynx & velum, CN X (superior laryngeal branch) → cricothyroid m., CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch) → intrinsic muscles of the larynx, CN XII → muscles of the tongue

Which cranial nerves have their motor centers in and emerge from the pons? [Check all that apply.]

CN V, CN VII

Which of the following CN carry incoming afferent information about touch somatosensation? [Check all that apply.]

CN V, IX, X

Which cranial nerve brings in sensory information about taste from the anterior tongue and supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the face?

CN VII

Which of the following will you find entering/exiting the skull through the internal auditory meatus? [Check all that apply.]

CN VII, CN VIII

Which of the following CN carry incoming afferent information about taste? [Check all that apply.]

CN VII,IX,X

Which cranial nerve carries important afferent information from the cochlea, through the temporal bone, and into the brainstem?

CN VIII

Which cranial nerve carries the afferent signals for hearing and balance into the CNS?

CN VIII

Which nerve innervates the motor muscle fibers involved in velar closure and laryngeal closure?

CN X

Which of the following CN carries outgoing efferent information for moving the tongue?

CN XII

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT have a sensory component?

CN XII

Match each description of information flow with the best corresponding cerebellar peduncle.

Contains afferent information coming in from the brainstem. → middle cerebellar peduncle, Contains afferent information coming in from the spinal cord. → inferior cerebellar peduncle, Contains most of the outputs from the cerebellum to the cerebrum. → superior cerebellar peduncle

Describe how sensorineural hearing loss could present differently if there is a lesion to: a) CN VIII, b) the brainstem, or c) the cerebral cortex.

Damage to the brainstem could result in a vertigo-like feeling. Damage to the CN VIII could result in each processing the sounds, but not making it to the brain as the nerve would not transmit the signals. Damage to the cerebral cortex would cause an inability to process the information that the ears pick up.

A neuron can "fire" with various levels of strength along a gradation from "weak" to "strong" firing.

False

A primary cortical area has connections with many different parts of the brain to process a variety of types of information.

False

Incoming afferent information arrives into the ventral part of the spinal cord.

False

The lateral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

False

The left Vagus nerve innervates the muscles on the right side of the pharynx and larynx.

False

Both spastic dysarthria and flaccid dysarthria are characterized by weakness, due to damage to motor execution systems. What would help you distinguish between the two motor speech disorders?

Flaccid dysarthria is due to lower motor neurons being damaged. This would cause the speech to be breathy and have nasally sounds. Spastic Dysarthria is from damage to the upper motor neurons, which causes the speech to be weak, slow, and strained (tight).

Which of the following neurotransmitters help regulate your sleep-wake cycles (aka Circadian rhythms)? [Check all that apply.]

GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin

Which neurological disorder results from damage to Schwann cells, resulting in scarring of the myelin on the peripheral nerves with rapid paresis/paralysis of the body including respiratory muscles?

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Which of the following neurological areas is NOT directly connected to the vestibular system?

Heschl's gyrus

Which part of the brain allows you to consciously perceive and discriminate sounds?

Heschl's gyrus

Which disorder of the basal ganglia results in symptoms of excess, involuntary movements, clumsiness, and dementia?

Huntingtons Disease

A stroke to which artery might result in aphasia, apraxia of speech, and right-sided paralysis and sensory loss?

L MCA

Which brainstem disorder would leave a person "trapped" with complete body paralysis (except for eye movements) because of a lesion high in the pons?

Locked-In Syndrome

Lateral parts of the parietal lobes lateral parts of the temporal lobes lateral parts of the frontal lobes

MCA

Which of the following conditions could lead to hearing loss when there is a build-up of fluid in the cochlea?

Meniere's disease

Which of the following neurological disorders/diseases would be classified as a demyelinating disease of the CNS?

Multiple Sclerosis

Which neurodegenerative disease is characterized by progressive deterioration of the myelin and white matter axons of both the upper motor neurons and cerebellar circuit systems?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Which cranial nerve does not connect through the thalamus or brainstem as it brings sensory information in from the PNS, directly into the cortex?

Olfactory

inferior and medial parts of the temporal lobes

PCA

Which of the following arteries are part of the "posterior circulation" of blood supplied to the brain from the two vertebral arteries? [Check all that apply.]

PCA, SCA, AICA, PICA, basilar

Which disorder of the basal ganglia results in symptoms of resting tremor, reduced movement, and rigidity?

