neuroscience
output site of neuron
(presynaptic terminal
Explain the all or none principle with regard to action potentials.
An action potential will either fire to full strength or not at all. In addition, hyperpolarization ensures that it will only fire in one direction.
Which of the following statements are true of the corticospinal tracts?
Fibers of both the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts decussate. The lateral corticospinal tract is the largest of the two bundles of corticospinal fibers. The fibers of the lateral corticospinal tract decussate in the medulla oblongata. The fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract decussate in the spinal cord
2 parts of the Cns
Generally speaking, the skull and vertebral column form the bony protective superstructure for the CNS
What is the vestibulo-ocular response?
It is used to help us maintain our visual focus on something even though our bodies are moving around doing something else.
Describe the arrangement of the somatosensory cortex.
Located along the postcentral gyrus, with the upper body represented lower on the gyrus, near the lateral fissure. Lower parts of the body are represented higher on the gyrus. In addition, areas of the body (like fingers, hands, tongue) that need additional sensory input and that are involved in skilled movement are represented in disproportionately large aspects of the gyrus.
macroglia
Macroglia constitute the second major class of glial cells and consist of three cell types: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells Of these cell types, the oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are the producers of myelin in the nervous system.
microglia
Microglia are part of the immune system and operate as the "sanitation workers" of the brain. Microglia are recruited to sites of injury or infection and operate through phagocytic (engulfing and destroying) mechanisms
Which of the following statements concerning the limbic system are true? Choose all that apply.
The amygdala is a structure of the limbic system that is considered to be the threat indicator, mediating fear, anxiety, and aggressive behaviors. The hippocampal formation is a structure of the limbic system involved in spatial learning and long-term memory. The septal area, located near the rostrum of the corpus callosum, has been associated with schizophrenia and depression.
Which of the following statements are true of the meninges and spaces between them? Choose all that apply.
The arachnoid follows the contours of the dura mater while the pia mater follows the contours of the brain. The dura mater is the toughest layer of meninges, closely adhering to the skull. The epidural space is a space found in healthy brains located between the skull and dura mater. The subdural space is a space that is created by injury (not found in healthy brains) and is located between the dura mater and arachnoid when present. Trabeculae are web-like extensions traveling through the subarachnoid space connecting the arachnoid and pia mater. The subarachnoid space is a space found in healthy brains between the dura mater and arachnoid.
List the 5 basal ganglia. Indicate which are located in the cerebral hemispheres, which in the diencephalon, and which in the midbrain.
The five are caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus( which are located in the cerebral nuclei), subthalamic nucleus (located in the diencephalon), and the substantia nigra ( located in the midbrain).
Explain what and where the cerebral cortex is.
The general responsibility of the cerebral cortex is to act as a processing hub for information. It also may act as the center for all other functions of the cerebrum. In layman's terms this can be described as your ability to move around at all, the ability to feel or have emotions and thoughts, and the awareness or consciousness humans have. The cortex analyzes sensations, it helps predict situations, and helps create the activity found in the rest of the CNS. The cerebral cortex can be found as two-to-four mm gray matter covering the cerebrum and its lobes.
Which of the following statements describe the homunculus (somatotopic) arrangement of the motor and sensory cortices? Choose all that apply.
The head and upper body are represented in the lower regions of the primary motor and sensory cortices. The face and hand regions are disproportionately large on the primary motor and sensory cortices. Representation of the lower legs and feet are typically represented about half way up on the lateral surface of the primary motor and sensory cortices. Representation of the lower legs and feet are likely to be represented on the medial surface of the primary motor and sensory cortices.
Which of the following are true of lower motor neurons? Choose all that apply.
The motor fibers of spinal nerves are lower motor neurons. Lower motor neurons communicate with muscles at neuromuscular junctions. The motor fibers of cranial nerves are lower motor neurons.
What is the upside and the downside to the blood brain barrier?
