Neuropsychology Midterm
Break down of the nervous system and structures within and which parts can regrow
- Central Nervous System: brain & spinal cord; CAN'T REGROW AFTER INJURY but has bone for protection - Peripheral Nervous System: 1) somatic nervous system (sensory and motor with external; cranial and spinal nerves) and 2) autonomic nervous system (sensory and motor with internal; sympathetic and parasympathetic); CAN REGROW AFTER INJURY but lacks bone protection
What are the three types of matter/layers in the cortex?
- Gray Matter is typically the outer part of the cortex - White matter is typically underneath the cortex - Reticular matter tends to be found in the brainstem
what is the barrier between the brain's blood vessels; it is defense against disease-causing pathogens and toxins that may be present in our blood? What is the key structure within this?
- blood-brain barrier - endothelial tight junctions
Why do psychopharmacological medications not always work as effective as once hoped?
1. Everyone responds differently to the amount of medications as everyone has varying amounts of receptors within their brain for neurotransmitters. Some need a strong dose and some need a very tiny dose. 2. There are many different side effects to the medications that can make the problem worse for some people when taking it. Some people need to try a different medication and may have to try more than one to find which one works best for them.
According to the ________, humans have performed better on IQ assessments from generation to generation due to_____________. a) Flynn effect, enhanced experiences and more effective education b) Flynn effect, larger brains c) Spearman Theory, better diets d) Spearman Theory, larger frontal lobes
A
According to the textbook, the brain region whose growth is MOST associated with the evolution of modern humans is the: a) parietal lobe b) cerebellum c) limbic system d) temporal lobe
A
Considering functional development, why would the spinal cord develop prior to the forebrain? a) Sensory information processing precedes the development of higher order functioning. b) Higher order functioning precedes conducting information to and from the brain. c) Executive functioning tasks are secondary to regulatory functioning of the brainstem. d) Cognitive abilities are not essential for survival.
A
Dura mater means a) Hard mother b) Controlling mother c) Nurturing mother d) Soft mother
A
Following the synthesis of a neurotransmitter, what is the next step toward synaptic transmission? a) storage in vesicles b) reuptake c) release into the synapse d) deactivation
A
For a split-brain patient to verbally identify an image, the image should be presented to the: a) right visual field b) right eye c) left eye d) left visual field
A
If you visually "map" body parts to the areas of the brain that control them, you end up with the visual representation of the brain's map which is called a _________. a) homunculus b) neuroscience map c) brain map d) representation theory map
A
Modern chimpanzees and humans share about ________ of their genes. a) 99% b) 75% c) 87% d) 95%
A
Most psychoactive drugs affect the functioning of the: a) synapse b) astrocytes c) dendrites d) axon hillock
A
Multiple sclerosis results from the deterioration of: a) myelin. b) axon hillocks. c) the blood-brain barrier. d)Na + channels.
A
Neuroplasticity is seen in patients with TBI, and it is also related to: a) learning b) taste c) smell d) vision
A
Rapidly adapting receptors would mostly be found in __________. a) muscles, joints, & tendons b) stomach c) brain d) hair
A
Reuptake of a neurotransmitter is accomplished by: a) the presynaptic neuron b) nearby capillaries c) the postsynaptic neuron d) surrounding glial cells.
A
Saltatory conduction occurs in neurons with: a) myelin sheaths. b) voltage differentials. c) synaptic connections. d) organic ions.
A
Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________. a) brain, mind b) mind, brain c) limbic system, prefrontal lobe d) brainstem, cortex
A
The MOST pronounced anatomical asymmetries are found in the areas associated with: a) language b) vision c) hearing d) emotion
A
The ND-SD metaphor is an example of what theory on sex and gender: a) constructivist b) evolutionist c) materialist d) essentialist
A
The ability of the right hemisphere to support language abilities after damage to the left hemisphere supports: a) interaction models b) isolationist models c) supermodels d) specialization models
A
The cell bodies of the neurons of the major activating systems (breathing and heart rate) are located in the: a) brainstem. b) frontal cortex. c) basal ganglia. d) diencephalon
A
The encephalization quotient of modern humans is ________ that of chimpanzees. a) three times b) equal to c) two times d) five times
A
The information-processing units of the nervous system are: a) neurons. b) ependymal cells. c) nuclei. d) glial cells.