Parkinson's disease

Which of the following conditions would you expect from a disease that causes progressive deterioration to the substantial nigra in the basal ganglia, thus affecting the "direct pathway" through the basal ganglia?

Parkinson's disease

A → anterior horn of lateral ventricle, B → interthalamic adhesion, C → pituitary gland, D → third ventricle, E → cerebral aqueduct, F → pineal gland, G → inferior horn of lateral ventricle, H → fourth ventricle, I → fornix, J → body of lateral ventricle, K → posterior horn of lateral ventricle

Please match the letters on the image below with the best corresponding anatomical labels for structures of the ventricles and related subcortical landmarks:

Which densely branched cells of the cerebellar cortex are specialized for integrating afferent inputs for coordinated movements?

Purkinje cells

Which cell of the PNS produces myelin to insulate the axons of nerves, with a ratio of 1 cell to 1 myelin sheath?

Schwann cells

How could you distinguish between the speech of someone with MS or ALS? (In other words, what would be some distinguishing, non-overlapping, speech symptoms?) Answer text

Someone with ALS would have trouble with muscle weakness. This would lead to respiratory, phonatory, respiratory, and articulatory trouble. The process of producing a speech would be difficult. A person with MS would have difficulty such as slurred speech and incoordination because the myline sheath in their speech control centers would be damaged. This would cause incoordination. While the articulation of a person with ALS may be correct but hard to understand because the muscles would not allow for full movement, a person with MS would have incorrect articulation.

Describe three differences that will help distinguish fluent (posterior) from non-fluent (anterior) aphasias.

Someone with fluent aphasia will have "normal" sentence length, but what they are saying would not make sense. They would also have comprehension troubles. A person with no fluent aphasia would have shorter sentences, but they would be using the correct words, and therefore would be making sense. They would also have better comprehension typically.

Which type of ischemic CVA causes temporary blockage or restriction of blood flow to the brain, but with complete resolution of symptoms within 24 hours?

TIA

When a neuron is "polarized" and in a state of rest, what can we say about the resting electrical potential of the inside of the neuron?

The inside charge of the neuron is about -70mV.

When a neuron needs to "re-load" (repolarize) after an action potential, how does the cell get sodium ions back to the outside of the cell membrane?

The sodium-potassium pumps require energy to actively transport sodium back out of the cell.

Which of the following best describes the chemical gradient of the polarized ("loaded") neuron?

There is a higher concentration of sodium (Na+) outside of the cell.

The left Trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles of jaw closure on the left side of the jaw.

True

the central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

True

Which area of the cortex is important for receptive language and vocabulary/meaning (semantics)?

Wernicke's area

Match each description below to the best corresponding term.

a cluster of myelinated axons (white matter) located in the PNS → nerve, a cluster of myelinated axons (white matter) located in the CNS → tract, a cluster of cell bodies (grey matter) located in the PNS → ganglion, a cluster of cell bodies (grey matter) located in the CNS → nucleus

About how long should it take to move a bolus through the pharynx, during the pharyngeal transit stage of the swallow?

about 1 second

About how long should it take to move a bolus through the esophagus (from the UES to the stomach), during the esophageal transit stage of the swallow?

about 8-20 seconds

Which of the following symptoms might you expect for a patient who had a basilar artery CVA?

absent pharyngeal swallow

Which neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junction and causes muscle contractions?

acetylcholine

Which of the following best describes a bottom-up pathway in the nervous system, such as the connections from the spinal cord to the thalamus to bring in sensory signals?

afferent communication

Which neurological disorder results from damage to motor neurons (upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons), resulting in progressive loss of these neurons and progressive weakness?

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Which small artery connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries to form the anterior portion of the Circle of Willis?

anterior communicating artery

Which part of the cortex contains motor programs for the mouth and face related to emotion and swallowing, and some language functions related to lexical decisions (semantic judgment)?

anterior insula

Where will you find the primary motor cortex?

anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobes

Match each orientation term below with its opposite term.

anterior → posterior, dorsal → ventral, rostral → caudal, inferior → superior, superficial → deep

Which subcortical white matter tract connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas?

arcuate fasciculus

What is the threshold value for most neuron cells to activate the all-or-nothing action potential?

around -55 mV

A patient has damage to the Vagus nerve, which limits her ability to close her larynx during the swallow. What do we call it when part of the bolus enters the airway (which is abnormal)?

aspiration

Which cell of the CNS provides structure, creates our blood-brain barrier, and helps to fill in areas after damage?

astrocytes

Which of the following glial cells would you find in the central nervous system? [Check all that apply.]

