neuroscience

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output site of neuron

(presynaptic terminal

Explain the all or none principle with regard to action potentials.

An action potential will either fire to full strength or not at all. In addition, hyperpolarization ensures that it will only fire in one direction.

Which of the following statements are true of the corticospinal tracts?

Fibers of both the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts decussate. The lateral corticospinal tract is the largest of the two bundles of corticospinal fibers. The fibers of the lateral corticospinal tract decussate in the medulla oblongata. The fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract decussate in the spinal cord

2 parts of the Cns

Generally speaking, the skull and vertebral column form the bony protective superstructure for the CNS

What is the vestibulo-ocular response?

It is used to help us maintain our visual focus on something even though our bodies are moving around doing something else.

Describe the arrangement of the somatosensory cortex.

Located along the postcentral gyrus, with the upper body represented lower on the gyrus, near the lateral fissure. Lower parts of the body are represented higher on the gyrus. In addition, areas of the body (like fingers, hands, tongue) that need additional sensory input and that are involved in skilled movement are represented in disproportionately large aspects of the gyrus.

macroglia

Macroglia constitute the second major class of glial cells and consist of three cell types: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells Of these cell types, the oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are the producers of myelin in the nervous system.

microglia

Microglia are part of the immune system and operate as the "sanitation workers" of the brain. Microglia are recruited to sites of injury or infection and operate through phagocytic (engulfing and destroying) mechanisms

Which of the following statements concerning the limbic system are true? Choose all that apply.

The amygdala is a structure of the limbic system that is considered to be the threat indicator, mediating fear, anxiety, and aggressive behaviors. The hippocampal formation is a structure of the limbic system involved in spatial learning and long-term memory. The septal area, located near the rostrum of the corpus callosum, has been associated with schizophrenia and depression.

Which of the following statements are true of the meninges and spaces between them? Choose all that apply.

The arachnoid follows the contours of the dura mater while the pia mater follows the contours of the brain. The dura mater is the toughest layer of meninges, closely adhering to the skull. The epidural space is a space found in healthy brains located between the skull and dura mater. The subdural space is a space that is created by injury (not found in healthy brains) and is located between the dura mater and arachnoid when present. Trabeculae are web-like extensions traveling through the subarachnoid space connecting the arachnoid and pia mater. The subarachnoid space is a space found in healthy brains between the dura mater and arachnoid.

List the 5 basal ganglia. Indicate which are located in the cerebral hemispheres, which in the diencephalon, and which in the midbrain.

The five are caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus( which are located in the cerebral nuclei), subthalamic nucleus (located in the diencephalon), and the substantia nigra ( located in the midbrain).

Explain what and where the cerebral cortex is.

The general responsibility of the cerebral cortex is to act as a processing hub for information. It also may act as the center for all other functions of the cerebrum. In layman's terms this can be described as your ability to move around at all, the ability to feel or have emotions and thoughts, and the awareness or consciousness humans have. The cortex analyzes sensations, it helps predict situations, and helps create the activity found in the rest of the CNS. The cerebral cortex can be found as two-to-four mm gray matter covering the cerebrum and its lobes.

Which of the following statements describe the homunculus (somatotopic) arrangement of the motor and sensory cortices? Choose all that apply.

The head and upper body are represented in the lower regions of the primary motor and sensory cortices. The face and hand regions are disproportionately large on the primary motor and sensory cortices. Representation of the lower legs and feet are typically represented about half way up on the lateral surface of the primary motor and sensory cortices. Representation of the lower legs and feet are likely to be represented on the medial surface of the primary motor and sensory cortices.

Which of the following are true of lower motor neurons? Choose all that apply.

The motor fibers of spinal nerves are lower motor neurons. Lower motor neurons communicate with muscles at neuromuscular junctions. The motor fibers of cranial nerves are lower motor neurons.

What is the upside and the downside to the blood brain barrier?