A
The literature has shown there are a number of sex differences in the brain. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have revealed that: a) females have a greater degree of interhemispheric connectivity relative to males. b) males have a greater degree of interhemispheric connectivity relative to females. c) females have a greater anterior to posterior connectivity relative to males. d) while there are anatomical differences between males and females, DTI results are not significantly meaningful.
A
The process by which molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is called: a) diffusion. b) osmosis. c) gating. d) exocytosis.
A
The sensory homunculus is a cortical representation of: a) the body proportional to body surface sensitivity b) conscious bodily sensations c) the body proportional to muscle number
A
The small protrusions found on the dendrites of neurons are called: a) spines. b) receptors. c) terminal buttons. d) thorns.
A
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal body are components of the: a) diencephalon b) telencephalon c) metencephalon d) myelencephalon.
A
What activating system in the CNS would be implicated in depression and bipolar disorder (where there is the presence of mania). a) Noradrenergic b) Dopaminergic c) Serotonergic d) Cholinergic
A
What approach developed by Aristotle holds that we have a nonphysical "psyche" that is responsible for our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions? a) mentalism b) materialism c) relativism d) structuralism
A
What philosophical stance would conclude that only mental objects (i.e., the mind) exist and claim that what we think of as our body is merely the perception of the mind. a) idealism b) mentalism c) materialism d) dualism
A
__________ is due to many internal organs, such as the heart, having pain receptors that lack a direct pathway to the brain. As a result, pain is often felt at the surface of the body. a) referred pain b) somatic pain c) psychomatic pain d) false pain
A
______________ therapy is proven method to relieve phantom limb pain. a) mirror b) cognitive-behavioral c) exposure d) behavioral
A
A patient who cannot locate the position of his limbs in space unless he is looking at them is suffering from a loss of: a) hapsis b) proprioception c) nociception d) enteroception
B
According to Dr. Link, research on _______ disorders are often highly political and polarized: a) neurological b) body integration c) depressive d) anxiety
B
Although all of the individuals listed made contributions to our knowledge of the lateralization of language functions in the brain, _____ is generally credited with the MOST important findings. a) Dax b) Broca c) Marie d) Bouillaud
B
Antipsychotic drugs are thought to exert their effects, at least in part, by blocking one type of: a) thought process b) dopamine receptor c) action potential d) glutamate receptor
B
Botox injections smooth the face by: a) increasing the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction b) blocking ACh activity and relaxing facial muscles c) dissolving excessive fatty facial deposits d) producing increased blood flow to the face
B
Cells in the cortex can be arranged into _____ layers. a) 1 b) 6 c) 2 d) 4
B
Descartes was an articulate proponent of: a) monism. b) dualism. c) nonmaterialism. d) the cardiac hypothesis
B
Females show greater sensitivity to sensory stimuli, with the exception of: a) taste b) vision c) smell d) pain
B
Following damage to the left hemisphere, the MOST likely outcome would be a decline in: a) pitch recognition b) verbal ability c) mental rotation ability d) emotional memory
B
How can a single neurotransmitter have both excitatory and inhibitory action? a) The neurotransmitter will have excitatory action when interacting with the parasympathetic neurons b) The action is dependent on the specific receptor and portion of the nervous system being acted upon c) The neurotransmitter will have opposing action depending on the organ being stimulated d) The excitatory or inhibitory action of a neurotransmitter is dependent on the quantity of the neurotransmitter within the synaptic cleft
B
In the video from Fr. Spitzer, research on near-death experiences seem to indicate that a person's ______ continue even when there are signs of clinical death. a) neurons b) perception and sensory awareness c) brain functioning d) ability to communicate
B
Neurogenesis does not typically occur in the brain with the exception of the a) hypothalamus b) hippocampus c) pons d) cerebellum
B
Patients who have difficulties with attention may have deficiencies in the production of: a) serotonin and dopamine. b) dopamine and norepinephrine. c) dopamine and acetylcholine. d) serotonin and norepinephrine.
