Neuro Final
_______________ , a synthetic form of an opioid, is extremely powerful and has been linked to many overdoses
Fentanyl
typical antipsychotics
Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are two antipsychotics in this category. This was the first type of antipsychotic developed.
During a complicated delivery, a baby is thought to have gone some time without oxygen. To reduce the chances of the baby developing cerebral palsy, a doctor might prescribe erythropoietin (EPO) and
Hypothermia treatment
Typically, downregulation happens when someone is taking ___, and upregulation happens when someone is taking ___ .
Agonist antagonist
_______________ is a type of social phobia where someone has a fear of public spaces or leaving the house.
Agoraphobia
Which are fundamental principles when discussing neuropsychiatric disorders? Select all that apply.
All
Which of the following are considered to be or contain a psychoactive drug? Select all that apply.
All
Which of the following are risk factors for developing addictions? Select all that apply.
All
Which of the following groups of antidepressants increase serotonin levels in the synapse? Select all that apply.
All
The brain of someone who died with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is similar to someone who died with
Alzheimer's disease.
Using an fMRI, researchers found that the _______________ shows overactivity in adults on the autism spectrum compared to neurotypical controls
Amygdala
Of the following, which is the most common type of neuropsychiatric disorders in the United States?
Anxiety disorders
SSRIs and benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed
Anxiolytics
CREB
Causes a decrease in pleasurable feelings from taking a drug
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is associated with
Cerebral palsy
Someone going through alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) may show confusion, auditory hallucinations, and hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system. These are symptoms of
Delirium tremens
The best way to think about the mesotelencephalic dopamine system is as the brain's
Do it again center
positive symptom
persecutory delusions visual hallucinations
Post-concussion syndrome produces symptoms similar to those of damage to the _______________, so this area and the hypothalamus may be injured during concussions.
pituitary gland
Which group of antidepressants produces a dangerous side effect of high blood pressure if a person eats certain food like cheeses and nuts?
MAOIs
Depression, substance use disorder, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia are types of
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Most psychedelic hallucinogens are
Serotonin agonists
A form of amphetamine is used to treat people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
T
Both cigarettes and e-cigarettes can cause harm to the cardiovascular system.
T
Chemical bases such as baking soda and ammonia are added to cocaine to make crack cocaine.
T
Close to a half a million people die from cigarette smoking each year
T
Consuming alcohol, especially to excess, increases a person's risk for getting cancer.
T
Crack cocaine is typically more addictive than powdered cocaine.
T
Dissociative hallucinogens are glutamate antagonists.
T
It is a product of the diathesis-stress model.
T
It is more active just before receiving a reward than when actually receiving a reward.
T
Korsakoff syndrome can be caused by alcohol use disorde
T
Lithium carbonate is a type of mood-stabilizing drug given as a treatment for bipolar disorder.
T
Marijuana that is high in CBD but low in THC has been used to treat epilepsy in children
T
Nicotine acts as an agonist to acetylcholine (ACh) by binding directly to ACh receptors.
T
One of the groups that have shown some of the greatest increases in opioid overdose are middle-aged women
T
People with MDD often have an overactivation of areas of the limbic system such as the amygdala.
T
People with alcohol use disorder can die while going through withdrawal.
T
Researchers have found that psilocybin given to cancer patients reduced the symptoms of both anxiety and depression.
T
Someone diagnosed with PTSD typically has resting cortisol levels lower than others.
T
The rate of smoking cigarettes has been declining in the United States since the 1950s and 1960s.
T
They are GABA agonists.
T
They are often linked to overdose, especially when taken in combination with alcohol or opioids.
T
They often take several weeks to reduce symptoms.
T
Unlike SSRIs, hallucinogens can reduce symptoms of depression quickly.
T
Using neuroimaging techniques, researchers found that the brains of people taking LSD show more "unified" activity. Areas of the brain that are not normally active together became active at the same time.
T
Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as men.
T
_______________ is when someone needs to take more of a drug to experience the same effect.
Tolerance
Antidepressants such as Prozac block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so they would be considered indirect agonists.
True
Morphine binds and activates opioid receptors. Morphine is a direct agonist to endogenous opioids.
True
Psychostimulants are the most common type of drug prescribed to people diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
True
Which of the neuropsychiatric disorders below are thought to be highly influenced by problems with the immune system or related to an autoimmune disorder? Select all that apply.
all
negative symptom
alogia blunt affect
Phineas Gage received
an open-head injury.
In addition to problems with dopamine activity, people with schizophrenia also likely have
an underactivation of glutamate systems.
What is the clinical name for the disorder where someone takes drugs to the point where it harms the person's health, emotional state, personal relationships, or productivity?