The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to protect against circulating toxins or pathogens that could cause brain infections, while at the same time allowing vital nutrients to reach the brain. Its other function is to help maintain relatively constant levels of hormones, nutrients and water in the brain.

List the three semicircular canals and the type of movement detected by each.

The three semicircular canals are: anterior which is rolling the head, posterior which is pitching the head and lateral which is yawing the head.

Which of the following is true of the arrangement of the primary motor cortex? Choose all that apply.

The upper body is represented in the lower part of the precentral gyrus, near the lateral fissure. The primary motor cortex has the same somatotopic arrangement as that of the primary somatosensory cortex. The areas representing the hands and oral structures are disproportionately large.

How are the basal ganglia involved in speech programming?

They regulate duration. They decide whether another action is important enough to interrupt. They decide when to terminate an action.

Define the terms visual space, visual field, and binocular visual field.

Visual space is everything that is seen by both eyes Visual field is the part of the visual space that is represented on a retina Binocular vf is the overlap of the visual fields of each retina (the part of the visual space seen simultaneously by both eyes

Which of the following cranial nerves might be implicated when diplopia is present? Choose all that apply.

abducens VI oculomotor III trochlear IV

Choose the cranial nerve most responsible for each of the following functions: turning the head [x]; producing voice (phonation) [y]; hearing [z]; smiling [p]; sensation from forehead [o]; velopharyngeal closure (movement of velum) [q]; equilibrium [r]; biting or clenching the jaw [w]; elevating the tongue tip [j]; frowning [e]

accessory XI, vagus X, vestibulocochlear VIII, facial VII, trigeminal V, vagus X, vestibulocochlear VIII; trigeminal V, hypoglossal XII; facial VII

The neurotransmitter involved in the synapse between a LMN and neuromuscular junction is

acetylcholine

The ventral surface of the spinal cord is

anterior

After the circle of Willis, the internal carotid branches into which arteries?

anterior cerebral middle cerebral

which artery does the dorsal and rostral edges of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres supply blood to ?

anterior cerebral arteries

which artery does the majority of the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres supply blood to?

anterior cerebral arteries

The [x] is a white matter tract that connects Brocas (frontal lobe) and Wernickes (temporal lobe) areas.

arcuate fasciculus

Which glial cells have a role in the blood brain barrier?

astrocytes microglia

auditory proccesing skill for A friend asks you to hand her something from the table. You correctly give her her tea rather than her key, both of which are on the table.

auditory discrimination

Sensory input for the stapedial reflex is transmitted by

auditory fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

auditory processing skill for You are listening to your playlist on shuffle. After hearing only a few opening notes, you are able to jump right in and start singing the song without hearing any words first and without seeing the title.

auditory pattern recognition

auditory processing skill for The quarantine finally ends and you are at a family gathering. Everyone is excited to see each other and talking all at once. You are able to converse with your sister while other conversations are going on around you.

auditory performance with competing signals

auditory processing skill for You are talking to your dad on your cell phone as you are riding in a car (not the driver, of course). You have a signal but he cuts out very briefly every few seconds. You are able to understand what your dad is saying in spite of this.

auditory performance with degraded signal

The portion of the neuron that transmits a signal is the ____________________.

axon

Which of the following functions are associated with indirect UMN pathways?

balance posture

Which of the following are most involved in selecting a desired movement?

basal ganglia

Which of the following determines whether to interrupt one action with another?

basal ganglia

Which of the following regulates duration of a movement?

basal ganglia

Which of the following are the structures of the indirect motor control system?

basal ganglia cerebellum

Of the subcortical structures discussed in the text, which two are most directly involved in the complex activity of speech?

basal ganglia and cerebellum

The three protective mechanisms of the CNS are [x], [y], and [z]

bone, meningues, cerebrospinal fluid

is the dorsal rami sensory, motor or both?

both

is the glossopharyngeal nerve sensory, motor, or both?

both

is the spinal nerve sensory, motor or both?

both

The nuclei for most cranial nerves (all but I and II) are found in the __________________________.