B
Phenotypic plasticity accounts for the way that: a) environmental differences don't alter the phenotype of identical twins b) identical genotypes do not produce identical phenotypes c) identical genotypes produce identical phenotypes d) clones always look identical to the parent whose genotype is used
B
The _____ gland plays an important role in the regulation of our sleep cycle through the release of melatonin. a) habenula b) pineal c) pituitary d) endothelial
B
The _____ located in the _____ is highly implicated in the development of Parkinson's Disease. a) pons, midbrain b) substantia nigra, tegmentum c) substantia nigra, tectum d) cingulate cortex, limbic system
B
The _____ system would likely play a role in memory and the onset of Alzheimers. a) serotonergic b) cholinergic c) noradrenergic d) dopaminergic
B
The __________ is usually the place where interpretation of the neural information is translated into perception, memory, and voluntary action. a) cerebellum b) cortex c) pons d) basal ganglia
B
The class of drugs that provide analgesic effects are called opioids. They have not only pain-relieving but also sleep-inducing properties. IN addition to these medications, we also have natural opioids produced in our brains called: a) natural antidepressants b) endorphins c) naloxone d) synthetic morphine
B
The corpus callosum is the largest of the brain's: a) subcortical nuclei b) commissures c) cortical lobes d) sensory nerves
B
The excitatory effect of a neurotransmitter is caused by the: a) chemical structure of the neurotransmitter b) nature of the receptor with which it interacts c) part of the brain where it is released d) amount of neurotransmitter that is released.
B
The first two chemicals to be identified as neurotransmitters were: a) dopamine and serotonin b) acetylcholine and epinephrine c) GABA and NMDA d) glutamate and glycine
B
The identification of melodies shows _________ in a dichotic listening task. a) no advantage due to either ear b) a left-ear advantage c) a frontal lobe advantage d) a right-ear advantage
B
The large frontal lobes of primates have come to be associated with: a) emotional processing of facial expression b) executive functions such as complex social behaviors c) balance and coordination d) high-level visual pattern recognition
B
The largest functional differences are found between _________ rather than __________. a) genders; age groups b) cerebral sites; cerebral sides c) cortical layers; cortical columns d) cerebral sides; cerebral sites
B
The movement of the action potential from axon hillock to axon terminal is known as: a) the graded potential. b) the nerve impulse. c) the refractory period. d) anterograde transport
B
What activating system of the CNS would be heavily implicated in a diagnosis of schizophrenia and Parkinson's, as well as addictions? a) Serotonergic b) Dopaminergic c) Noradrenergic d) Cholinergic
B
Which factor does NOT usually influence the laterality of function in humans? a) gender b) height c) genetics d) handedness
B
the processing of somatosensory information from the body such as touch, pain, temperature, and the sense of limb position basically having the urge that a part of the body doesn't belong to them
Body Integrity Identity Disorder
A change in the membrane potential from -65 to -70 mV is an example of: a) saltatory conduction. b) an action potential. c) hyperpolarization. d) depolarization.
C
A long myelinated axon lacking nodes of Ranvier would probably propagate: a) nerve impulses backward b) nerve impulses faster than one with nodes of Ranvier c) nerve impulses more slowly than one with nodes of Ranvier d) impulses at the same rate as one with nodes of Ranvier
C
After differentiation, these cells offer support for the nervous system. Without their presence, there may be damage to the blood-brain barrier. a) bipolar neurons b) interneurons c) astroglia d) ependymal cells
C
An example of ontological reductionism as set forth by Carozza is reducing concepts such as _____ to mere biological activities located in the brain. a) vision b) language c) free will or love d) memory
C
At noted in your textbook, the extensive study of Henry M. BEST demonstrates: a) support of two brain theory. b) effective treatment of epilepsy. c) that memories are encoded and stored in multiple areas of the brain. d) that amnesia can be the result of brain damage.
