Neuro Final

_______________ , a synthetic form of an opioid, is extremely powerful and has been linked to many overdoses

Fentanyl

typical antipsychotics

Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are two antipsychotics in this category. This was the first type of antipsychotic developed.

During a complicated delivery, a baby is thought to have gone some time without oxygen. To reduce the chances of the baby developing cerebral palsy, a doctor might prescribe erythropoietin (EPO) and

Hypothermia treatment

Typically, downregulation happens when someone is taking ___, and upregulation happens when someone is taking ___ .

Agonist antagonist

_______________ is a type of social phobia where someone has a fear of public spaces or leaving the house.

Agoraphobia

Which are fundamental principles when discussing neuropsychiatric disorders? Select all that apply.

All

Which of the following are considered to be or contain a psychoactive drug? Select all that apply.

All

Which of the following are risk factors for developing addictions? Select all that apply.

All

Which of the following groups of antidepressants increase serotonin levels in the synapse? Select all that apply.

All

The brain of someone who died with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is similar to someone who died with

Alzheimer's disease.

Using an fMRI, researchers found that the _______________ shows overactivity in adults on the autism spectrum compared to neurotypical controls

Amygdala

Of the following, which is the most common type of neuropsychiatric disorders in the United States?

Anxiety disorders

SSRIs and benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed

Anxiolytics

CREB

Causes a decrease in pleasurable feelings from taking a drug

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is associated with

Cerebral palsy

Someone going through alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) may show confusion, auditory hallucinations, and hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system. These are symptoms of

Delirium tremens

The best way to think about the mesotelencephalic dopamine system is as the brain's

Do it again center

positive symptom

persecutory delusions visual hallucinations

Post-concussion syndrome produces symptoms similar to those of damage to the _______________, so this area and the hypothalamus may be injured during concussions.

pituitary gland

Which group of antidepressants produces a dangerous side effect of high blood pressure if a person eats certain food like cheeses and nuts?

MAOIs

Depression, substance use disorder, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia are types of

Neuropsychiatric disorders

Most psychedelic hallucinogens are

Serotonin agonists

A form of amphetamine is used to treat people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

T

Both cigarettes and e-cigarettes can cause harm to the cardiovascular system.

T

Chemical bases such as baking soda and ammonia are added to cocaine to make crack cocaine.

T

Close to a half a million people die from cigarette smoking each year

T

Consuming alcohol, especially to excess, increases a person's risk for getting cancer.

T

Crack cocaine is typically more addictive than powdered cocaine.

T

Dissociative hallucinogens are glutamate antagonists.

T

It is a product of the diathesis-stress model.

T

It is more active just before receiving a reward than when actually receiving a reward.

T

Korsakoff syndrome can be caused by alcohol use disorde

T

Lithium carbonate is a type of mood-stabilizing drug given as a treatment for bipolar disorder.

T

Marijuana that is high in CBD but low in THC has been used to treat epilepsy in children

T

Nicotine acts as an agonist to acetylcholine (ACh) by binding directly to ACh receptors.

T

One of the groups that have shown some of the greatest increases in opioid overdose are middle-aged women

T

People with MDD often have an overactivation of areas of the limbic system such as the amygdala.

T

People with alcohol use disorder can die while going through withdrawal.

T

Researchers have found that psilocybin given to cancer patients reduced the symptoms of both anxiety and depression.

T

Someone diagnosed with PTSD typically has resting cortisol levels lower than others.

T

The rate of smoking cigarettes has been declining in the United States since the 1950s and 1960s.

T

They are GABA agonists.

T

They are often linked to overdose, especially when taken in combination with alcohol or opioids.

T

They often take several weeks to reduce symptoms.

T

Unlike SSRIs, hallucinogens can reduce symptoms of depression quickly.

T

Using neuroimaging techniques, researchers found that the brains of people taking LSD show more "unified" activity. Areas of the brain that are not normally active together became active at the same time.

T

Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as men.

T

_______________ is when someone needs to take more of a drug to experience the same effect.

Tolerance

Antidepressants such as Prozac block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so they would be considered indirect agonists.

True

Morphine binds and activates opioid receptors. Morphine is a direct agonist to endogenous opioids.

True

Psychostimulants are the most common type of drug prescribed to people diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

True

Which of the neuropsychiatric disorders below are thought to be highly influenced by problems with the immune system or related to an autoimmune disorder? Select all that apply.

all

negative symptom

alogia blunt affect

Phineas Gage received

an open-head injury.

In addition to problems with dopamine activity, people with schizophrenia also likely have

an underactivation of glutamate systems.

What is the clinical name for the disorder where someone takes drugs to the point where it harms the person's health, emotional state, personal relationships, or productivity?