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Which term below best describes the overall uncoordinated, clumsy movements of someone with damage to the cerebellum?

ataxia

Which of the following motor speech disorders would you expect for someone with a stroke to the superior cerebellar artery?

ataxic dysarthria

What is the special name for the first cervical vertebra (C1), which connects to the occipital bone of the cranium?

atlas

Which of the following would you expect to observe with damage to CN XII?

atrophy of the muscles of the tongue, fasciculations in the tongue, reduced movement of the tongue

Which of the following conditions could lead to hearing loss characterized by the ability to understand what you hear, but having troubles with remembering what you hear, increased processing time for auditory information, syllable sequence confusion, and trouble listening in noise?

auditory processing disorder

Which projection from a neuron cell sends information away from the cell?

axon

Which part of the neuron is indicated in the image below?

axon hillock

Hypokinetic Dysarthria

basal ganglia (direct pathway)

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

basal ganglia (indirect pathway)

Which artery is located along the ventral surface of the pons?

basilar a.

What happens to the brainstem after it passes inferiorly through foramen magnum?

becomes the spinal cord

Which term below refers to something that is found on both sides of the body?

bilateral

What do we call the food/liquid "ball" that is created in the mouth as you organize the food or liquid to prepare to swallow?

bolus

action potential impulses are organized, identified, and decoded to allow you to understand what you heard

brain stage

Which term below refers to the brainstem?

bulbar

Which word best completes this statement to describe the image below? The cerebellum is located ___ to the cerebrum.

caudal

Match each function with the best corresponding neurotransmitter.

causes muscles to contract in the PNS → ACh, major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS that helps with neuroplasticity and learning → glutamate, supports movement and regulates the reward pathway → dopamine, major inhibitory function of the CNS & helps regulate sleep-wake cycles → GABA

Which aspect of the neurological speech motor system helps to gauge the appropriate "size" of movement based on incoming sensory feedback (sensory-motor coordination)?

cerebellar circuit

ataxia dysarthria

cerebellar circuit

Which brain structure will you find inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem?

cerebellum

Which "tube" connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle as it travels through the midbrain?

cerebral aqueduct

An injury to which level of the spinal cord would result in the most severe spinal cord injury?

cervical

The phrenic nerve is the spinal nerve that innervates the diaphragm muscle. Where does the phrenic nerve connect to the spinal cord?

cervical segment 3-5

Where is CSF "created" as this clear liquid is filtered from blood?

choroid plexus within each of the 4 cerebral ventricles

Which cortical gyrus is located superior to the corpus callosum, along the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

cingulate gyrus

Which auditory brain area receives ipsilateral auditory input from one ear about frequency and intensity of sounds?

cochlear nucleus

Match each description below to the best corresponding "part of the nervous system."

contains the brain and spinal cord, encased within the bones of the skull and vertebral bones → CNS, contains both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems for automatic, involuntary body regulation → ANS, consists of 12 pair of cranial nerves and 31 pair of spinal nerves → PNS

Match each description below to the best matching "part of a neuron."

contains the cell nucleus and organelles for cellular regulation → soma, the single output from a neuron cell → axon, receives inputs coming into a neuron cell → dendrites

Which of the following would you expect to see on a fetal ultrasound during the third trimester?

coordinated sucking on fingers/hands

Which major white matter tract connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?

corpus callosum

Which neurological motor system consists of the large pyramidal cells of M1 that have axons projecting down through the corona radiata and internal capsule, ending at their synapses to the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem?

corticobulbar tracts of the upper motor neuron system

Which of the following is NOT considered to be part of the "brain" in the CNS?

cranial nerves

How can you describe the location of the highlighted subcortical grey matter? We should say that these subcortical grey matter areas are _____ to the cortex.

deep

Describe the common symptoms/problems associated with deep alexia and deep agraphia.

deep alexia would have symptoms such as not being able to recognize words correctly. For example, they could confuse the word school for the word desk. Deep agraphia has more to do with writing and spelling. With this, a patient would spell words incorrectly. They would have more trouble with homophobes, such as spelling and differentiating between words like through and threw.