C
Diagnoses such as phantom limb pain, body integrity identity disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder, and perhaps gender dysphoria, would seem to be influenced in part by what theory? a) Synesthesia Theory b) Muller-Lyer Theory c) Body Representation Theory d) None of the answers are correct
C
Dr. Rippon makes the argument that much of the differences between a male and female brain are due to _________. a) prenatal influences b) hormones c) gender socialization d) genetics
C
Following neurosurgery, if a patient saw a marked difference in verbal comprehension, damage would likely be localized to: a) the frontal operculum b) the thalamus c) the planum temporale d) Heschl's gyrus
C
Following removal of a tumor in the left temporal lobe, the patient should expect postsurgery deficits in: a) motor timing and force of movement b) interpretation of facial expressions c) speech production d) musical ability and tonal expression
C
For a neuron to reach the threshold for generating an action potential, it must be: a) hyperpolarized b) inhibited c) depolarized d) unipolarized
C
Homunculus means ___________. a) the human brain b) huge man c) little man d) the human person
C
How are brain regions correlated to each other? a) dependent b) independent c) interdependent
C
If you were studying the impact of diet upon the expression of one's IQ, you would be involved in the work of a) neuroplasticity b) neuropsychology c) epigenetics d) none of the answers are correct
C
Research would indicate that if you are following directions using a map with landmarks, you should consult your __________ if help is needed. a) uncle b) brother c) mother d) father
C
Surgical disconnection of the two cerebral hemispheres by cutting the corpus callosum (and other commissures) is a "last resort" treatment for: a) aphasia b) multiple sclerosis c) epilepsy d) schizophrenia
C
The MOST convincing experimental design for demonstrating the localization of a particular function to a brain region is the: a) double association b) single dissociation c) double dissociation d) case study
C
The Stanford Study found that structural differences can be observed between males and females in what areas of the brain? a) amygdala b) hippocampus c) all of the answers are correct d) default mode network e) striatum
C
The cortical area MOST closely associated with speech comprehension is the _____ lobe. a) frontal b) parietal c) temporal d) occipital
C
The main area of decussations are found in the _____. a) cerebellum b) spinal cord c) medulla oblongata d) pons
C
The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to experience the same physical effect is called: a) addiction b) dependence c) tolerance d) sensitization
C
The term commissurotomy typically refers to the severing of the: a) medial forebrain bundle b) arcuate fasciculus c) corpus callosum d) fornix
C
The two factors that determine nerve impulse speed in the axon are: a) axon diameter and the availability of Na + ions. b) nodes of Ranvier and myelination. c) axon diameter and myelination. d) axon length and myelination.