SUD
Which of the following drugs are considered psychostimulants? Select all that apply
Ritalin cocaine methamphetamine
Panic attacks may be initiated by _______________ in people with panic disorder (PD).
Acidity of the brain
When tracking statistics on how certain drugs harm people and society, alcohol typically ranks
At the top of the list
Psychedelic
Ayahuasca LSD magic mushrooms
To better understand the neurology of a specific neuropsychiatric disorder, the international collaboration group called ENIGMA has conducted a meta-analysis of MRI recordings of 2,447 people diagnosed with _____________ compared to health controls.
BPAD
Giving a rat 0.25 mg of amphetamine will cause it to increase activity around its cage by 20%. But giving the rat the same dose two days later will increase its movement by 35%. This is an example of
Behavioral sensitization
THC
Binds to CB1 is associatiated with euphoria elevates dopamine
Hypomania mania
Bipolar 1 bipolar 2
The reason some people addicted to drugs tend to overdose in unfamiliar environments is due to
Classical conditioning
Most drugs that result in addiction or abuse increase _______________ in specific areas of the brain.
Dopamine
While the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens play a large role in drug addiction, the _______________ is also essential in the fact that stimulus-induced cravings for a drug can last for a long time because this structure facilitates the learned association between a drug and the stimulus associated with the drug. This learning can last a long time.
Dorsal striatum
Affinity
Dr. Chang was testing two Naloxone can bind to opioid
_______________ causes a decrease in the pleasurable feelings of a drug over repeated use.
Dynorphin
Which of the following are types of endogenous opioids? Select all that apply.
Dynorphins enkephalins endorphins
In diagnosing epilepsy, a doctor might use _______________ to look for a paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS). Responses
EEG
Of the following treatments for major depressive disorder, which one works the quickest to relieve symptoms?
Electroconvulsive therapy
According to the CDC, about 1 in 85 adults in the US take antidepressants.
F
Alcohol use disorder is diagnosed about as often in women as in men.
F
Cocaine is a direct agonist to dopamine in that it binds and activates dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
F
Difficulty with executive functions is the primary symptom of generalized anxiety disorder.
F
Habitual use of methamphetamine is associated with liver disease and damage to the pancreas.
F
Hallucinogens are considered to be highly addictive, as they are direct dopamine agonists.
F
In the United States, it is still illegal to conduct research where humans take hallucinogens.
F
It is equally diagnosed in men and women.
F
It is most active when the rewarding outcome of a behavior is certain (always received)
F
It requires a dopamine agonist like cocaine to be active.
F
It typically takes several weeks of taking benzodiazepines before symptoms are reduced.
F
Overdoses related to cocaine use decreased between 2012 and 2017.
F
PTSD is more commonly diagnosed in men than women.
F
People using e-cigarettes are less likely to start smoking tobacco cigarettes compared to people that have never tried e-cigarettes.
F
Someone diagnosed with PTSD typically has an enlarged hippocampus compared with others that do not have the same diagnosis.
F
Tricyclic antidepressants are typically prescribed more often than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
F
While overdose to opioids showed a tremendous increase between 2011 and 2016, overdose due to methamphetamine declined during that time period.
F
It is thought to be caused by overactivation of monoamine systems.
False
L-DOPA is a precursor to dopamine. Taking L-DOPA will increase the level of dopamine in the brain. L-DOPA is a direct agonist to dopamine.
False
Typically, drugs taken orally have greater bioavailability than drugs taken through injection.
False
One treatment for spastic diplegia, a muscle problem associated with cerebral palsy, is an injection of Baclofen, which activates _______________ receptors in the muscle
GABA
Opioids increase dopamine in the ventral tegmentum and nucleus accumbens by inhibiting _______________ interneurons.
GABA
There is evidence that underactivation of _______________ systems plays a key role in epilepsy. For example, drugs that are antagonists to this neurotransmitter can cause seizures, and withdrawal from alcohol or benzodiazepines can cause seizures.
GABA
Alcohol is a ___ and a ___ agonist
GABA dopamine
Ego-dissolution is associated with taking
Hallucinogens
The German company Bayer began marketing diamorphine (a more potent version of morphine) in the early part of the 20th century and marketed it under the name
Heroine
Which of the following are true about amphetamine and methamphetamine? Select all that apply.
In addition to dopamine the habitual use amphetamine CAN ACT
Vaping using needle snorting swallowing
Inhalation injection insufflation oral
CBD
Is in high concentration
A form of the hallucinogen __________ has been approved by the FDA as a treatment for depression.
Ketamine
The liver produces alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which break down alcohol and keep it from affecting the brain. As people drink more alcohol, the liver gets better at producing these enzymes, forming
Metabolic tolerance
Efficacy
Methamphetamine enters the The tiny amount of the
Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) may be one contributing factor to the development of
OCD
Dissociative hallucinogen
PCP ketamine
Harm
Persistent use causes impairment lead to substance abuse
False statement
Persistent use increases Alzheimer's
The study of how the body affects the action of a drug is ___, and the study of the mechanisms of how a drug affects the body is ___.
Pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics
One neural correlation for someone with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is underdeveloped or lower activity in the
Prefrontal cortex
According to scientifically supported evidence, what are the risk factors for a child developing autism? Select all that apply.
Pregnant mother genetics problems
Benefit
Reduces nausea shrink cancer
______________ is the uncontrollable muscle twitching that is often produced as a side effect to taking antipsychotic medication.
Tardive dyskinesia
Which of the following is thought to be overactive in someone with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
The HPA axis
Which of the following is the best example of how a person could receive a coup-contrecoup injury?
The person is in a car accident and hits their head against the dashboard pretty hard
atypical antipsychotics
This type of antipsychotic is an antagonist to both serotonin and dopamine. Of the two types of antipsychotics, this one produces fewer motor-control side effects.
In the mesotelencephalic dopamine system, neurons in the _______________ send axons to the nucleus accumbens.
VTA
A type of partial seizure that starts in one location and then spreads to other areas of the brain is called
a Jacksonian seizure
With regard to generalized seizures, ___ seizures are less severe or dangerous than ___ seizures
absence tonic-clonic
ΔFosB
causes long-term sensitization (learning) to drugs and drug-related stimuli
A teratogen is
chemical that contributes to birth defects.
Problems with executive functioning, verbal fluency, and working memory are _______________ symptoms of schizophrenia. Responses
cognitive
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was once called _______________ because it was associated with people who had been boxers for a long time. Responses
dementia pugilistica
The main conclusion of the FINGER study was that
exercise, low body weight, and social interaction can reduce the progression of Alzheimer's disease
It is caused by being exposed to aluminum
f
Most tumors are causes by neurons that begin to replicate uncontrollably
f
The best way to test for meningitis is through a blood test.
f
The leading causes of traumatic brain injury in ages 5-24 are sports-related
f
The recessive allele AP44-e12 increases the risk of developing AD
f
Viral meningitis is typically more severe and dangerous than bacterial meningitis.
f
While transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) can make people very sick, these diseases are rarely fatal if treated. Responses
f
During a brain injury, axons can tear and release ______________, which can act as an excitotoxin that kills other neurons
glutamate
Naloxone works to reverse opioid overdose because
has a higher affinity for opioid receptors and pushes out other opioids such as heroin or oxycodone.
Diffuse axonal injuries are caused by
head injuries where the brain is twisted or rotated while moving around in the skull.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD BSE Scrapie
human cow sheep
neurofibrillary tangles
inside the neuron
Which type of glial cell is thought to play a role in the progression of Alzherimer's disease?
microglia
Prions are
misfolded proteins
beta-amyloid plaque
outside the neuron
Oxycodone was claimed to be a nonaddictive pain killer because it
releases opioids slowly over time (time-released
malignant tumor
spreads easily typically fast growing typically the more dangerous of the two
Philip is 82 years old and was up in his attic fixing a light. He stood up too quickly and bumped his head on a crossbeam. He said he felt fine, but later he had a headache and was a bit dizzy. Philip should be taken to the doctor and checked for a
subdural hematoma
Bacterial meningitis is highly contagious
t
Concussions in female athletes tend to occur more often and have harsher symptoms than in their male counterparts.
t
It is the leading cause of dementia.
t
Meningitis can be caused by a fungus
t
People who have had herpes are at greater risk of developing AD.
t
People with Down syndrome often develop AD in their 40s.
t
There are vaccines that help prevent meningitis
t
There is a strong correlation between the number of concussions football players receive during their career and the likelihood that they will be diagnosed with depression.
t
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
t
soldiers are at greater risk of experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if they have received a TBI compared to other wounds.
t
__________ proteins stabilize microtubules inside the neuron. When these proteins change their structure, they begin to clump together, killing the neurons in someone with Alzheimer's disease.
tau
Which of the following is an example of kindling?
the fact that withdrawal symptoms often get worse the more times one goes through withdrawal
The idea that neuropsychiatric disorders are caused in part by dysfunctions with the immune system is called
the immunological hypothesis.
Which of the following are risk factors or contributors to the likelihood of a person developing schizophrenia? Select all that apply
the person's identical twin being diagnosed with schizophrenia the person being born in the winter as compared to being born in the summer the father of the person being older at the time of conception
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that
there is an overactivation of dopamine receptors, especially D2 receptors
Ischemic strokes are typically caused by Responses
thrombus
What are some known side effects of taking clozapine? Select all that apply
weight gain weakened immune system
benign tumor
well defined border typically slow growing