The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to protect against circulating toxins or pathogens that could cause brain infections, while at the same time allowing vital nutrients to reach the brain. Its other function is to help maintain relatively constant levels of hormones, nutrients and water in the brain.
List the three semicircular canals and the type of movement detected by each.
The three semicircular canals are: anterior which is rolling the head, posterior which is pitching the head and lateral which is yawing the head.
Which of the following is true of the arrangement of the primary motor cortex? Choose all that apply.
The upper body is represented in the lower part of the precentral gyrus, near the lateral fissure. The primary motor cortex has the same somatotopic arrangement as that of the primary somatosensory cortex. The areas representing the hands and oral structures are disproportionately large.
How are the basal ganglia involved in speech programming?
They regulate duration. They decide whether another action is important enough to interrupt. They decide when to terminate an action.
Define the terms visual space, visual field, and binocular visual field.
Visual space is everything that is seen by both eyes Visual field is the part of the visual space that is represented on a retina Binocular vf is the overlap of the visual fields of each retina (the part of the visual space seen simultaneously by both eyes
Which of the following cranial nerves might be implicated when diplopia is present? Choose all that apply.
abducens VI oculomotor III trochlear IV
Choose the cranial nerve most responsible for each of the following functions: turning the head [x]; producing voice (phonation) [y]; hearing [z]; smiling [p]; sensation from forehead [o]; velopharyngeal closure (movement of velum) [q]; equilibrium [r]; biting or clenching the jaw [w]; elevating the tongue tip [j]; frowning [e]
accessory XI, vagus X, vestibulocochlear VIII, facial VII, trigeminal V, vagus X, vestibulocochlear VIII; trigeminal V, hypoglossal XII; facial VII
The neurotransmitter involved in the synapse between a LMN and neuromuscular junction is
acetylcholine
The ventral surface of the spinal cord is
anterior
After the circle of Willis, the internal carotid branches into which arteries?
anterior cerebral middle cerebral
which artery does the dorsal and rostral edges of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres supply blood to ?
anterior cerebral arteries
which artery does the majority of the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres supply blood to?
anterior cerebral arteries
The [x] is a white matter tract that connects Brocas (frontal lobe) and Wernickes (temporal lobe) areas.
arcuate fasciculus
Which glial cells have a role in the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes microglia
auditory proccesing skill for A friend asks you to hand her something from the table. You correctly give her her tea rather than her key, both of which are on the table.
auditory discrimination
Sensory input for the stapedial reflex is transmitted by
auditory fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
auditory processing skill for You are listening to your playlist on shuffle. After hearing only a few opening notes, you are able to jump right in and start singing the song without hearing any words first and without seeing the title.
auditory pattern recognition
auditory processing skill for The quarantine finally ends and you are at a family gathering. Everyone is excited to see each other and talking all at once. You are able to converse with your sister while other conversations are going on around you.
auditory performance with competing signals
auditory processing skill for You are talking to your dad on your cell phone as you are riding in a car (not the driver, of course). You have a signal but he cuts out very briefly every few seconds. You are able to understand what your dad is saying in spite of this.
auditory performance with degraded signal
The portion of the neuron that transmits a signal is the ____________________.
axon
Which of the following functions are associated with indirect UMN pathways?
balance posture
Which of the following are most involved in selecting a desired movement?
basal ganglia
Which of the following determines whether to interrupt one action with another?
basal ganglia
Which of the following regulates duration of a movement?
basal ganglia
Which of the following are the structures of the indirect motor control system?
basal ganglia cerebellum
Of the subcortical structures discussed in the text, which two are most directly involved in the complex activity of speech?
basal ganglia and cerebellum
The three protective mechanisms of the CNS are [x], [y], and [z]
bone, meningues, cerebrospinal fluid
is the dorsal rami sensory, motor or both?
both
is the glossopharyngeal nerve sensory, motor, or both?
both
is the spinal nerve sensory, motor or both?
both
The nuclei for most cranial nerves (all but I and II) are found in the __________________________.