Which part of a neuron receives input from other cells?

dendrites

Which subcortical nuclei of the cerebellum assist with sensory-motor coordination for speech and swallowing through their connections with the lateral posterior cerebellar cortex?

dentate nuclei

A presynaptic neuron releases glutamate at a synapse. The post-synaptic neuron cell membrane has a receptor that binds the glutamate. What will happen to the post-synaptic neuron now?

depolarize (action potential)

Asking a patient to do a rapid, repetitive task like tapping their finger or rapidly saying "puh-puh-puh" would be a way to assess which of the following?

diadochokinesis

What are we testing if we ask a patient to rapidly repeat the syllable "puh-puh-puh..." as quickly and evenly as they can?

diadochokinesis (DDK)

Which part of the "brain," shown in yellow on the image below, contains both the thalamus and hypothalamus?

diencephalon

What would you expect to observe if you know a patient has unilateral damage to their lateral corticospinal tract white matter in the lumbar region?

difficulty moving one leg

Let's say a small area of thalamic nuclei was damaged from a small stroke. Match each description of symptoms with the best corresponding area of the thalamus that would have been affected.

difficulty with vision → lateral geniculate nucleus, amnesia (difficulty learning new information), personality changes (difficulty regulating emotions), and difficulties organizing thoughts → medial thalamic nuclei, paresis, paresthesias, and pain regulation difficulties → lateral thalamic nuclei, difficulty with hearing → medial geniculate nucleus

Let's say a small area of thalamic nuclei was damaged from a small stroke. Match each description of symptoms with the best corresponding area of the thalamus that would have been affected.

difficulty with vision → lateral geniculate nucleus, paresis, paresthesias, and pain regulation difficulties → lateral thalamic nuclei, difficulty with hearing → medial geniculate nucleus, amnesia (difficulty learning new information), personality changes (difficulty regulating emotions), and difficulties organizing thoughts → medial thalamic nuclei

Which word below best completes this statement to describe the image below? The cerebrum is located ____ to the diencephalon.

dorsal

In the spinal nerves of the PNS, where will you find the grey matter (cell bodies) for sensory (afferent) neurons?

dorsal root ganglion

Where will you find the cell bodies (grey matter) of afferent neuron cells for a spinal nerve?

dorsal root ganglion

Which part of the frontal lobes allow us to initiate behaviors, and helps with motivation/drive?

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

What happens to the "used" CSF and deoxygenated blood that collects in the superior sagittal sinus (vein)?

drains out of the skull, through the jugular veins, to the right side of the heart

Which of the following symptoms might you expect with damage to the Facial nerve?

drooling

What is the outermost layer of the meninges, providing structure and protection to the soft brain and spinal cord?

dura mater

People with ataxia demonstrate difficulty with judging movement and distance, tending to over-shoot or under-shoot how far they need to move to reach for a target. What do we call this condition?

dysmetria

Which term refers to a swallowing disorder?

dysphagia

Match each definition below with its best corresponding term

efers to the actual "substance" of the brain → parenchyma, means that fibers "cross over" from one side of the body to the other → decussate, the study of the structures of the brain → neuroanatomy, the study of the functions of different parts of the brain → neurophysiology, the study of diseases/disorders of the brain → neuropathology

Which of the following best describes a top-down pathway in the brain, such as the connections from the cortex to the brainstem to control motor movements?

efferent communication

Which type of stroke is caused by a traveling clot that starts somewhere else in the body (e.g., build-up of plaque in the aorta) and lodges itself in a blood vessel of the brain?

embolic CVA

Which of the following congenital neurological conditions results in the posterior part of the brain being located outside of the skull?

encephalocele

Which cell separates the CSF inside the cerebral ventricles from the brain parenchyma?

ependymal cells

Which specialized glial cells line the cerebral ventricles, contribute to the choroid plexus, and contain cilia projections to keep CSF moving throughout the ventricles?

ependymal cells

You are working with a person who presents with hypernasal speech and a breathy voice, but who has good strength and movement for muscles associated with articulation and respiration. When you look in the patient's mouth, you see reduced movement of the soft palate. Which of the following speech disorders is most likely?

flaccid dysarthria (damage to CN X)

Which language disorder is characterized by sentences of about 8 words/phrase, normal prosody, normal speech rate, but relatively poor comprehension and meaning of content?

fluent aphasia

Which of the following developmental milestones of nervous system development occurs first?

formation and closure of the neural tube

Which part of the ventricular system is located between the brainstem and the cerebellum?

fourth ventricle

Which type of "slice" through the brain would result in the image below? [Check all that apply.]

frontal, coronal

In the WHO-ICF model, which of the following terms refers to changes in body structure of function, such as deafness?