C
Variables that influence whether and how a gene is expressed do NOT include: a) nutrition b) neglect c) phrenological profile d) education
C
When neuropsychologists refer to a function as being lateralized, they mean that the function: a) is performed most efficiently in a lateral motion b) can be performed equally well by either hemisphere of the brain c) is performed most efficiently by one hemisphere of the brain d) is performed most efficiently by a lateral region of the brain
C
When studying children, a sex difference in aggressive social play observed in boys and girls has been associated with: a) low levels of in utero testosterone b) high levels of in utero anti-androgenic progestins c) high levels of in utero testosterone d) low levels of in utero anti-androgenic progestins
C
Which brain structures are seen as ridges and grooves which create boundaries within the lobes of the brain? a) lobes b) sulci and fissures c) gyri and sulci d) forebrain and spinal cord
C
Which of these is NOT a class of neurotransmitter? a) gases b) small molecules c) lipids d) peptides
C
You have twin babies, a boy and girl. Research would indicate that your baby girl will likely. a) more easily learn a second language b) begin talking sooner c) all of the answers are correct d) be more proficient in reading
C
_____ mapped out an atlas of the brain with various the functions involved in each area. a) Kolbe b) Broca c) Brodmann d) Sperry
C
___________ is the ability to perceive multiple sensory experiences at the same time. a) prosopagnosia b) proprioception c) synesthesia d) panopsothesia
C
- active in maintaining waking electroencephalographic - important for memory - related to Alzheimer's disease
Cholinergic system - acetylcholine
A GABA antagonist would be likely to produce: a) respiratory depression b) decreased anxiety and activity c) visual hallucinations d) increased anxiety and activity
D
A characteristic resting potential in a neuron is about _____ mV. a) 0 b) -30 c) 50 d) -70
D
A drug that increases the effectiveness of neurotransmission is called a(n): a) antagonist b) neuromodulator c) stimulant d) agonist
D
Associative learning through stimulus -response, as well as reward system motivation and pleasure are influenced heavily by the _____. a) neocortex b) thalamus c) cingulate cortex d) basal ganglia
D
Damage to this area may lead to the "Locked In" Syndrome. a) Hypothylamus b) Medulla c) Reticular Formation d) Pons
D
During _____, a neuron is incapable of generating an action potential. a) neurotransmitter release b) saltatory conduction c) the absolute refractory period d) the relative refractory period
D
If you placed a common object such as a key out of sight in the left hand of a typical commissurotomy patient, she would: a) identify the object verbally but not describe its shape b) recognize it by shape and verbally name it c) neither recognize it by shape nor name it d) recognize the object by its shape but not identify it verbally
D
In the _____ theory, the brain is the source of all behavior. a) neurological b) neuron c) cranial d) brain
D
Neurotransmitters are chemicals responsible for: a) propagating the nerve impulse. b) transmitting signals within neurons. c) providing energy to power cellular processes. d) transmitting signals between neurons.
D
Sarah would be expected to have a higher score than Steve on which neuropsychological test? a) Rey Complex Figure b) Draw-a-Bicycle c) Rotor Pursuit d) Chicago Word Fluency
D
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been associated with abnormalities in brainstem neurons that release: a) glutamate b) vasopressin c) dopamine d) serotonin.
D
The _____ of the action potential encodes the strength of the stimulus. a) refractory period b) neurotransmitters c)length d) frequency
D
The blood-brain barrier is established by: a) neurons and astrocytes b) neurons and smooth muscle cells c) endothelial cells and neurons d) endothelial cells and astrocytes
D
The crossing of sensory and motor fibers that associate sensory and motor activity from one side of the body with the opposite side of the brain are called____. a) ventral spinal nerves b) ipsilateral connections c) thalamocortical projections d) decussations
D
The full set of a species' genes is known as its: a) nucleosome b) phenome c) chromosome d) genome
D
The study of the effects of drugs on the function of the nervous system is: a) biopsychology b) pharmokinetics c) neuroendocrinology d) psychopharmacology
D
The subjective experience that results from sensory processing is referred to as: a) introspection b) intellection c) sensation d) perception
D
This part of the limbic system is highly involved in the "fight or flight" response. a) Cerebellum b) Corpus Callosum c) Substantia Nigra d) Amygdala
D
Which of the following is not a lobe of the brain: a) frontal b) temporal c) parietal d) coronal
D
Which of the following statements on neurons is/are true? a) Neurons have plasticity b) Neurons function as information units c) Neurons function as memory units d) All of the answers are correct
D
which of these has the highest EQ? a) cat b) rat c) elephant d) dolphin
D
what is the structure of the neuron? What part of the neuron inputs signal and what part outputs signal?