brainstem
The primary visual cortex is located along the edges of the [x] in the [y] lobe.
calcarine fissure, OCCIPITAL
The striatum consists of the [x] and [y].
caudate nucleus, putamen
List the structures of the basal ganglia: [x], [y], [z], [q], [r]
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
The boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes is the [x]. The boundary between the frontal and temporal lobes is the [y].
central sulcus, lateral fissure
All input and output of the cerebellum goes through three ____________________________.
cerebellar peduncles
In this midsagittal section, the reddish (darker) structure is the
cerebellum
The _____________ is the indirect structure that is involved in motor learning and motor coordination.
cerebellum
What are the sources of input to the central vestibular pathway? Choose all that apply.
cerebellum brainstem spinal cord
Which of the areas of the cerebellum is involved in planning, timing, and initiation of movement?
cerebrocerebellum
During speech planning, which structure is responsible for mapping the emotional content of the utterance?
cingulate gyrus
is the brainstem part of the cns or pns
cns
what is projection white matter
connects higher to lower areas of the CNS
what is commissural white matter?
connects one hemisphere to the other
what is association white matter
connects two parts of the same hemisphere
The _____________________________ is the largest set of commissural fibers.
corpus callosum
The primary upper motor neuron pathway for speech production is the ____________________ tract.
corticobulbar
The two upper motor neuron tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to the LMNs are the [x], which supplies muscles of the body, and [y] which supplies muscles of the head.
corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract
In traumatic brain injury, acceleration forces result in [x] injuries while recoil forces result in [p] injuries.
coup, contrecoup
The lower motor neurons supplied by the corticobulbar tract are
cranial nerves
_________________________________ are nerves that can be sensory, motor, or both, and that supply the head/neck.
cranial nerves
A time when there is a peak in learning during a maturationally defined period is known as
critical period
Diffuse axonal injury refers to the
damage to axons caused by tearing forces of rapid acceleration/deceleration
Which of the somatosensory pathways are located in the fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus? Choose all that apply.
dorsal column - medial lemniscus
Auditory fibers synapse in the [x] and [y] cochlear nuclei of the [z] brainstem. (The final blank should be either "ipsilateral" or "contralateral".)
dorsal, ventral, ipsalateral
The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are separated by the
dorsointermediate sulcus
List the layers of meninges from outermost to innermost: [x], [y], [z]
dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter
Which of the following are functions of the thalamus?
earning complex actions selecting appropriate responses to meet motor goals regulating signals related to emotion, memory, and autonomic control
The motor response of the stapedial reflex is transmitted by
efferent fibers of the facial nerve VII
What is the final form of energy that occurs in the auditory system?
electrical
What are the two categories of functions of the limbic system? [x] and [y]
emotion, memory
Direct pathways of the basal ganglia lead to [x] of a behavior. Indirect pathways of the basal ganglia lead to [y] of a behavior.
expression, inhibition
The two major arterial systems that supply blood to the brain are the internal and external carotid systems.
false
Trigeminal pathways transmit tactile, pain, and temperature information, but not proprioceptive information.
false
The DCML, ALS, and trigeminal pathways all synapse in the ventroposterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus.
false, Trigeminal pathways synapse in the VPM
Spinal nerves are [x]. The [y] of the DCML originate in the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus. The trigeminal nerves are the [p] for the somatosensory pathway of the head. In the DCML, [z] decussate in the brainstem. In the ALS, [o] decussate in the spinal cord. In the somatosensory pathways for the head, [r] decussate in the brainstem. For all somatosensory pathways, [w] originate in the thalamus.
first order, second order, first order, second order, second order, second order, third order
The space seen on the posterior surface of the pons is the ____________________.
fourth ventricle
List the three physical characteristics of acoustic cues: [x], [y], [z]
frequency, timing, intensity
The perisylvian area includes which lobes of the brain?