function barrier

Which portion of the internal capsule contains the descending motor fibers controlling head, neck, and muscles associated with speech and swallowing?

genu of the internal capsule

You are referred to work with a patient who presents with weakness in the left side of her face and tongue, has slurred speech, and mild swallowing problems for chewing and controlling more difficult foods. You know from a review of her medical report that there was a small subcortical stroke.

genu of the internal capsule in the right hemisphere

You are referred to work with a patient who presents with weakness in the left side of her face and tongue, has slurred speech, and mild swallowing problems for chewing and controlling more difficult foods. You know from a review of her medical report that there was a small subcortical stroke. Where do you think this stroke occurred?

genu of the internal capsule in the right hemisphere

What happens to generate a neural signal when you nod your head?

hair cells in the semi-circular canals bend as the fluid moves, generating a mechanical stimulation that creates an action potential

The parietal lobes contain S1 cortex and also "association" areas that receive inputs from many different areas. Which term below best refers to this type of "association cortex"?

heteromodal cortex

The cerebral cortex grey matter is actually composed of up to six distinct layers of cells. What will you find in layers II-III of the cerebral cortex?

horizontal, local connections

Look at the MRI scan below and indicate your best neurological diagnosis:

hydrocephalus

Which neurological condition would be medically treated by surgically implanting a "shunt" (tube) to drain excess CSF from the ventricles into the abdomen?

hydrocephalus

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue?

hypoglossal nerve

Which part of the brain, closely connected to the ANS, helps regular hunger and thirst?

hypothalamus

Which part of the diencephalon is part of the ANS and connected to the pituitary gland to regulate hormones in the body?

hypothalamus

Match each functional description below to its corresponding lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

important for sensory awareness, integrating information, and spatial knowledge → parietal lobes, important for automatic body regulation (e.g., digestion) and assists with motor planning → insular lobes, important for emotions (perception and regulation) → limbic lobes, important for expressive language, motor movement, attention, and personality → frontal lobes, important for receptive language, hearing, and memory → temporal lobes, important for vision and visual processing → occipital lobes

Which "pathway" through the basal ganglia is required to inhibit excess movements from occurring?

indirect pathway

Which part of the subcortex is damage in a disease like Huntington's disease, which causes excess, involuntary movements?

indirect pathway of the basal ganglia

Which aspect of the midbrain tectum contains an important center for localizing sound?

inferior colliculi

Which area of the brain regulates the auditory startle reflex when you hear an unexpected sound?

inferior colliculus

Which part of the cortex helps you understand what you see?

inferior temporal gyrus

mechanical energy from the moving stapes is converted into hydraulic energy as the fluid inside the cochlea moves

inner ear stage

A nerve always has ___ control of the muscles to which it communicates.

ipsilateral

Which of the following will you find entering/exiting the skull through the jugular foramen? [Check all that apply.]

jugular vein, CN IX, CN X, CN XI

Which white matter tract of the spinal cord carries efferent motor signals from the cortex down into to the spinal cord?

lateral corticospinal tracts

Though which part of the thalamus will the visual system fibers path?

lateral geniculate nucleus

Which part of the cerebellum is most important for coordinating the movements of speech and swallowing?

lateral posterior lobes

On which part of the cortex will you find cells responsible for voluntary motor movement of the face, tongue, and larynx?

lateral surface of M1

Let's say you are working with a patient who has survived a subcortical stroke. The patient is demonstrating language difficulties in naming (resulting in fluent utterances filled with "jargon"), with some occasional comprehension and repetition difficulties. You suspect damage to the thalamus. Which thalamic nuclei would you expect to be involved?

lateral thalamic nuclei

What is the collective name for the putamen and the globus pallidus, together?

lentiform nucleus

Which of the following actions is NOT considered to be part of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

lip closure to prevent drooling

Which congenital neural disorder, with a "smooth cortex," results from the lack of neural migration?

lissencephaly

Which of the following congenital conditions occurs when neural migration does not occur, during 3-5 months gestation, resulting in a "smooth" brain surface (without visible sulci and gyri) and intellectual impairments?

lissencephaly

Which sulcus separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

longitudinal fissure

Which of the following would you expect for a patient who has an injury to the left Optic nerve?

loss of vision in the left eye

Which of the following would you expect for a patient who has an injury to the left optic tract?

loss of vision in the right visual field

Flaccid Dysarthria

lower motor neurons (nerves)