Dendrites: receiving/input signal Axon: conducting signal; action potentials are generated and travel down to cause release of neurotransmitter Axon hillock/cell body: trigger signal Terminal button: output signal
- influence voluntary movement - active in maintaining normal motor behavior - associated with Parkinson disease and impaired movement - involved in rewarded behaviors and addiction: addictive drugs and behavioral addiction - associated with schizophrenia and deficits of attention
Dopaminergic system - dopamine
True or False: Research has determined that people with above average IQ have brains that weigh more than most.
False
True or false: "No matter what 'type' of male you are, or what 'type' of female you are, God created the sexes to complement and enhance one another." This would be an example of fractional complementarity.
False
True or false: having a "smoother" brain with less gyri and sulci is advantageous and is correlated with higher IQ.
False
True or False: Sensory neurons are efferent and motor neurons are afferent.
False; sensory neurons = afferent; motor neurons = efferent
True or False: The two main theories that underlie neuropsychology are the brain theory and the central nervous system theory.
False; the brain theory and the neuron theory
major inhibitory neurotransmitter connected to anxiety disorders and epilepsy in the brain
GABA
major excitatory neurotransmitter connected to learning in the brain that is an agonist
Glutamate
believes that physical objects and events are reducible to mental objects, properties, and events; ultimately, only mental objects such as the mind exist
Idealism
hemisphere that produces and understands language & controls movement on right side of the body
Left hemisphere
no need to reger to a non-material mind; behavior explained by the working of the central nervous system
Materialism
a nonphysical "psyche" (mind) is responsible for thought, perception, and emotions; modern day mindfulness; mind-body or body-soul = hylomorphism
Mentalism/Interactionism
concerns the extent to which the mind and the body are separate or the same thing - the mind is about mental processes, thoughts, and conciousness - the body is about physical aspects of the brain-neurons and how the brain is structured
Mind-body problem
- associated with emotions and active in maintaining emotional tone - associated with cause of major depression and mania - associated with hyperactivity and ADHD
Noradrenergic system - norepinephrine
Does the size of the action potential matter to convey the information? How frequently the action potentials are generated encodes the _________ of the stimulus?
Not the size of the action potential, but the timing and frequency of the action potential that conveys the information strength
___________ in each system are specialized to convert a particular stimulus into electrochemical signals in the nervous system
Receptors
hemisphere that perceives and integrates nonverbal information such as music and facial expressions & controls movement on left side of the body
Right hemisphere
Explain the nervous system structure.
Spinal cord - sends sensory info to brain and from brain to muscles brainstem - eating, drinking, & moving brain - surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid for cushion and carry away waste hemispheres - left and right fissures - large grooves; longitudinal and lateral forebrain - mediates higher functions (CEO) neocortex - outer bumpy layer; sensory and motor cortex ventricles - hollow tubes with CSF
True or False: According to researchers, the need to be resilient and adapt to ever changing conditions in order to survive lead to evolutionary changes in the human brain.
True
True or false: According to Dr. Link, and as outlined in the articles, we must remember that a key motivation for studying brain differences is that sex plays a crucial role in human brain development, in aging, and in the manifestation of psychiatric and neurological disorders.
True
True or false: All sensory information, regardless of the system, is encoded as action potentials.
True
True or false: descending signals from the cortex can alter how likely it is for sensory information to be passed on at each relay point. This would imply that pain is highly influenced by perception.
True
True or false: every thought, emotion, and behavior releases some type of a chemical.
True
True or false: having a highly developed brain packed with neurons requires a greater consumption of calories.
True
True or false: regarding cerebral organization, there is significant variation within each sex, and the variation within each sex is actually greater than the average variation between the sexes.