frontal temporal parietal
Phonological processing occurs in the left hemisphere in which of the following: CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY
frontal and parietal
Broca's area is in the inferior [x] lobe of the [y] cerebral hemisphere, specifically in the pars opercularis and pars [z]. It is primarily involved in [v] for speech, but has recently also been associated with comprehension activities (although Wernicke's is more strongly associated with comprehension)
frontal, left, triangularis, motor planning
two cells of ns
glial and nuerons
The sensory input for a gag reflex is transmitted by the [x] nerve. The motor output for the gag reflex is transmitted by the [p] nerve. The sensory input for a cough reflex is transmitted by the [q] nerve. The motor output for the cough reflex is transmitted by the [r] nerve.
glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X, vagus X, vagus X
What is allodynia?
heightened sensitivity to pain in an already injured tissue
The primary auditory cortex is located on [x] of the [y] lobe.
heschl's and temporal
The primary auditory cortex is located on [x] of the [p] lobe.
heschl, temporal
The ________________________ is the body's homeostatic regulatory system.
hypothalamus
List three reasons the hands and face are represented in a disproportionately large area of the primary somatosensory cortex.
importance of sensory input to the area frequency of use degree of skilled movement
Where is cerebrospinal fluid manufactured?
in structures called choroid plexus found in the ventricle
The ventral surface of the cerebrum is
inferior
There are two types of cells found in the organ of Corti. Which type operates as the principal auditory receptors? ___________________
inner hair cells
The ____________________________ is comprised of projection fibers that squeeze between the basal ganglia and thalamus.
internal capsule
The superior and inferior parietal lobules are divided by the
intraparietal sulcus
The perisylvian area surrounds the [x] fissure.
lateral
Optic tract fibers transmit information to which nuclei of the thalamus?
lateral geniculate nuclei
The ascending auditory pathway in the brainstem is the
lateral lemniscus
Right homonymous hemianopsia results from a lesion to the
left optic tract
Language comprehension primarily occurs in the
left posterior temporal lobe
little to no impact on hearing lesion
left primary auditory cortex
The structure responsible for focusing the light rays onto the retina is the
lens
The Edinger-Westphal nuclei contribute to normal functions of the
lens accommodation reflex pupillary reflex
ipsilateral hearing loss lesion
lesion of right auditory fibers of cranial nerve VIII
little to no impact on hearing lesion
lesion of the right lateral lemniscus
little to no impact on hearing lesion
lesion of the right medial geniculate body
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the [x]. They are connected by the [y].
longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum
The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are contained in sensory epithelium called __________________.
macula
The receptors for touch are
mechanoreceptors
The nuclei in the thalamus that are part of the auditory pathway are known as the [x]
medial geniculate body
Which thalamic nuclei are part of the auditory pathway?
medial geniculate body
two groups of glial cells
micro and macro glia
which artery does the majority of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres supply blood to
middle cerebral arteries
The artery most important for normal speech/language functions is the [x] artery in the [g] hemisphere.
middle cerebral, left
List the 4 attributes of stimuli: [x], [y], [z], [p]
modality, location, intensity, location
Which of the following involves the basal ganglia?
motor preparation for the production of spoken language
A lower motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a __________________.
motor unit
Dementia is a type of [x] disorder. It typically arises [p]. (This blank should be either gradually or acutely).
neurocognitive, gradually
Why are indirect motor control systems called "indirect"?
no direct synapse with LMNs
List two cranial nerves (name and number) that are the lower motor neurons for the vestibulo-ocular response. [a] and [b]
oculomotor III, abducens VI
[x] produce myelin in the CNS. [y] produce myelin in the PNS
oligodendrocytes, schwann cells
Bitemporal hemianopsia results from a lesion to
optic chiasm
The point of decussation of some optic nerve fibers is the [x]. The fibers emerged from the nasal half of the retina, so transmit images from the [y] visual field.