brainstem

The primary visual cortex is located along the edges of the [x] in the [y] lobe.

calcarine fissure, OCCIPITAL

The striatum consists of the [x] and [y].

caudate nucleus, putamen

List the structures of the basal ganglia: [x], [y], [z], [q], [r]

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

The boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes is the [x]. The boundary between the frontal and temporal lobes is the [y].

central sulcus, lateral fissure

All input and output of the cerebellum goes through three ____________________________.

cerebellar peduncles

In this midsagittal section, the reddish (darker) structure is the

cerebellum

The _____________ is the indirect structure that is involved in motor learning and motor coordination.

cerebellum

What are the sources of input to the central vestibular pathway? Choose all that apply.

cerebellum brainstem spinal cord

Which of the areas of the cerebellum is involved in planning, timing, and initiation of movement?

cerebrocerebellum

During speech planning, which structure is responsible for mapping the emotional content of the utterance?

cingulate gyrus

is the brainstem part of the cns or pns

cns

what is projection white matter

connects higher to lower areas of the CNS

what is commissural white matter?

connects one hemisphere to the other

what is association white matter

connects two parts of the same hemisphere

The _____________________________ is the largest set of commissural fibers.

corpus callosum

The primary upper motor neuron pathway for speech production is the ____________________ tract.

corticobulbar

The two upper motor neuron tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to the LMNs are the [x], which supplies muscles of the body, and [y] which supplies muscles of the head.

corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract

In traumatic brain injury, acceleration forces result in [x] injuries while recoil forces result in [p] injuries.

coup, contrecoup

The lower motor neurons supplied by the corticobulbar tract are

cranial nerves

_________________________________ are nerves that can be sensory, motor, or both, and that supply the head/neck.

cranial nerves

A time when there is a peak in learning during a maturationally defined period is known as

critical period

Diffuse axonal injury refers to the

damage to axons caused by tearing forces of rapid acceleration/deceleration

Which of the somatosensory pathways are located in the fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus? Choose all that apply.

dorsal column - medial lemniscus

Auditory fibers synapse in the [x] and [y] cochlear nuclei of the [z] brainstem. (The final blank should be either "ipsilateral" or "contralateral".)

dorsal, ventral, ipsalateral

The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are separated by the

dorsointermediate sulcus

List the layers of meninges from outermost to innermost: [x], [y], [z]

dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter

Which of the following are functions of the thalamus?

earning complex actions selecting appropriate responses to meet motor goals regulating signals related to emotion, memory, and autonomic control

The motor response of the stapedial reflex is transmitted by

efferent fibers of the facial nerve VII

What is the final form of energy that occurs in the auditory system?

electrical

What are the two categories of functions of the limbic system? [x] and [y]

emotion, memory

Direct pathways of the basal ganglia lead to [x] of a behavior. Indirect pathways of the basal ganglia lead to [y] of a behavior.

expression, inhibition

The two major arterial systems that supply blood to the brain are the internal and external carotid systems.

false

Trigeminal pathways transmit tactile, pain, and temperature information, but not proprioceptive information.

false

The DCML, ALS, and trigeminal pathways all synapse in the ventroposterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus.

false, Trigeminal pathways synapse in the VPM

Spinal nerves are [x]. The [y] of the DCML originate in the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus. The trigeminal nerves are the [p] for the somatosensory pathway of the head. In the DCML, [z] decussate in the brainstem. In the ALS, [o] decussate in the spinal cord. In the somatosensory pathways for the head, [r] decussate in the brainstem. For all somatosensory pathways, [w] originate in the thalamus.

first order, second order, first order, second order, second order, second order, third order

The space seen on the posterior surface of the pons is the ____________________.

fourth ventricle

List the three physical characteristics of acoustic cues: [x], [y], [z]

frequency, timing, intensity

The perisylvian area includes which lobes of the brain?

