Neuro Exam 3 pt 2
In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show
phase shift.
Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.
the corpus callosum; epilepsy
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
the immediate onset of REM
The cortical EEG pattern of an isolated brain animal is characterized by
alternating periods of arousal and sleep
Apraxia is
an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements
TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing.
anterior; semantic
The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in
awakenings
Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 AM generally experience
better academic performance
A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.
broca's
Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness.
broca's aphasia; wernicke's aphasia
Phonemes are the
basic sounds of a language.
Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition?
fusiform gyrus
Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test?
the patient may need to undergo neurosurgery
The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because
the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light
Disturbance in reading is called
alexia
Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?
brain rest
Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?
clock and cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again
Damage to the connections between Wernicke's area and Broca's area lead to _______ aphasia.
conduction
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called
entrainment
In the Wada test, anesthetizing the right hemisphere interferes with a subject's ability to recognize
faces
When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day, the cycle is said to be
free-running.
In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right; this suggests that
humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language
Astereognosia is the
inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation
Hemispheric specialization is also known as
lateralization
Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?
melatonin
The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the
midbrain
Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called
neologisms
The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.
phonemes; grammar
Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.
pineal gland
Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in
prosopagnosia
People with conduction aphasia are unable to
repeat words or sentences
The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the
reticular formation
The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody.
right; right
In humans, TMS of Broca's area indicates that the anterior portion of the region is responsible for
semantic processing alone
Cortical mapping of the brain of an individual while they are speaking their native language indicates that
slightly different patterns of activation may be seen among speakers of two or more languages
Finding your way to your biopsychology class requires
spatial cognition
A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.
stage 3
Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.
stage 3
The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by
sustained SWS
A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of
sustained sleep
Hamsters carrying the _______ mutation show abnormally short free-running rhythms.
tau
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep.
the initial half
Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of
the left posterior temporal region
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.
tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display
unilateral sleep
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last
up to 40 minutes
The usual duration of the typical human repeating sleep cycle is
90-110 minutes
A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true?
An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep
Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate?
Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization.
If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.
REM
Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.
REM
The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.
REM
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
awakening
Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.
basal forebrain
A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.
broca's
Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by
vague visual imagery
The angular gyrus links the
visual region and Wernicke's area.
A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.
wernicke's
Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.
50
According to research, what percent of right-handers have a clockwise whorl of hair on the crown of the scalp?
93%
In ERP studies of normal subjects, it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does not fit into the sentence provokes a(n) _______ wave from the _______ lobe.
N400; temporal
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.
REM
Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language?
When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds.
Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except
a strengthened immune system
REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep.
2
Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.
7
Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?
Able is a morpheme.
This structure carries information from Wernicke's to Broca's.
Arcuate fasciculus
"Focused attention" in this article means:
Asking children to focus on sounds presented to one ear only at a time.
As shown in Figure 3, what does the negative relationship shown for boys mean?
Boys with higher prenatal T show worse performance in the hearing/repeating task.
Which of the following has not been used for language training in apes?
Braille
Difficulty producing proper phonemes
Broca's area
Speech sound production
Broca's area
This area communicates directly with the motor cortex.
Broca's area
Because chimpanzees seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?
Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information in from the ears?
Cranial nerve VIII
Released from stomach cells
Ghrelin
Directly increases plasma glucose levels
Glucagon
Which area of the avian brain is crucial for song production?
High vocal center (HVC)
On a mid-sagittal dissection of the human brain, where would you find the corpus callosum?
Just below the cerebral cortex
This hormone directly stimulates POMC neurons
Leptin
Manv cells that make this are found in the arcuate nucleus
Neuropeptide Y
How old were the children when their testosterone levels were measured in the assigned article?
Prenatal ages between 16 and 18 weeks
Neck and body muscles are completely flaccid during
REM sleep
The authors conclude that their results "suggest that prenatal exposure to T modulates heritable variation of human lateralization." What would you suggest as the best next study to show this more precisely?
Repeat the study with identical twins.
Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?
Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song.
One strength of the article is:
The psychologist did not know the prenatal T levels of the children
Which one (if any) speech difficulty did the girls in this study show?
There were no reports of damage to Broca's or Wernicke's areas in this study.
Which one of the following could be viewed as the most significant weakness of the study?
They only used one time measurement of prenatal T.
Fluent aphasia with poor comprehension
Wemike's area
activity rhythms in mice with normal retinal rods and cones activity rhythms in mice with rods and cones knocked out
a and b are approximately equal
amplitude of alpha waves amplitude of beta waves
a is greater than b
formation of dimers between cry and per proteins formation of dimers between clock and per proteins
a is greater than b
melatonin release during the dark melatonin release during the light
a is greater than b
number of delta waves during stage 3 sleep number of delta waves during REM sleep
a is greater than b
number of genes on chromosome 7 in normal children number of genes on chromosome 7 in william's syndrome
a is greater than b
orexin cells in the brain of a normal man orexin cells in the brain of a man with narcolepsy
a is greater than b
percent of time in REM sleep in untreated control cats percent of time in REM sleep in cats with lesions next to the locus coeruleus
a is greater than b
When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are
a little more than 24 hours long
"Split brain" patients have
a severed corpus callosum
Neurofibrillary tangles are
abnormal tangles of neurofilaments, including tau protein.
Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.
abolish
Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.
abolishes
In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.
about 20
in the actogram at right what is the dependent variable
activity/hr
How old were the children whose language processing was tested in the assigned article?
age 6
the calls of great tits in the assigned article referenced in number 22, served what purpose
alarm calls
which of the following can postpone the appearance of alzheimer's disease
all of the above
which of the following is/are theories related to the development of schizophrenia
all of the above correct
What was the experimental design used in the assigned article's study?
all of the above were used
The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the
alpha
Which one of the following fluids were tested for testosterone concentrations in the assigned article?
amniotic fluid
The visual cortex sends information on written words here first.
angular gyrus
Noninvasive stimulation mapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation has revealed that the _______ area of Broca's area is important for semantic processing, while the _______ area of Broca's area is important for phonological processing.
anterior; posterior
basal metabolic rate during sleep basal metabolic rate during waking
b is greater than a
neuronal birth from the early mesoderm neuronal birth from the early ectoderm
b is greater than a
prefrontal inhibitory synapses in early childhood prefrontal inhibitory synapses in adulthood
b is greater than a
resulting blood glucose levels when insulin is high resulting blood glucose levels when insulin is low
b is greater than a
time spent sleeping in giraffes time spent sleeping in humans
b is greater than a
vivid dreams during slow wave sleep vivid dreams during REM sleep
b is greater than a
primary component of amyloid plaques in alzheimer's
beta amyloid
responsible for cleavage of amyloid precursor protein
beta secretase
Which of the following might make good follow up studies from the study described in the assigned article?
both b and c
On average, which gender (if either) is more lateralized for language?
boys
nonfluent aphasia
broca's area
In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field
cannot be repeated verbally
Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______.
cataplexy; consciousness
This structure gives rise to the lateral ventricles.
central canal
In which brain area does language processing primarily take place?
cerebrum
a lesion in the arcuate fasciculus can produce _____ aphasia
conduction
Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia?
connectionist
in the article referenced in #15 above, rodents ran on wheels. wheel running in rats is known to activate the HPA axis. what hormone was most affected in this study
corticosterone
The human brain shows a clear _______ during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally.
critical period
What conclusions can you draw from the figure are the right?
crow and marten treatments elicit the most chicka calls
In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in
defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.
Children who have inherited PKU can be helped by
dietary manipulation
What is "dichotic listening" as described in the assigned article?
different words are presented to right and left ears
injecting PYY 3-36 into rats causes them to
eat less
These cells form the ventral walls of the neural tube.
ectoderm
This tissue forms the cerebrum.
ectoderm
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
glucagon
in the figure at right, which group has the highest mean corticosterone levels
group-housed runners
What is the "sexual differentiation theory" of language lateralization?
higher prenatal T causes the more masculine pattern of lateralization in language lateralization
Which of the following were major conclusion(s) from the assigned article for boys?
higher prenatal testosterone decreases the function of the corpus callosum
shows a significantly decreased volume with age
hippocampus
Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus?
impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers
Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of
improving long-term retention
A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed
in right-handed individuals
this type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a behavior once a year is called
infradian
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is due to a lack of this
insulin
Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?
it is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia
_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling
jet lag
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by
large-amplitude delta waves.
When sounds are presented to the left ear, which one of the following describes the path to information takes until the child can repeat the sound?
left brainstem, right temporal lobe, corpus callosum, left language processing cortex
Which cerebral hemisphere or hemispheres is/are dominant for language in right-handed people?
left hemisphere
which of the following hormones monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat
leptin
Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the
locus coeruleus
If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will
match the donor's rhythm
abnormal groups of protein found within cells in alzheimer's
neurofibrillary tangles
contains tau protein
neurofibrillary tangles
Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called
night terrors
In Figure 2 in the assigned article, what was the relationship between prenatal testosterone and performance for boys?
no correlation was found
This structure induces the formation of the neural tube.
notochord
in the actogram at right, how would you describe the changes that occur between day 8 and day 21
phase advanced rhythm
A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe.
planum temporale; temporal
A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex?
pons
The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.
pontine
Birdsong is similar to human speech in that
proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.
Which feature is not a defining sign of aphasia?
prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia is the inability to
recognize faces
In the right-focused condition in the assigned article, boys were better able to recall digits presented to their
right ear
For Figure 1, what does a "laterality index" above 0 mean?
right ear advantage
Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.
shorter; REM
In a person who is sleeping, _______ sleep shows periodic bursts of 12‒14 Hz brain activity in an EEG recording.
stage 2
In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during
stage 3 sleep (SWS)
In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations.
subcortical regions; cortex
In this article, the authors discuss "prenatal T" or "pT." What does the "T" stand for?
testosterone
If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?
the adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm
One of the interesting findings of DTI tractography is that
the arcuate fasciculus is shorter than was once thought.
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to
the consolidation of perceptual learning
Williams syndrome provides evidence for
the heritability of language.
Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to
the left visual field
right handed split-brain patients can easily read and verbally communicate words projected to
the right visual field
A symptom of aphasia called "paraphasia" is characterized by
the substitution of words by sounds, phonemes, or unintended words.
How do the two sides of the cerebrum communicate?
via the corpus callosum
What were the children in the assigned article asked to recall?
words
Any cue that an animal uses to synchronize its activity with the environment is called a(n)
zeitgeber
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a
zeitgeber
The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)
zeitgeber
