NEURO MIDTERM

Which of the following regulates vital bodily functions such as breathing? - Cerebellum - Cerebrum - Brain stem - Meninges

Brain stem

If a small amount of dye is placed in a beaker of water, it will flow away from the initial point of contact. The ensuing process illustrates: - Diffusion. - Concentration. - Charge. - Electrostatic pressure.

Diffusion.

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels that function in neurotransmission are primarily found on the: - Postsynaptic membrane. - Presynaptic membrane. - Synaptic vesicles. - Dendrites

Presynaptic membrane.

Which side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right hand? - Right - Left - Frontal - Dorsal

Right

The amino acid tyrosine is the precursor for three different amine neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. True, false or both?

True

An action potential is: - A large graded potential. - A large, brief reversal in the polarity of a membrane. - The same as a threshold potential. - Seldom shorter than 10 milliseconds.

A large, brief reversal in the polarity of a membrane.

What is synaptic integration? - A method of comparing the amplitudes of miniature postsynaptic potentials - Adding together all IPSPs generated by a single neuron - Adding together all EPSPs generated by a single neuron - A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron

A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron

The notion that opposites attract best describes: - Concentration gradient. - A voltage gradient. - Diffusion. - All the answers are correct.

A voltage gradient.

How do action potentials differ from passively conducted electrical signals? - Action potentials diminish over distance; passively conducted signals do not diminish over distance. - Action potentials occur only in nerve cells; passively conducted signals occur only in muscle cells. - Action potentials are transmitted over short distances; passively conducted signals are conducted over long distances. - Action potentials are signals of fixed size and duration; passively conducted signals are not signals of fixed size and duration.

Action potentials are signals of fixed size and duration; passively conducted signals are not signals of fixed size and duration.

Saltatory conduction refers to: - Sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid. - Action potentials that are facilitated by sodium. - Action potentials jumping from one node to the next. - The leakage of the sodium channels that require the existence of a sodium-potassium pump.

Action potentials jumping from one node to the next.

EPSPs on the distant dendrite's tree: - Have maximum influence on an action potential. - Are easier to summate both spatially and temporally than EPSPs elsewhere. - Are less likely to have a dynamic effect than those close to the axon hillock. - Do not modulate action potentials.

Are less likely to have a dynamic effect than those close to the axon hillock.

What do you understand by the term translation? - Assembling a piece of mRNA - Assembling proteins from amino acids - Removal of introns and specific exons - The "reading" of DNA

Assembling proteins from amino acids

What is the region where the axon begins? - Soma - Axon hillock - Axon collateral - Axon termina

Axon hillock

Which of the following is NOT involved in producing the resting potential? - Potassium ions - Chloride ions - Calcium ions - Sodium ions

Calcium ions

Ultimately Ca2+ serves to aid neural transmission by: - Causing an action potential. - Helping to make neurotransmitters. - Opening K+ channels on axon terminals. - Causing the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

Causing the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

Where is CSF produced? Choose the correct option. - Choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles - Subarachnoid space - Diencephalon - Arachnoid villi

Choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles

Which major white matter system forms an axonal bridge linking the cerebral hemispheres? - Dorsal columns - Corpus callosum - Internal capsule - Posterior capsule

Corpus callosum

Neurons comprise two main structures: axons and dendrites. What is a major difference between the two? -Dendrites are of uniform diameter throughout, whereas axons taper to a point. -Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons, whereas axons carry the output of neurons. - A cell body gives rise to a single dendrite and multiple axons. -Dendrites travel long distances, whereas axons are always short.

Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons, whereas axons carry the output of neurons.

A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -68 mV is called: - Depolarization. - Hyperpolarization. - Graded excitatory potential. - Nothing, as these changes occur spontaneously.

Depolarization.

What is the function of a neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane? - Release synaptic vesicles - Detect neurotransmitters - Destroy extra neurotransmitter left in the synaptic cleft - Form gap junctions

Detect neurotransmitters

What is resting membrane potential? - Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest - Generation and conduction of action potential at rest - Positive charge of the membrane at rest - Isolation of the cytosol from extracellular fluid

Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest

At what point do the somatic sensory axons enter the spinal cord? - Dorsal roots - Ventral roots - Dorsal root ganglia - Ventral root ganglia

Dorsal roots

A cell cannot produce an action potential: - During the relative refractory period. - During the absolute refractory period. - During the intermediate refractory period. - None of the answers is correct.

During the absolute refractory period.

The central nervous system develops from which embryonic tissue? - Neural crest - Ectoderm - Mesoderm - Endoderm

Ectoderm

What is the meaning of an ion's equilibrium potential? - Net movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration - Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient - Difference between the real membrane potential and equilibrium potential for a particular ion - Difference in concentration between a region with a high ionic concentration and a region with a low ionic concentration

Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters via: - Endocytosis. - Pinocytosis. - Exocytosis. - Phagocytosis.

Exocytosis.

Which of the following mediate most of the synaptic inhibition in the CNS? - Glutamate and glycine - GABA and glutamate - Glycine and glycerine - GABA and glycine

GABA and glycine

For an EPSP to cause another action potential, the stimulation must reach the _____, which is (are) rich in voltage-sensitive ion channels. - Initial segment (axon hillock) - Cell body - Dendrites - Terminal buttons

Initial segment (axon hillock)

Which of the following are the major charge carriers involved in the conduction of electricity in neurons? - Polar bonds - Phospholipid bilayers - Ions - Ionic bond

Ions

For an action potential to be elicited: - One quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell. - Multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell. - Calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell. - One quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell, and calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell.

Multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell.

Which of the following is a glutamate receptor subtype? - NMDA receptor - Nicotinic receptor - Muscarinic receptor - Opioid receptor

NMDA receptor

A scientist looks through a microscope at the structure of a neuron. The scientist notices a layer of molecules separating the neuron's intracellular space from the extracellular space. What is this part of the neuron known as? -Organelle -Soma -Neuronal Membrane -Nuclear Envelope

Neuronal Membrane

Which of the following statements about the nicotinic and muscarinic receptor subtypes is correct? - Nicotinic receptors are found in the skeletal muscle, whereas muscarinic receptors are found in the cardiac muscle. - Muscarinic receptors are found in the skeletal muscle, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the cardiac muscle. - Nicotinic receptors are antagonized by atropine. - Muscarinic receptors are antagonized by curare.

Nicotinic receptors are found in the skeletal muscle, whereas muscarinic receptors are found in the cardiac muscle.

Which of the following is the most posterior cerebral lobe in the brain? - Occipital lobe - Temporal lobe - Parietal lobe - Frontal lobe

Occipital lobe

EPSPs are associated with _____, whereas IPSPs are associated with _____. - Opening of sodium channels; opening of potassium channels - Opening of sodium channels; closing of potassium channels - Closing of sodium channels; opening of potassium channels - Opening of calcium channels; closing of potassium channels

Opening of sodium channels; opening of potassium channels

Which membrane lies closest to the brain? - Meninges - Dura mater - Arachnoid - Pia mater

Pia mater

At rest, the concentrations of _____ are higher inside of a neuron, whereas the concentrations of _____ are higher outside of a neuron. - Potassium (K+); sodium (Na+) - Sodium (Na+); potassium (K+) - Potassium (K+); chloride (Cl-) - Potassium (K+); anions (A-)

Potassium (K+); sodium (Na+)

How does the sodium-potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential? - Pumps potassium ions in and sodium ions out - Pumps sodium ions in and potassium ions out - Exchanges a sodium ion and a potassium ion for a calcium ion - Uses calcium ions to pump sodium ions and potassium ions against their concentration gradients

Pumps potassium ions in and sodium ions out

_____ produce(s) myelin in the peripheral nervous system, whereas _____ produce(s) myelin in the central nervous system. - Ependymal cells; Schwann cells - Astroglia; oligodendroglia - Oligodendroglia, Schwann cells - Schwann cells, oligodendroglia

Schwann cells, oligodendroglia

Which factor other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibrium potential for an ion? - Selective ionic permeability - Sodium potassium pump - Electrical resistance - Electrical conductance

Selective ionic permeability

What is the most important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? - RNA splicing - Post-translational DNA processing - Site of protein synthesis - Cellular respiration

Site of protein synthesis

_____ contain the neurotransmitters. - Synaptic vesicles - Ribosomes - Axons - Dendrites

Synaptic vesicles

Which of the following is NOT true? - The cell membrane is semipermeable, so it keeps in large negatively charged protein molecules. - The membrane keeps out Na+ and allows K+ and Cl- to pass more freely. - The membrane has a sodium-potassium pump that removes potassium from inside the cell and replaces it with sodium. - The summed charges of the unequally distributed ions leave the inside of the membrane at -70 mV relative to the outside. This is the cell's resting potential.

The membrane has a sodium-potassium pump that removes potassium from inside the cell and replaces it with sodium.

Distinguish between the "head" and "tail" of phospholipids. - Phospholipids have a nonpolar "head" and polar "tail." - The phospholipid's "head" contains hydrophilic phosphate and "tail" contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon. - The phospholipid's "head" is hydrophobic and the hydrocarbon "tail" is hydrophilic. - The phospholipid's "heads" face each other, and their "tails" face the watery extracellular and intracellular environments.

The phospholipid's "head" contains hydrophilic phosphate and "tail" contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon.

An action potential usually goes only in one direction in an axon because: - The ions can flow only in one direction. - The refractory periods force the impulse to go in one direction. - The ion flow is attracted to chemicals in the synaptic knob. - Autoreceptors inhibit backward flow of ions

The refractory periods force the impulse to go in one direction.

How do the lipids of the neuronal membrane contribute to the neuronal membrane potential? - These lipids encourage chemical interactions with water. - These lipids catalyze chemical reactions. - These lipids integrate cytosol of neuron with extracellular fluid. - These lipids form a barrier to water-soluble ions and water.

These lipids form a barrier to water-soluble ions and water.

Compared with chemical synapses, electrical synapses: - Transmit messages faster. - Transmit messages more slowly. - Require more metabolic energy. - Do not require presynaptic activation.

Transmit messages faster.

Brain slices can be bathed in a concentrated K+ solution to stimulate neurotransmitter release. Why must Ca2+ ions also be present in the bathing solution? - Ca2+ causes a large membrane depolarization. - Ca2+ helps keep the brain slices alive. - Transmitter release requires the entry of Ca2+ into the axon terminal. - Ca2+ stimulates many synapses in a region of the brain.

Transmitter release requires the entry of Ca2+ into the axon terminal.

Molecular neurobiologists study the information contained in genes to determine the structure and functions of the neuronal proteins. True or false?

True

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels are active: - Whenever the cell membrane starts to depolarize. - When the voltage across the membrane reaches zero. - When the threshold voltage of the cell is reached. - When the voltage across the membrane reaches +30 mV.

When the threshold voltage of the cell is reached.

A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -50 mV typically results in: - an excitatory postsynaptic potential. - repolarization. - an action potential. - hyperpolarization.

an action potential.