True
what are the four common activating system/neurotransmitters are?
acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
what structure is the movement toward the central nervous system?
afferent
decrease or shorten the activity of the neurotransmitter
antagonists
Individual potentials ___(are/are not)_______ large enough and _____(do/do not)_____ last long enough to generate an action potential
are not do not
in which system do oligodendroglia myelinate cells?
central nervous system
what is a network of neurons which are involved in a particular function formed from synapses?
circuits
a nonphysical mind influences the physical body, which operates by principles similar to those of machines of the 1600s; proposes that the mind controls the body, but that the body can also influence the otherwise rational mind
dualism
what are the three type of meninges?
dura mater (outside; hard), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (inside; soft)
what structure is the movement away from the central nervous system?
efferent
what eliminates mental functions that the mental world is just an illusion?
eliminativism
what is the mental functions are not independent of the brain, but emerge from the brain that mental functions may be able to influence the brain?
emergent mentalism
ratio of brain size to body size
encephalization quotient
______________ is connected to pain, analgesia, and reward.
endogenous opioids
receptors that respond to events outside our body
exteroceptive
True or false: When scanning the brains of infants still in the womb, there are no observable differences in the neuronal connectivity among males or females.
false
true or false: glutamate is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
false
True or False: MRI studies of living brains find no consistent anatomical differences between left and right atmospheres.
false The two hemispheres are not the same as wernicke's area is bigger in the right hemisphere, primary auditory cortex is larger in the right hemisphere, and broca's area is different in right and left. Right will generally be heavier.
IQ scores improve with each successive generation (likely due to more experiences and education)
flynn effect
How is the function of a transmitter determined?
function of the transmitter is determined by the receptor, but not the transmitter
cells that support neurons by acting like glue, removing waste, and delivering nutrients
glia
the tactile perception of objects such as fine touch and pressure
hapsis
what is the correct ordering of encephalization quotients for the following list of species (from highest to lowest): cat, chimpanzee, human, & monkey
human, chimpanzee, monkey, & cat
receptors that respond to stimuli inside our body
interoceptive
one hemisphere is better at performing the task than the other hemisphere
lateralization of function
different functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain
localization of function
what is broadman's map?
mapped out the brain based on the structural differences and they often relate to functional differences
what is integral complementarity?
men and women compliment each other
what is fractional complementarity?
men and women do things because of their gender
protection of the central nervous system that surrounds and holds it in place
meninges
mental events are essentially brain events such as spiritual high same as a runner's high = release of dopamine
mind-brain identity theory
holds that the basic unit of the brain structure and function is the nerve cell
neuron theory -NEURONS THAT FIRE TOGETHER, WIRE TOGETHER
the study of the relationship between brain function and behavior
neuropsychology
the ability to detect pain, itch, and temperature; noxious perception
nociception
in which system do schwann cells myelinate cells?
peripheral nervous system
feeling of pain/senses within a limb that is no longer on the body
phantom limb pain
where is primary somatosensory cortex located?
postcentral gyrus
Every receptor organ and cell has a ____________ that defines what part of the external world the receptor responds to.
receptive field
what is an increased responsiveness to the drug with prolonged occasional use?
sensitization
- activity in the serotonergic system maintains wakefulness - plays a role in learning - decreases in serotonin are associated with depression and schizophrenia, suggesting that there may be multiple forms of both disorders - increased neurotransmitter levels are observed in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder - may be associated with sudden infant death syndrome and sleep apnea
serotonergic system - serotonin
what is the ability of synapses to change their strength which is critical not only for regulating the flow of information within neuronal circuits, but also for learning and memory?
synaptic plasticity
concerns how items that are encoded by distinct brain circuits can be combined for perception, decision, and action
the binding problem
memory, intellect/reason (made to seek and know truth), & will/freedom (the capacity to choose and to love)
the higher faculties
emotions (the passions/the seat of action) & senses (our point of contact with the world)
the lower faculties
True or false: Epigenetics provides a mechanism for the environment to alter gene expression without changing the genome.
true
True or false: Synapses are essentially areas where neurons can "talk to one another."
true
true or false: GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
true
true or false: research estimates there are anywhere from trillions to quadrillions of neuronal synapses in the human brain.
true