frontal temporal parietal

Phonological processing occurs in the left hemisphere in which of the following: CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY

frontal and parietal

Broca's area is in the inferior [x] lobe of the [y] cerebral hemisphere, specifically in the pars opercularis and pars [z]. It is primarily involved in [v] for speech, but has recently also been associated with comprehension activities (although Wernicke's is more strongly associated with comprehension)

frontal, left, triangularis, motor planning

two cells of ns

glial and nuerons

The sensory input for a gag reflex is transmitted by the [x] nerve. The motor output for the gag reflex is transmitted by the [p] nerve. The sensory input for a cough reflex is transmitted by the [q] nerve. The motor output for the cough reflex is transmitted by the [r] nerve.

glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X, vagus X, vagus X

What is allodynia?

heightened sensitivity to pain in an already injured tissue

The primary auditory cortex is located on [x] of the [y] lobe.

heschl's and temporal

The primary auditory cortex is located on [x] of the [p] lobe.

heschl, temporal

The ________________________ is the body's homeostatic regulatory system.

hypothalamus

List three reasons the hands and face are represented in a disproportionately large area of the primary somatosensory cortex.

importance of sensory input to the area frequency of use degree of skilled movement

Where is cerebrospinal fluid manufactured?

in structures called choroid plexus found in the ventricle

The ventral surface of the cerebrum is

inferior

There are two types of cells found in the organ of Corti. Which type operates as the principal auditory receptors? ___________________

inner hair cells

The ____________________________ is comprised of projection fibers that squeeze between the basal ganglia and thalamus.

internal capsule

The superior and inferior parietal lobules are divided by the

intraparietal sulcus

The perisylvian area surrounds the [x] fissure.

lateral

Optic tract fibers transmit information to which nuclei of the thalamus?

lateral geniculate nuclei

The ascending auditory pathway in the brainstem is the

lateral lemniscus

Right homonymous hemianopsia results from a lesion to the

left optic tract

Language comprehension primarily occurs in the

left posterior temporal lobe

little to no impact on hearing lesion

left primary auditory cortex

The structure responsible for focusing the light rays onto the retina is the

lens

The Edinger-Westphal nuclei contribute to normal functions of the

lens accommodation reflex pupillary reflex

ipsilateral hearing loss lesion

lesion of right auditory fibers of cranial nerve VIII

little to no impact on hearing lesion

lesion of the right lateral lemniscus

little to no impact on hearing lesion

lesion of the right medial geniculate body

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the [x]. They are connected by the [y].

longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are contained in sensory epithelium called __________________.

macula

The receptors for touch are

mechanoreceptors

The nuclei in the thalamus that are part of the auditory pathway are known as the [x]

medial geniculate body

Which thalamic nuclei are part of the auditory pathway?

medial geniculate body

two groups of glial cells

micro and macro glia

which artery does the majority of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres supply blood to

middle cerebral arteries

The artery most important for normal speech/language functions is the [x] artery in the [g] hemisphere.

middle cerebral, left

List the 4 attributes of stimuli: [x], [y], [z], [p]

modality, location, intensity, location

Which of the following involves the basal ganglia?

motor preparation for the production of spoken language

A lower motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a __________________.

motor unit

Dementia is a type of [x] disorder. It typically arises [p]. (This blank should be either gradually or acutely).

neurocognitive, gradually

Why are indirect motor control systems called "indirect"?

no direct synapse with LMNs

List two cranial nerves (name and number) that are the lower motor neurons for the vestibulo-ocular response. [a] and [b]

oculomotor III, abducens VI

[x] produce myelin in the CNS. [y] produce myelin in the PNS

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

Bitemporal hemianopsia results from a lesion to

optic chiasm

The point of decussation of some optic nerve fibers is the [x]. The fibers emerged from the nasal half of the retina, so transmit images from the [y] visual field.

optic chiasm, temporal

Monocular blindness indicates a lesion of the

optic nerve II

what is the trigeminothalamic pathway function

pain and temperature for head

what is the anterolateral pathways function

pain and temperature from the body

Which of the following best describes the role of Broca's area in speech production?