If you observe muscle weakness with hypotonia, absent or diminished reflexes, muscle atrophy, and muscle fasciculations, which part of the neurological motor system has likely been damaged?

lower motor neurons (nerves)

In which part of the CNS will you find both the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus?

medulla

Which part of the brainstem is the most inferior?

medulla

Where do the major descending motor fibers "cross over" for contralateral supply from the cortex to the spinal cord?

medullary decussation

If a person with prostate cancer also develops a brain tumor because the cancer has spread from the prostate to the brain, which term below best refers to this "spread"?

metastatic brain tumor

Which small glial cells are the "scavenger" cells of the central nervous system, responsible for removing waste material?

microglia

Which part of the brainstem is the most superior?

midbrain

sound waves that vibrate the ear drum are converted into mechanical energy as the ossicles move

middle ear stage

Which type of "slice" through the brain would result in the image seen below?

midsagittal

Which microscopic organelle inside a neuron converts glucose to energy?

mitochondria

apraxia of speech

motor planning cortex

Which level of movement control takes the initial motor plans and helps to refine these plans to adjust for the best size of movement, excite the appropriate movements, inhibit inappropriate movements, and adjust the body's posture?

motor programming

Parkinson's disease affects the direct pathway of the basal ganglia circuit. Which of the following descriptions best characterizes the hypokinetic dysarthria that would be characteristic of this disease?

mumbled speech with small movements, reduced facial expression, and a weak/breathy voice

Which of the following would you NOT expect with damage to the cerebellar circuit?

muscle fasciculations

Which neurological disorder results from damage to the neuromuscular junction by blocking post-synaptic neural receptors for ACh, resulting in weakness and fatigue?

myasthenia gravis (MG)

Which substance will you find wrapped around longer axons of neurons that travel through white matter in the nervous system?

myelin

hair cells in the Organ of Corti depolarize as they are moved, and generate action potentials that travel to the brainstem

nerve stage

Which microscopic organelle inside a neuron provides structure and allows transport of chemicals from the soma, down the axon, to the terminal bouton?

neurofibrils

Which important stage of neural development occurs between 3-4 months gestation?

neurogenesis

What is the name of the small area of exposed axon located between each myelin sheath on a neuron, as shown in the image below?

node of Ranvier

Which language disorder is characterized by sentences of about 1-2 words/phrase, choppy prosody, limited speech output, and relatively good comprehension, but output limited in terms of syntax and morphology?

non-fluent aphasia

Which term below best describes a cluster of cell bodies in the CNS?

nucleus

Which brainstem nucleus integrates outgoing efferent information related to swallowing?

nucleus ambiguus

You are working with a patient who had a medullary stroke. The patient is now unable to generate a motoric swallow response ("absent" swallow). Which nucleus of the brainstem was most likely affected?

nucleus ambiguus

Which brainstem nucleus integrates incoming afferent information related to swallowing?

nucleus of the solitary tract

Which medullary nucleus integrates sensory information about a bolus (e.g., size, taste, temperature, location)?

nucleus of the solitary tract

Which cerebellar sign would you observe when looking at a patient's eyes?

nystagmus

Which cortical reading areas/system seem to be most involved with "sight reading" to rapidly understand whole words when you read them, without having to decode and sound them out?

occipito-temporal system

Match each functional area of the cortex to its corresponding brain lobe.

olfactory cortex → temporal, Heschl's gyrus (A1) → temporal, premotor cortex → frontal, S1 → parietal, parahippocampal gyrus → temporal, angular gyrus → parietal

What enters into the cranial cavity through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

olfactory fibers for CN I

Match each letter on the image below with the best corresponding label for the visual geniculate pathway.

optic tract between chiasm and LGN of thalamus Optic radiation between LGN and primary visual cortex

Match each stage of normal swallowing to the corresponding label, as either under voluntary or involuntary control.

oral preperation and oral transit= voluntary pharyngeal transit and esophageal transit = involuntary

sound waves in the air are collected at the pinna and funneled into the external ear canal

outer ear stage

The cerebral cortex grey matter is actually composed of up to six distinct layers of cells. What will you find in layers V-VI of the cerebral cortex?

outputs to subcortical areas and the thalamus

Which cortical area, important for memory, is located in the medial temporal lobes?

parahippocampal gyrus

Which part of the ANS helps to bring your body back to a relaxed state by lowering your breathing rate, lowering your blood pressure, stopping sweating, and allowing you to relax?