optic chiasm, temporal
Monocular blindness indicates a lesion of the
optic nerve II
what is the trigeminothalamic pathway function
pain and temperature for head
what is the anterolateral pathways function
pain and temperature from the body
Which of the following best describes the role of Broca's area in speech production?
planning motor activity of speech
Which of the following best describes the function of the premotor area?
planning voluntary motor activity
is the cranial nerve part of the cns or pns
pns
The primary somatosensory cortex is on the [w] gyrus of the [x] lobe.
postcentral, parietal
which artery does the the lateral and medial surfaces of the posterior cerebral hemispheres supply blood to?
posterior cerebral arteries
The primary motor cortex is located in the [x] gyrus of the [y] lobe.
precentral, frontal
The primary motor cortex is on the [s] gyrus of the [p] lobe. The primary somatosensory cortex is on the [r] gyrus of the [o] lobe.
precentral, frontal, postcentral, parietal
The primary motor cortex is on the [x] gyrus of the [y] lobe. The primary somatosensory cortex is on the [z] gyrus of the [m] lobe. The primary auditory cortex is on the [n] of the [p] lobe. The primary visual cortex is on the walls of the [l] fissure in the [k] lobe
precentral, frontal, postcentral, parietal, Heschl's gyri, temporal, calcarine, occipital
The two areas of the premotor cortex are the [x], which is located closer to the lateral fissure, and the [y] which is located closer to the longitudinal fissure.
premotor area, supplementary motor area
Motor planning occurs in the
premotor cortex
Which of the following is located on the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri?
premotor cortex
What is the location of the origin of upper motor neurons?
primary motor cortex
GABA
principal inhibitory neurotransmitter
Corticospinal fibers travel from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Based on this description, we know they are
projection fibers
The optic nerve is made of axons from the ____________________ layer.
retinol ganglion
Blindness of the right eye results from a lesion to the
right optic nerve
The layers of the retina that are relevant to our study are
rods and cones bipolar layer retinal ganglion layer
Which chamber of the cochlea contains the organ of Corti? [x] The organ of Corti sits on the [y] membrane.
scala media, baislar
The covering of the eyeball is the [x]. The transparent covering on the front of the eyeball is the [y]. The [z] is the opening into the eyeball; it is surrounded by a ring of muscle called the [q].
sclera, cornea, pupil, iris
What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve (I)?
smell
The primary function of the superior olivary nuclei is
sound localization
auditory proccesing skill for As you go toward your car in your driveway, you hear someone call your name and immediately turn to answer your next door neighbor on your right rather than the jogger on the left.
sound localization
Which of the following general principles do not apply to trigeminal pathways?
spans the entire longitudinal axis of the CNS
The lower motor neurons supplied by the corticospinal tract are [x] nerves. Lower motor neurons supplied by the corticobulbar tract are [y] nerves.
spinal, cranial
The primary afferents (1st order neurons) of the somatosensory system bring information to the CNS via axons of [x] nerves for the body and [y] nerves for the head.
spinal, trigemninal
The response to loud sound that occurs to protect the auditory system is the _________________________.
stapedial reflex
Which type of muscles is used by mammals to accomplish voluntary movement?
striated
Which of the following is responsible for the production of dopamine?
substantia nigra
Wernicke's area is located in the posterior portion of the [x] gyrus in the [y] cerebral hemisphere. Portions of it may extend into the [p] lobe. It's primary function is language [o].
superior temporal, left, parietal, comprehension
List 4 indirect UMN pathways.: [x], [y], [z], [q]
tectospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal
List the two major structures of the diencephalon: [x]; [p]
thalamus and hypothalamus
The fovea is
the central point of focus and is located in the macula an area of the retina that contains mostly cones
Executive functions are primarily located in
the prefrontal cortex
When different parts of a membrane vibrate at different frequencies, it is said to have a.
tonotopic arrangement
what is the trigeminolemniscal pathway function
touch and proprioception for head
what is the dorsal column - medial lemniscus function
touch and proprioception from body
What is the location of the primary auditory cortex?