planning motor activity of speech

Which of the following best describes the function of the premotor area?

planning voluntary motor activity

is the cranial nerve part of the cns or pns

pns

The primary somatosensory cortex is on the [w] gyrus of the [x] lobe.

postcentral, parietal

which artery does the the lateral and medial surfaces of the posterior cerebral hemispheres supply blood to?

posterior cerebral arteries

The primary motor cortex is located in the [x] gyrus of the [y] lobe.

precentral, frontal

The primary motor cortex is on the [s] gyrus of the [p] lobe. The primary somatosensory cortex is on the [r] gyrus of the [o] lobe.

precentral, frontal, postcentral, parietal

The primary motor cortex is on the [x] gyrus of the [y] lobe. The primary somatosensory cortex is on the [z] gyrus of the [m] lobe. The primary auditory cortex is on the [n] of the [p] lobe. The primary visual cortex is on the walls of the [l] fissure in the [k] lobe

precentral, frontal, postcentral, parietal, Heschl's gyri, temporal, calcarine, occipital

The two areas of the premotor cortex are the [x], which is located closer to the lateral fissure, and the [y] which is located closer to the longitudinal fissure.

premotor area, supplementary motor area

Motor planning occurs in the

premotor cortex

Which of the following is located on the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri?

premotor cortex

What is the location of the origin of upper motor neurons?

primary motor cortex

GABA

principal inhibitory neurotransmitter

Corticospinal fibers travel from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Based on this description, we know they are

projection fibers

The optic nerve is made of axons from the ____________________ layer.

retinol ganglion

Blindness of the right eye results from a lesion to the

right optic nerve

The layers of the retina that are relevant to our study are

rods and cones bipolar layer retinal ganglion layer

Which chamber of the cochlea contains the organ of Corti? [x] The organ of Corti sits on the [y] membrane.

scala media, baislar

The covering of the eyeball is the [x]. The transparent covering on the front of the eyeball is the [y]. The [z] is the opening into the eyeball; it is surrounded by a ring of muscle called the [q].

sclera, cornea, pupil, iris

What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve (I)?

smell

The primary function of the superior olivary nuclei is

sound localization

auditory proccesing skill for As you go toward your car in your driveway, you hear someone call your name and immediately turn to answer your next door neighbor on your right rather than the jogger on the left.

sound localization

Which of the following general principles do not apply to trigeminal pathways?

spans the entire longitudinal axis of the CNS

The lower motor neurons supplied by the corticospinal tract are [x] nerves. Lower motor neurons supplied by the corticobulbar tract are [y] nerves.

spinal, cranial

The primary afferents (1st order neurons) of the somatosensory system bring information to the CNS via axons of [x] nerves for the body and [y] nerves for the head.

spinal, trigemninal

The response to loud sound that occurs to protect the auditory system is the _________________________.

stapedial reflex

Which type of muscles is used by mammals to accomplish voluntary movement?

striated

Which of the following is responsible for the production of dopamine?

substantia nigra

Wernicke's area is located in the posterior portion of the [x] gyrus in the [y] cerebral hemisphere. Portions of it may extend into the [p] lobe. It's primary function is language [o].

superior temporal, left, parietal, comprehension

List 4 indirect UMN pathways.: [x], [y], [z], [q]

tectospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal

List the two major structures of the diencephalon: [x]; [p]

thalamus and hypothalamus

The fovea is

the central point of focus and is located in the macula an area of the retina that contains mostly cones

Executive functions are primarily located in

the prefrontal cortex

When different parts of a membrane vibrate at different frequencies, it is said to have a.

tonotopic arrangement

what is the trigeminolemniscal pathway function

touch and proprioception for head

what is the dorsal column - medial lemniscus function

touch and proprioception from body

What is the location of the primary auditory cortex?

transverse gyri of Heschl along the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus

Which nerve is primarily responsible for somatosensation of the face?

trigeminal V

Somatosensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the [x]. Taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the [y]. Somatosensory information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the [z]. Taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is transmitted by the [p]. Innervation of tongue musculature is accomplished by the [q].

trigeminal V facial VII glossopharyngeal IX glossopharyngeal IX hypoglossal XII

A unilateral lesion of the right lower medulla (below level of nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus) could result in right side loss of fine touch and left side loss of pain and temperature sensations.

true

Afferent nerves transmit information toward the CNS while efferent nerves transmit information away from the CNS.

true

The circle of Willis is a protective mechanism to equalize blood flow in the event of blockage below the level of the circle.

true

The communicating arteries are found in the circle of Willis, connecting anterior/posterior and right/left halves of the arterial systems.

true

The two otolith organs found in the vestibule are the [x], which detect anterior-posterior movement, and the [y], which detect superior-inferior movement.

utricle, saccule

The cranial nerve most responsible for laryngeal function is the [x]. The cranial nerve that elevates the soft palate is the [y]. The cranial nerve that is most responsible for tongue movements is the [z]. The cranial nerve that elevates and lowers the mandible is the [p]. The cranial nerve that rounds and retracts the lips is the [r].

vagus X, vagus X., hypoglossal XII., trigeminal V., facial VII.

The midline structure of the cerebellum is the ___________________

vermis

Auditory information is transmitted from the inner ear to the CNS through fibers of the _____________________________ (this is referring to a cranial nerve; give the name and number).

vestibulocochlear VIII

What are the sources of information required to maintain equilibrium?

visual proprioceptive vestibular

ventral

(anterior or toward the belly

rostral

(anterior or toward the nose

input site of neuron

(dendrites and soma)

Dorsal

(posterior or toward the back

neuron

A neuron possesses four functional and associated structural zones necessary to fulfill its role in signal propagation (a term that neuroscientists use to describe the "sending" of information over a distance) and neuron-to-neuron communication. The structural (or morphological) features of a typical neuron are (a) the soma or cell body, (b) axons, (c) dendrites, and (d) the presynaptic terminal

The fasciculus gracilis is seen only in the lower portion of the spinal cord while the fasciculus cuneatus is seen only in the upper portion of the spinal cord. Is this statement true or false?

False. The fasciculis gracilis begins in the lower spinal cord and ascends to the brain, so it is also seen in the upper spinal cord. The fasciculis cuneatus begins in the upper spinal cord and ascends to the brain so it is only in the upper spinal cord and not in the lower spinal cord.

What are names of bundles of axons in the PNS, and bundles of axons in the CNS?

In the PNS the bundles of axons in the PNS are called nerves. In the CNS the bundles of axons are called many names such as: tracts, fibers, fiber tracts, pathways, etc.

Explain the repolarization and hyperpolarization stages of an action potential (including how K+ channels operate and the driving forces on K+). How does the axon get back to resting potential?

K+ channels open slowly but stay open as long as the axon is depolarized. Concentration gradients drive K+ out, and now the electrical gradients do as well, because the inside of the cell has become positive. The outflowing of K+ causes the charge to begin moving back toward negative, which is repolarization. Because K+ channels close slowly, the axon becomes more polarized than its resting potential, which is hyperpolarization. The charge will go to about -90mV . Once the K+ channels close, the sodium-potassium pumps will put things back where they belong and the axon will return to resting.

Explain the similarities/differences between cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles.

Peduncles are stalks of fibers (axons) that connect structures to the brainstem. The two cerebral peduncles connect the cerebral hemispheres to the midbrain. Cerebellar peduncles (there are 3 pairs) connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.

Explain how the depolarization stage of an action potential occurs and provide the change in electrical charge during depolarization. Be sure to address driving forces (gradients) in your answer.