parasympathetic system

Let's say you have a slipped disc in your vertebrae, which puts pressure on some of your dorsal root ganglia? What might you expect as a result of this impingement to the dorsal root ganglia?

paresthesias, anesthesias, or other sensory loss from the affected spinal nerves

Which part of the cerebrum helps with spatial recognition and understanding where things are located in space?

parietal lobes

How does CSF "escape" from the subarachnoid space?

passes through arachnoid villi into the superior sagittal sinus

What do we call the inflammatory condition in which nerve cells in the PNS can die, leading often to sensory impairments?

peripheral neuropathy

Which language domain is responsible for your representations of the sound system of your language?

phonology

What is the inner-most layer of the meninges, serving as a last layer of protection and barrier on the surface of the brain and spinal cord?

pia mater

Which gland, which secretes melatonin, is connected to the epithalamus at the posterior end of the diencephalon?

pineal gland

Which midline structure do you see indicated by the arrow on the inferior view of the brain below?

pituitary gland

Which of the following conditions, caused by a virus, causes inflammation to the ventral and dorsal horns of the spinal cord, leading to anesthesia, paralysis, and areflexia?

poliomyelitis

A stroke to which artery might result in prosopagnosia, visual agnosia for object recognition, amnesia, and cortical blindness?

posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Which small arteries connect the anterior circulation to the posterior circulation as part of the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain?

posterior communicating arteries

Which language domain best aligns with "use" of language?

pragmatics

Which part of the frontal lobes is important for cognitive functioning (executive functions) and behavior regulation?

prefrontal cortex

Which cortical area is represented as Broadmann area 6?

premotor cortex

Which of the following symptoms would you expect with a spinal cord injury at C2 (cervical spinal cord segment 2)? [Check all that apply.]

problems with breathing, problems with moving the arms, problems with moving the legs

Which of the following sensory feedback systems provides input about position of your muscles in space, to help you know if you are reaching the correct places of articulation during speech?

proprioceptive feedback

Match each disorder below with its corresponding cortical area.

prosopagnosia → fusiform gyrus, apraxia of speech → premotor cortex, executive dysfunction → prefrontal cortex, anterograde amnesia → parahippocampal gyrus, anosmia → olfactory cortex

You ask a client to read the word "phone," and the client says: "p.... h.... o.... n.... e.... puh-hone? Oh, phone!" What's happening here?

pure alexia

Which midbrain nucleus contains iron and helps to regulate muscle tone in the body?

red nucleus

Match each description/definition below with its best corresponding term.

refers to the thin layer of grey matter on the superficial surface of the cerebral hemispheres → cortex, another word meaning "brain" → cephalon, means that a stroke occurred on only one side of the brain → unilateral, refers to the study of disease/disorders → pathology, refers to white matter fibers that "cross over" from one side of the body to the other → contralateral, refers to the part of the ANS that responds when you are "Stressed" out → sympathetic

Match each description/definition below with its best corresponding term.

refers to white matter fibers that "cross over" from one side of the body to the other → contralateral, means that a stroke occurred on only one side of the brain → unilateral, refers to the study of disease/disorders → pathology, refers to the thin layer of grey matter on the superficial surface of the cerebral hemispheres → cortex, refers to the part of the ANS that responds when you are "Stressed" out → sympathetic, another word meaning "brain" → cephalo

What do we call the brief period of time during which a neuron is not able "fire" while it is reloading (repolarizing).

refractory period

Which brainstem nucleus/center is connected to the vestibular nuclei, and helps to regulate nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness?

reticular formation

Match each description to the best corresponding type of extra-axial bleeding:

rupture of cerebral veins deep to the dura mater → subdural hematoma, rupture of cerebral arteries into the CSF of the meninges → subarachnoid hemorrhage, rupture of the meningeal arteries superficial to the dura mater → epidural hematoma

Which type of "slices" are assembled in the series of MRI brain images shown below?

sagittal

Which of the following glial cells would you find in the peripheral nervous system? [Check all that apply.]

satellite cells, Schwann cells

Which language domain best aligns with "content" of language?

semantics

You know that a patient had a spinal cord injury that affected white matter pathways in the dorsal columns. Which symptom would you expect to observe?

sensory loss

What types of fibers/information are located along the dorsal horns and columns of the spinal cord?

sensory signals

Which thin membrane separates the left and right lateral ventricles at the midline?

septum pellucidum

What is happening at a node of Ranvier during an action potential?

sodium is passively and rapidly transported into the neuron

Which congenital condition, caused by malformation of the neural tube early in fetal development, can affect sensory, motor, and reflexive aspects of the lower spinal cord?

spina bifida

What will you find inside the vertebral foramen of the cervical spine?

spinal cord

If we describe something in the nervous system as having ipsilateral connections, that means that the connecting fibers:

start on one side and stay on the same side of the body.