transverse gyri of Heschl along the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus
Which nerve is primarily responsible for somatosensation of the face?
trigeminal V
Somatosensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the [x]. Taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the [y]. Somatosensory information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the [z]. Taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the [p]. Innervation of tongue musculature is accomplished by the [q].
trigeminal V facial VII glossopharyngeal IX glossopharyngeal IX hypoglossal XII
A unilateral lesion of the right lower medulla (below level of nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus) could result in right side loss of fine touch and left side loss of pain and temperature sensations.
true
Afferent nerves transmit information toward the CNS while efferent nerves transmit information away from the CNS.
true
The circle of Willis is a protective mechanism to equalize blood flow in the event of blockage below the level of the circle.
true
The communicating arteries are found in the circle of Willis, connecting anterior/posterior and right/left halves of the arterial systems.
true
The two otolith organs found in the vestibule are the [x], which detect anterior-posterior movement, and the [y], which detect superior-inferior movement.
utricle, saccule
The cranial nerve most responsible for laryngeal function is the [x]. The cranial nerve that elevates the soft palate is the [y]. The cranial nerve that is most responsible for tongue movements is the [z]. The cranial nerve that elevates and lowers the mandible is the [p]. The cranial nerve that rounds and retracts the lips is the [r].
vagus X, vagus X., hypoglossal XII., trigeminal V., facial VII.
The midline structure of the cerebellum is the ___________________
vermis
Auditory information is transmitted from the inner ear to the CNS through fibers of the _____________________________ (this is referring to a cranial nerve; give the name and number).
vestibulocochlear VIII
What are the sources of information required to maintain equilibrium?
visual proprioceptive vestibular
ventral
(anterior or toward the belly
rostral
(anterior or toward the nose
input site of neuron
(dendrites and soma)
Dorsal
(posterior or toward the back
neuron
A neuron possesses four functional and associated structural zones necessary to fulfill its role in signal propagation (a term that neuroscientists use to describe the "sending" of information over a distance) and neuron-to-neuron communication. The structural (or morphological) features of a typical neuron are (a) the soma or cell body, (b) axons, (c) dendrites, and (d) the presynaptic terminal
The fasciculus gracilis is seen only in the lower portion of the spinal cord while the fasciculus cuneatus is seen only in the upper portion of the spinal cord. Is this statement true or false?
False. The fasciculis gracilis begins in the lower spinal cord and ascends to the brain, so it is also seen in the upper spinal cord. The fasciculis cuneatus begins in the upper spinal cord and ascends to the brain so it is only in the upper spinal cord and not in the lower spinal cord.
What are names of bundles of axons in the PNS, and bundles of axons in the CNS?
In the PNS the bundles of axons in the PNS are called nerves. In the CNS the bundles of axons are called many names such as: tracts, fibers, fiber tracts, pathways, etc.
Explain the repolarization and hyperpolarization stages of an action potential (including how K+ channels operate and the driving forces on K+). How does the axon get back to resting potential?
K+ channels open slowly but stay open as long as the axon is depolarized. Concentration gradients drive K+ out, and now the electrical gradients do as well, because the inside of the cell has become positive. The outflowing of K+ causes the charge to begin moving back toward negative, which is repolarization. Because K+ channels close slowly, the axon becomes more polarized than its resting potential, which is hyperpolarization. The charge will go to about -90mV . Once the K+ channels close, the sodium-potassium pumps will put things back where they belong and the axon will return to resting.
Explain the similarities/differences between cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles.
Peduncles are stalks of fibers (axons) that connect structures to the brainstem. The two cerebral peduncles connect the cerebral hemispheres to the midbrain. Cerebellar peduncles (there are 3 pairs) connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.
Explain how the depolarization stage of an action potential occurs and provide the change in electrical charge during depolarization. Be sure to address driving forces (gradients) in your answer.