Stimulus causes Na+ channels to open. They open quickly and remain open a very short time. During that time, Na+ rushes in due to both concentration and electrical gradients (Na+ is pulled into the axonl because of the low concentration of sodium within the axon and because the inside is negative and sodium is positive). The rushing in of Na+ causes depolarization with the charge inside going from about -70mV to about +50 mV.

axon hillock

The action potential is initiated at a highly specialized region of the neuron called the axon hillock, located at the point where the axon emerges out of the soma he axon hillock is responsible for monitoring changes in the electrical state of the neuron's cell body.

ascepts of dorsal column

The dorsal columns of the spinal cord are in the posterior aspect of the spinal cord. The dorsal columns of the spinal cord are comprised of sensory fibers.

horizontal

The horizontal plane, also known as an axial or transverse section, is parallel to the earth and divides the cerebrum into a dorsal and ventral part. For the brainstem, spinal cord, and remainder of the body, though, the horizontal plan divides these structures into an upper and lower half.

What and where is the pyramidal decussation? Be specific

The pyramidal decussation refers to where the fibers of the corticospinal tract decussate. It is located in the ventral (anterior) aspect of the caudal (lower) medulla.

Summarize the functions of the spinal cord.

The spinal cords main function is to transmit nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body. After that is trasmits from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons all the way to the sensory cortex. It is also very important in cordinating the bodies reflexes and also allows for the reflex arcs that can solely control reflexes.

Describe the fibers of the various fasciculi of the spinal cord. (Include information such as whether they are ascending/descending; gray matter/white matter, etc.)

There are three parts of the fasiculi. These consist of the dorsal, lateral , and anterior fasiculi. For dorsal fasciculi consists of ascending cells and is made up of white matter. For lateral fasciculi it consists of ascending and descending cells and is made up of white matter. For the anterior fasciculi consists of both ascending and descending cells as well and is made up of white matter.

nodes of ranvier

These exposed stretches are called the nodes of Ranvier and are key players in the process of conducting electrical signals down an axon.

A rapid change in membrane potential at a specific location on the axon that is then propagated down the axon is an [x]. It is initiated in the [y].

action potential, axon hillock

Fibers that transmit information toward the CNS are [x] fibers. Those that transmit information away from the CNS are [y] fibers.

afferent, efferent

The portion of the neuron in which information is integrated is the _______________________.

axon hillock

is the trigeminal nerve sensory, motor, or both?

both

is the vagus nerve sensory, motor, or both?

both

is the ventral rami sensory, motor or both?

both

The central nervous system is comprised of the

brain and spinal cord cerebellum and parenchyma spinal cord and spinal nerves spinal and cranial nerves

Depolarization in the axon terminals opens [x] channels. This causes [y] to move and bind to the cell membrane, releasing [z] into the synaptic cleft. This describes the [p] phase of the synapse.

calcium, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, transmission

is the cerebellum part of the cns or pns

cns

is the cerebrum part of the cns or pns

cns

is the spinal cord part of the cns or pns

cns

two major divisons of the ns

cns and pns

The driving force that causes an ion to move in order to achieve uniform distribution is a [x]. The driving force that causes an ion to move because of its positive or negative charge is an [y].

concentration gradient, electrical gradient

Pns

constitutes just about everything else.

Which of the following are functions of microglia? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY

consume harmful substances,

Sheets of cell bodies combine to form [x]. Groups of cell bodies in the CNS are called [y]. Groups of cell bodies in the PNS are called [z]. All of these are [p] (The final blank should be one of the following: gray matter, white matter, or both)

cortex, nuclei, ganglia, gray matter

The locations at which a neuron typically receive input are from either its [x] or [y].

dendrites and soma

List three ways in which a synaptic transmission is ended. [x], [y], and [z]

diffusion, degradation, reuptake

Arborization is the branching out of axons allowing the neuron to synapse with multiple other neurons.

false: Arborization is the branching of dendrites. It does allow for numerous synapses

glial cells

glial cells operate as key support cells helping to generate the internal structural framework of brain tissue and to metabolically maintain the health of the neurons.