SUD

Which of the following drugs are considered psychostimulants? Select all that apply

Ritalin cocaine methamphetamine

Panic attacks may be initiated by _______________ in people with panic disorder (PD).

Acidity of the brain

When tracking statistics on how certain drugs harm people and society, alcohol typically ranks

At the top of the list

Psychedelic

Ayahuasca LSD magic mushrooms

To better understand the neurology of a specific neuropsychiatric disorder, the international collaboration group called ENIGMA has conducted a meta-analysis of MRI recordings of 2,447 people diagnosed with _____________ compared to health controls.

BPAD

Giving a rat 0.25 mg of amphetamine will cause it to increase activity around its cage by 20%. But giving the rat the same dose two days later will increase its movement by 35%. This is an example of

Behavioral sensitization

THC

Binds to CB1 is associatiated with euphoria elevates dopamine

Hypomania mania

Bipolar 1 bipolar 2

The reason some people addicted to drugs tend to overdose in unfamiliar environments is due to

Classical conditioning

Most drugs that result in addiction or abuse increase _______________ in specific areas of the brain.

Dopamine

While the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens play a large role in drug addiction, the _______________ is also essential in the fact that stimulus-induced cravings for a drug can last for a long time because this structure facilitates the learned association between a drug and the stimulus associated with the drug. This learning can last a long time.

Dorsal striatum

Affinity

Dr. Chang was testing two Naloxone can bind to opioid

_______________ causes a decrease in the pleasurable feelings of a drug over repeated use.

Dynorphin

Which of the following are types of endogenous opioids? Select all that apply.

Dynorphins enkephalins endorphins

In diagnosing epilepsy, a doctor might use _______________ to look for a paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS). Responses

EEG

Of the following treatments for major depressive disorder, which one works the quickest to relieve symptoms?

Electroconvulsive therapy

According to the CDC, about 1 in 85 adults in the US take antidepressants.

F

Alcohol use disorder is diagnosed about as often in women as in men.

F

Cocaine is a direct agonist to dopamine in that it binds and activates dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

F

Difficulty with executive functions is the primary symptom of generalized anxiety disorder.

F

Habitual use of methamphetamine is associated with liver disease and damage to the pancreas.

F

Hallucinogens are considered to be highly addictive, as they are direct dopamine agonists.

F

In the United States, it is still illegal to conduct research where humans take hallucinogens.

F

It is equally diagnosed in men and women.

F

It is most active when the rewarding outcome of a behavior is certain (always received)

F

It requires a dopamine agonist like cocaine to be active.

F

It typically takes several weeks of taking benzodiazepines before symptoms are reduced.

F

Overdoses related to cocaine use decreased between 2012 and 2017.

F

PTSD is more commonly diagnosed in men than women.

F

People using e-cigarettes are less likely to start smoking tobacco cigarettes compared to people that have never tried e-cigarettes.

F

Someone diagnosed with PTSD typically has an enlarged hippocampus compared with others that do not have the same diagnosis.

F

Tricyclic antidepressants are typically prescribed more often than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

F

While overdose to opioids showed a tremendous increase between 2011 and 2016, overdose due to methamphetamine declined during that time period.

F

It is thought to be caused by overactivation of monoamine systems.

False

L-DOPA is a precursor to dopamine. Taking L-DOPA will increase the level of dopamine in the brain. L-DOPA is a direct agonist to dopamine.

False

Typically, drugs taken orally have greater bioavailability than drugs taken through injection.

False

One treatment for spastic diplegia, a muscle problem associated with cerebral palsy, is an injection of Baclofen, which activates _______________ receptors in the muscle

GABA

Opioids increase dopamine in the ventral tegmentum and nucleus accumbens by inhibiting _______________ interneurons.

GABA

There is evidence that underactivation of _______________ systems plays a key role in epilepsy. For example, drugs that are antagonists to this neurotransmitter can cause seizures, and withdrawal from alcohol or benzodiazepines can cause seizures.

GABA

Alcohol is a ___ and a ___ agonist

GABA dopamine

Ego-dissolution is associated with taking

Hallucinogens

The German company Bayer began marketing diamorphine (a more potent version of morphine) in the early part of the 20th century and marketed it under the name

Heroine

Which of the following are true about amphetamine and methamphetamine? Select all that apply.

In addition to dopamine the habitual use amphetamine CAN ACT

Vaping using needle snorting swallowing

Inhalation injection insufflation oral

CBD

Is in high concentration

A form of the hallucinogen __________ has been approved by the FDA as a treatment for depression.

Ketamine

The liver produces alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which break down alcohol and keep it from affecting the brain. As people drink more alcohol, the liver gets better at producing these enzymes, forming

Metabolic tolerance

Efficacy

Methamphetamine enters the The tiny amount of the

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) may be one contributing factor to the development of

OCD

Dissociative hallucinogen

PCP ketamine

Harm

Persistent use causes impairment lead to substance abuse

False statement

Persistent use increases Alzheimer's

The study of how the body affects the action of a drug is ___, and the study of the mechanisms of how a drug affects the body is ___.

Pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics

One neural correlation for someone with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is underdeveloped or lower activity in the

Prefrontal cortex

According to scientifically supported evidence, what are the risk factors for a child developing autism? Select all that apply.

Pregnant mother genetics problems

Benefit

Reduces nausea shrink cancer

______________ is the uncontrollable muscle twitching that is often produced as a side effect to taking antipsychotic medication.

Tardive dyskinesia

Which of the following is thought to be overactive in someone with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

The HPA axis

Which of the following is the best example of how a person could receive a coup-contrecoup injury?

The person is in a car accident and hits their head against the dashboard pretty hard

atypical antipsychotics

This type of antipsychotic is an antagonist to both serotonin and dopamine. Of the two types of antipsychotics, this one produces fewer motor-control side effects.

In the mesotelencephalic dopamine system, neurons in the _______________ send axons to the nucleus accumbens.

VTA

A type of partial seizure that starts in one location and then spreads to other areas of the brain is called

a Jacksonian seizure

With regard to generalized seizures, ___ seizures are less severe or dangerous than ___ seizures

absence tonic-clonic

ΔFosB

causes long-term sensitization (learning) to drugs and drug-related stimuli

A teratogen is

chemical that contributes to birth defects.

Problems with executive functioning, verbal fluency, and working memory are _______________ symptoms of schizophrenia. Responses

cognitive

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was once called _______________ because it was associated with people who had been boxers for a long time. Responses

dementia pugilistica

The main conclusion of the FINGER study was that

exercise, low body weight, and social interaction can reduce the progression of Alzheimer's disease

It is caused by being exposed to aluminum

f

Most tumors are causes by neurons that begin to replicate uncontrollably

f

The best way to test for meningitis is through a blood test.

f

The leading causes of traumatic brain injury in ages 5-24 are sports-related

f

The recessive allele AP44-e12 increases the risk of developing AD

f

Viral meningitis is typically more severe and dangerous than bacterial meningitis.

f

While transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) can make people very sick, these diseases are rarely fatal if treated. Responses

f

During a brain injury, axons can tear and release ______________, which can act as an excitotoxin that kills other neurons

glutamate

Naloxone works to reverse opioid overdose because

has a higher affinity for opioid receptors and pushes out other opioids such as heroin or oxycodone.

Diffuse axonal injuries are caused by

head injuries where the brain is twisted or rotated while moving around in the skull.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD BSE Scrapie

human cow sheep

neurofibrillary tangles

inside the neuron

Which type of glial cell is thought to play a role in the progression of Alzherimer's disease?

microglia

Prions are

misfolded proteins

beta-amyloid plaque

outside the neuron

Oxycodone was claimed to be a nonaddictive pain killer because it

releases opioids slowly over time (time-released

malignant tumor

spreads easily typically fast growing typically the more dangerous of the two

Philip is 82 years old and was up in his attic fixing a light. He stood up too quickly and bumped his head on a crossbeam. He said he felt fine, but later he had a headache and was a bit dizzy. Philip should be taken to the doctor and checked for a

subdural hematoma

Bacterial meningitis is highly contagious

t

Concussions in female athletes tend to occur more often and have harsher symptoms than in their male counterparts.

t

It is the leading cause of dementia.

t

Meningitis can be caused by a fungus

t

People who have had herpes are at greater risk of developing AD.

t

People with Down syndrome often develop AD in their 40s.

t

There are vaccines that help prevent meningitis

t

There is a strong correlation between the number of concussions football players receive during their career and the likelihood that they will be diagnosed with depression.

t

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease.

t

soldiers are at greater risk of experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if they have received a TBI compared to other wounds.

t

__________ proteins stabilize microtubules inside the neuron. When these proteins change their structure, they begin to clump together, killing the neurons in someone with Alzheimer's disease.

tau

Which of the following is an example of kindling?

the fact that withdrawal symptoms often get worse the more times one goes through withdrawal

The idea that neuropsychiatric disorders are caused in part by dysfunctions with the immune system is called

the immunological hypothesis.

Which of the following are risk factors or contributors to the likelihood of a person developing schizophrenia? Select all that apply

the person's identical twin being diagnosed with schizophrenia the person being born in the winter as compared to being born in the summer the father of the person being older at the time of conception

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that

there is an overactivation of dopamine receptors, especially D2 receptors

Ischemic strokes are typically caused by Responses

thrombus

What are some known side effects of taking clozapine? Select all that apply

weight gain weakened immune system

benign tumor

well defined border typically slow growing