Stimulus causes Na+ channels to open. They open quickly and remain open a very short time. During that time, Na+ rushes in due to both concentration and electrical gradients (Na+ is pulled into the axonl because of the low concentration of sodium within the axon and because the inside is negative and sodium is positive). The rushing in of Na+ causes depolarization with the charge inside going from about -70mV to about +50 mV.
axon hillock
The action potential is initiated at a highly specialized region of the neuron called the axon hillock, located at the point where the axon emerges out of the soma he axon hillock is responsible for monitoring changes in the electrical state of the neuron's cell body.
ascepts of dorsal column
The dorsal columns of the spinal cord are in the posterior aspect of the spinal cord. The dorsal columns of the spinal cord are comprised of sensory fibers.
horizontal
The horizontal plane, also known as an axial or transverse section, is parallel to the earth and divides the cerebrum into a dorsal and ventral part. For the brainstem, spinal cord, and remainder of the body, though, the horizontal plan divides these structures into an upper and lower half.
What and where is the pyramidal decussation? Be specific
The pyramidal decussation refers to where the fibers of the corticospinal tract decussate. It is located in the ventral (anterior) aspect of the caudal (lower) medulla.
Summarize the functions of the spinal cord.
The spinal cords main function is to transmit nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body. After that is trasmits from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons all the way to the sensory cortex. It is also very important in cordinating the bodies reflexes and also allows for the reflex arcs that can solely control reflexes.
Describe the fibers of the various fasciculi of the spinal cord. (Include information such as whether they are ascending/descending; gray matter/white matter, etc.)
There are three parts of the fasiculi. These consist of the dorsal, lateral , and anterior fasiculi. For dorsal fasciculi consists of ascending cells and is made up of white matter. For lateral fasciculi it consists of ascending and descending cells and is made up of white matter. For the anterior fasciculi consists of both ascending and descending cells as well and is made up of white matter.
nodes of ranvier
These exposed stretches are called the nodes of Ranvier and are key players in the process of conducting electrical signals down an axon.
A rapid change in membrane potential at a specific location on the axon that is then propagated down the axon is an [x]. It is initiated in the [y].
action potential, axon hillock
Fibers that transmit information toward the CNS are [x] fibers. Those that transmit information away from the CNS are [y] fibers.
afferent, efferent
The portion of the neuron in which information is integrated is the _______________________.
axon hillock
is the trigeminal nerve sensory, motor, or both?
both
is the vagus nerve sensory, motor, or both?
both
is the ventral rami sensory, motor or both?
both
The central nervous system is comprised of the
brain and spinal cord cerebellum and parenchyma spinal cord and spinal nerves spinal and cranial nerves
Depolarization in the axon terminals opens [x] channels. This causes [y] to move and bind to the cell membrane, releasing [z] into the synaptic cleft. This describes the [p] phase of the synapse.
calcium, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, transmission
is the cerebellum part of the cns or pns
cns
is the cerebrum part of the cns or pns
cns
is the spinal cord part of the cns or pns
cns
two major divisons of the ns
cns and pns
The driving force that causes an ion to move in order to achieve uniform distribution is a [x]. The driving force that causes an ion to move because of its positive or negative charge is an [y].
concentration gradient, electrical gradient
Pns
constitutes just about everything else.
Which of the following are functions of microglia? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY
consume harmful substances,
Sheets of cell bodies combine to form [x]. Groups of cell bodies in the CNS are called [y]. Groups of cell bodies in the PNS are called [z]. All of these are [p] (The final blank should be one of the following: gray matter, white matter, or both)
cortex, nuclei, ganglia, gray matter
The locations at which a neuron typically receive input are from either its [x] or [y].
dendrites and soma
List three ways in which a synaptic transmission is ended. [x], [y], and [z]
diffusion, degradation, reuptake
Arborization is the branching out of axons allowing the neuron to synapse with multiple other neurons.
false: Arborization is the branching of dendrites. It does allow for numerous synapses
glial cells
glial cells operate as key support cells helping to generate the internal structural framework of brain tissue and to metabolically maintain the health of the neurons.