Peripheral nerves

have one end in either the brain or spinal cord (CNS) and one end in the body are either spinal or cranial nerves connect the brain to the spinal cord

DNA is found in

he cell's nucleus the cell's cytoplasm

saggital

he sagittal plane operates to separate a structure into a right and left section. A sagittal section that happens to divide the brain or any other structure into an exact right and left half, perfectly down the midline, is called a mid-sagittal plane.

caudal

inferior or toward the tail)

myelin

is a fatty-like substance (feels like Crisco) that operates to electrically isolate axons from one another.

CNS

is comprised of the brain and all the tissue stemming from it in the midline,

cornoal

is one that also runs vertically relative to earth but is oriented 90 degrees relative to the sagittal plane. A coronal plane is also commonly referred to as a frontal plane, with the two terms used interchangeably. Coronal planes divide the cerebrum into a rostral and caudal half, but divide the remainder of the CNS and body into a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) half

List three characteristics of an axon that affects the speed at which it conducts impulse transmission: [x], [y], [z]

length diameter myelin

Positive and negative ions on each side of the cell membrane creates the [x] because the two sides of the membrane are [y]. The inside of the axon is approximately [z] mV compared to the outside. This is the axon's [q].

membrane potential, polarized, -70, resting membrane potential

The uppermost structure of the brainstem is the [x]. The middle structure of the brainstem is the [y]. The lowermost structure of the brainstem is the [z].

midbrain, pons, medulla

is the facial nerve sensory, motor, or both?

mixed

is the abducens nerve sensory, motor, or both?

motor

is the accesory nerve sensory, motor, or both?

motor

is the hypoglossal nerve sensory, motor, or both?

motor

is the oculomotor nerve sensory, motor, or both?

motor

is the trochlear nerve sensory, motor, or both?

motor

is the ventral roots sensory, motor or both?

motor

List the three structural types of neurons found in vertebrates: [x], [y], [z]

mutlipolar, bipolar, pseudouniploar

The white lipid material that covers axons is called [x]. The gaps in this substance are called [y]. The segments between the gaps are called [z].

myelin, nodes of ranvier, internodes

White matter consists of

myelinated axons dendrites

Propagation of the action potential, including the speed of conduction, depends on

myelinization diameter of the axon distance in front of the action potential that the current can spread

There are two categories of cells in the nervous system. The cell that is considered the functional unit is the [x]. The other type provide support and are called [y]

neurons, glial

Which of the following describe the driving forces for sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) in a resting neuron? Choose all that apply.

odium is driven IN by the concentration gradient. Potassium is driven OUT by the concentration gradient. Potassium is driven IN by the electrical gradient Sodium is driven IN by the electrical gradient.

is the spinal nerve part of the cns or pns

pns

The portion of the brainstem characterized by horizontal stripes is the

pons

The dorsal surface of the spinal cord is

posterior

During the reception phase of a synapse, neurotransmitters generate [x] in the postsynaptic membrane. These may be [t] or [p],

postsynaptic potentials, excitatory, inhibitory

acetylcholine

principal excitatory neurotransmitter found in motor neurons and muscles

dopamine

produced in the substantia nigra, modulates motor activity; associated with Parkinson's disease

A ____________________ is an involuntary motor response to some type of sensory stimulus.

reflex

serotonin

regulates attention, mood, emotional states, and more

The central core of the brainstem that contains fibers for regulating heart, respiration, digestion, motivation, and attention is the __________________________.

reticular formation

Is the olfactory nerve sensory, motor, or both?

sensory

are the dorsal roots sensory, motor or both?

sensory

is the auditory vestibular nerve sensory, motor, or both?

sensory

is the optic nerve sensory, motor, or both?

sensory

List two mechanisms by which an axon reaches firing threshold. [x] and [t]

spatial summation temporal summation

The dorsal surface of the cerebrum is

superior

The point of communication between two neurons is a [x].

synapse


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