Which of the following would you expect to see on a fetal ultrasound during the first trimester?

startle reflex

In which part of the meninges will you find CSF and the major cerebral arteries?

subarachnoid space

in which part of the meninges will you find CSF and the major cerebral arteries?

subarachnoid space

Which midbrain nucleus produces dopamine, which helps regulate addiction, reward, and movement?

substantia nigra

Which part of the diencephalon is considered to be part of the basal ganglia, since its major function is to assist with movement regulation?

subthalamus

Which term below refers to something that is located more toward the surface of a structure?

superficial

Which term below best completes this statement to describe the image below? The diencephalon is located ___ to the brainstem.

superior

Where does the major output of white matter axons exit the cerebellum on its way to the thalamus?

superior cerebellar peduncle

Which area of the auditory system in the brain allows you to localize sound in the spatial environment, by integrating inputs from both ears?

superior olivary complex

Which area of the cortex is important for helping you understand where objects are located in space and pay attention to all of the visual world that you see?

superior parietal lobule

CSF drains from the subarachnoid space and into the venous blood system through the small pressure valves known as arachnoid villi. In which vein will you find these arachnoid villi?

superior sagittal sinus

Which major cerebral vein is located within the dura mater along the midline at the top of the brain?

superior sagittal sinus

Which area of the cortex is important for reading aspects language and sound representations (phonology)?

supramarginal gyrus

Which of the following cortical functional areas are part of the inferior parietal lobule? [Check all that apply.]

supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus

What do we call the location where the axon of one neuron makes contact with the dendrite or cell body of another neuron?

synapse

Which subcortical structure of the basal ganglia will you find above the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle within the temporal lobes?

tail of the caudate nucleus

Within which bone of the skull will you find the cochlea and semicircular canals of the inner ear

temporal bone

Which deep subcortical structure serves as the major "relay" station, through which many sensory and motor signals pass?

thalamus

You are working with a patient who has flaccid dysarthria due to injury to the left Hypoglossal nerve. What would you expect when you ask the patient to stick his/her tongue out of the mouth?

the tongue will deviate to the left

Which type of stroke is caused by a blockage that builds up in the blood vessel itself?

thrombosis

Which type of "slice" through the brain is shown in the MRI image below? [Check all that apply.]

transverse, horizontal

Active transport is required to polarize a neuron by pumping sodium out of the cell.

true

Someone who has a tumor in the cerebral cortex could still have functional patellar reflexes (knee jerk) within both legs since the spinal nerves to and from the spinal cord would not be affected.

true

The flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum are important for balance.

true

Spastic Dysarthria

upper motor neurons

The reason we assess for reflexes during a neurological exam is to help determine where the neurological motor system might be damaged. If you see hyperactive reflexes, such as a positive jaw jerk, suck, bite, or Babinski reflex, in adults, which part of the neurological motor system do we know has been damaged?

upper motor neurons

Match each physiologic action below with the best corresponding "stage" of normal swallowing.

velar closure an dlaryngeal closure= pharyngeal transit tongue propels bplus from front to back of oral cavity =oral transit opening of USE and peristalsis contraction to propel bolus to stomach= esophageal transit place food in mouth and masticate= oral preperation laryngeal elevation and paryngeal contraction= pharyngeal transit saliva secretion and bolus formation= oral preperation

The brainstem is located ____ to the cerebellum.

ventral

Which word below always means the opposite of "dorsal"

ventral

Which word below best completes this statement to describe the image below? The brainstem is located ____ to the cerebellum.

ventral

Where will you find cell bodies and dendrites for efferent neurons connected to spinal nerves?

ventral horns

Phineas Gage had damage to which part of his brain, leading to his anti-social, bad-tempered behavior following his accident?

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Which part of the frontal lobes allow us to inhibit behaviors, and helps stopping impulsive behaviors?

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

What will you find inside the transverse foramina of the cervical spine?

vertebral arteries

Where will you find neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron?

vesicles in the terminal bouton

Which part of the inner ear will detect linear movements (i.e., up and down, or side to side)?

vestibule (utricle and saccule)