Peripheral nerves
have one end in either the brain or spinal cord (CNS) and one end in the body are either spinal or cranial nerves connect the brain to the spinal cord
DNA is found in
he cell's nucleus the cell's cytoplasm
saggital
he sagittal plane operates to separate a structure into a right and left section. A sagittal section that happens to divide the brain or any other structure into an exact right and left half, perfectly down the midline, is called a mid-sagittal plane.
caudal
inferior or toward the tail)
myelin
is a fatty-like substance (feels like Crisco) that operates to electrically isolate axons from one another.
CNS
is comprised of the brain and all the tissue stemming from it in the midline,
cornoal
is one that also runs vertically relative to earth but is oriented 90 degrees relative to the sagittal plane. A coronal plane is also commonly referred to as a frontal plane, with the two terms used interchangeably. Coronal planes divide the cerebrum into a rostral and caudal half, but divide the remainder of the CNS and body into a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) half
List three characteristics of an axon that affects the speed at which it conducts impulse transmission: [x], [y], [z]
length diameter myelin
Positive and negative ions on each side of the cell membrane creates the [x] because the two sides of the membrane are [y]. The inside of the axon is approximately [z] mV compared to the outside. This is the axon's [q].
membrane potential, polarized, -70, resting membrane potential
The uppermost structure of the brainstem is the [x]. The middle structure of the brainstem is the [y]. The lowermost structure of the brainstem is the [z].
midbrain, pons, medulla
is the facial nerve sensory, motor, or both?
mixed
is the abducens nerve sensory, motor, or both?
motor
is the accesory nerve sensory, motor, or both?
motor
is the hypoglossal nerve sensory, motor, or both?
motor
is the oculomotor nerve sensory, motor, or both?
motor
is the trochlear nerve sensory, motor, or both?
motor
is the ventral roots sensory, motor or both?
motor
List the three structural types of neurons found in vertebrates: [x], [y], [z]
mutlipolar, bipolar, pseudouniploar
The white lipid material that covers axons is called [x]. The gaps in this substance are called [y]. The segments between the gaps are called [z].
myelin, nodes of ranvier, internodes
White matter consists of
myelinated axons dendrites
Propagation of the action potential, including the speed of conduction, depends on
myelinization diameter of the axon distance in front of the action potential that the current can spread
There are two categories of cells in the nervous system. The cell that is considered the functional unit is the [x]. The other type provide support and are called [y]
neurons, glial
Which of the following describe the driving forces for sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) in a resting neuron? Choose all that apply.
odium is driven IN by the concentration gradient. Potassium is driven OUT by the concentration gradient. Potassium is driven IN by the electrical gradient Sodium is driven IN by the electrical gradient.
is the spinal nerve part of the cns or pns
pns
The portion of the brainstem characterized by horizontal stripes is the
pons
The dorsal surface of the spinal cord is
posterior
During the reception phase of a synapse, neurotransmitters generate [x] in the postsynaptic membrane. These may be [t] or [p],
postsynaptic potentials, excitatory, inhibitory
acetylcholine
principal excitatory neurotransmitter found in motor neurons and muscles
dopamine
produced in the substantia nigra, modulates motor activity; associated with Parkinson's disease
A ____________________ is an involuntary motor response to some type of sensory stimulus.
reflex
serotonin
regulates attention, mood, emotional states, and more
The central core of the brainstem that contains fibers for regulating heart, respiration, digestion, motivation, and attention is the __________________________.
reticular formation
Is the olfactory nerve sensory, motor, or both?
sensory
are the dorsal roots sensory, motor or both?
sensory
is the auditory vestibular nerve sensory, motor, or both?
sensory
is the optic nerve sensory, motor, or both?
sensory
List two mechanisms by which an axon reaches firing threshold. [x] and [t]
spatial summation temporal summation
The dorsal surface of the cerebrum is
superior
The point of communication between two neurons is a [x].
synapse