Neuroscience exam 3 final

The sympathetic nervous system mobilizes organ systems for __fight and flight_______ while the parasympathetic nervous system mobilizes organs for ____rest and digest__________.

"fight or flight" / "rest and digest"

Basal ganglia, drugs (that influence dopamine pathway) and addition:

- Short term effects (non-addicted individuals): due to the effects of the drug itself, conditions the basal ganglia - Long-term effects (addicted individuals): due to conditioning that only the drug promises "reward" (dopamine effect enhancements). Consequences are: Response to glutamate signaling from cortex aimed at promoting "normal activities": decreased dopamine signaling in response to "normal stimulating/pressures activities": decreased only taking drugs causes dopamine signaling to increase (beyond the effect of the drug itself because of the conditioning that the drug promises "reward") Result: only taking drugs can produce a feeling of reward.

8) The Walter Hess experiments where he electrically stimulated certain areas of the hypothalamus, demonstrated that:

- The hypothalamus is involved in triggering stereotypic fear behavior that involves the motor control of skeletal muscles - The hypothalamus alone is sufficient for fear expression - The hypothalamus is involved in visceral fear responses such as changes in heart beat or pupil diameter. - all of the above CORRECT

Motor control and emotions: There are two pathways of motor control

- Volitional movement control (controlled by motor cortex and brainstem areas) - Emotional expression (controlled by frontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus) Example: facial expression (voluntary facial paresis vs. emotional facial paresis)

Hypothalamus

- directly controls the autonomic nervous system, expression of emotions, specifically fear expression - also influences somatic motor control - reacts to unprocessed sensory info alone, and also to info from cortex and amygdala.

Frontal cortex

- involved is the Orbital & medial prefrontal cortex and Cingulate Gyrus. - Makes us consciously aware of our emotions - brain area functions are strongly influence by emotions - Lateralization of emotions: right side negative emotions, left side positive emotions.

Basal ganglia

- responsible for promoting reward promising behavior. - conditioning (learning) needed - works similar to its motion control division, but it is the VTA (ventral tegmental area) that contains the dopaminergic neurons, and the Nucleus accumbens of the striatum receives the dopamine signal. - VTA activity becomes depressed when there is no anticipated reward

Amygdala

- without there is a lack of fear in response to stimuli and fear conditioning, - receives processed and unprocessed sensory info (about stimulus) and info from frontal cortex (importance of stimuli) - output influences hypothalamus (for fear expression), & frontal cortex (cognitive awareness of emotions and influences on behavior and decisions making) - After fear conditioning unprocessed sensory stimuli alone trigger fear response.

14. What are the functions of the Orbital Frontal Cortex and Ventral-Medial Pref. Cortex in the context of planning and decision making, besides being involved in processing of emotions?

-Evaluation of options and choosing options

13. What is the function of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in decision making, besides being involved in the processing of emotions?

-Learning from consequences/conflicts

. In order to urinate normally, the parasympathetic NS needs to be __up__ (down/up) regulated and the sympathetic NS needs to be__down__ (down/up) regulated. When holding in urine, the Parasympathetic NS needs to be __down__ (down/up) regulated and the sympathetic NS needs to be __up__(down/up)

. In order to urinate normally, the parasympathetic NS needs to be __up__ (down/up) regulated and the sympathetic NS needs to be__down__ (down/up) regulated. When holding in urine, the Parasympathetic NS needs to be __down__ (down/up) regulated and the sympathetic NS needs to be __up__(down/up)

26) How do marine mammals, such as dolphins that spend their lives underwater, solve the problem of how to not drown while being asleep?

a) By waking up every so often so they can come to the surface and breath b) They have local motor control ciruits that let them automatically survace while they are fully asleep when their blood oxygen level falls below a certain threshold c) Only half of their brain sleeps at one time CORRECT d) They sleep on the surface of the water, explaining why dolphins tend to get hit by boats

5) Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

a) Contracting the external sphincter of the urinary tract to prevent urine leakage b) Relaxes urinary bladder c) Constricts blood vessels of distal limbs d) Stimulates nutrient uptake or reuptake such as glycogen synthesis CORRECT

5) Which of the following statements is false?

a) Damage to the left hemisphere affects the comprehension and production of language and writing b) The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for language semantic production and comprehension FALSE c) Broca's aphasia is an effect of damages to the left frontal lobe that affects overall language production d) Wernicke's area is an effect of damages to the left temporal lobe that affects overall language comprehension.

4) Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

a) Dialate pupils CORRECT b) Decrease heartbeat c) Stimulate salivation d) Stimulate digestion

1) Ashley has trouble writing so that people can actually read her handwriting, and she has trouble holding the pencil and staying in the lines, what disorder may she most likely have?

a) Dysgraphia CORRECT b) Dyslexia c) Broca's aphasia d) Wernicke's aphasia

4) Which is a long-term effect of taking drugs such as marijuana, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine ....?

a) Increase in dopamine release as a result of simply taking the drug b) Reduction of dopamine release in response to naturally rewarding stimuli c) Reduction of responsiveness of the nucleus accumbens neurons to glutamate release d) All of the above CORRECT

7) Where within in the Sympathetic Nervous system are the postganglionic neurons located?

a) Lateral Horn/ Intermediolateral column in Gray Mater of the spinal cord b) Within the Paravertebral Ganglia (most of them) or in ganglia near organs (some of them) CORRECT c) Dorsal Horn of the spinal cord d) They are all located within ganglia near the organs they control

14) What is the main goal of the visceral system?

a) Muscle coordination b) Homeostasis CORRECT c) Planning and Goal-setting d) Regulation of voluntary movements

6) What is meant by the learning principle, Principle of Practice, for guiding treatment of neurological damages?

a) Neural pathways that are not engaged in activity will deteriorate b) Use it or lose it c) Neural pathways that are not engaged in activity will be taken over by other pathways d) All of the above CORRECT

25. What does it mean to have facial motor paresis?

a) Not being able to automatically smile as an expression of emotions b) Not being able to smile when someone tells you to c) Not being able to voluntarily control facial muscles d) B and C - CORRECT

3) If someone listens to very soothing music which puts a person (who was stressed out before) into a much more relaxed state of mind, what happened?

a) Only the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system changed; it is upregulated b) Only the activity of the sympathetic nervous system changed; it is downregulated c) The parasympathetic nervous system is upregulated while the sympathetic nervous system is downregulated CORRECT d) The parasympathetic nervous system is downregulated while the sympathetic nervous system is upregulated

2) The visceral nervous system has the following divisions

a) Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system b) Enteric Nervous System c) Somatic motor control d) a and b CORRECT e) all of the above

24. The right temporal cortex does

a) Processing negative emotions (tendentially) b) Primary processing of sounds c) Processing the meaning of sounds d) All of the above CORRECT

16) Parasympathetic function includes which of the following?

a) Pupil constriction CORRECT b) Acceleration of heart rate c) Stimulation of sweat glands d) All of the above

13) All of the following are true about the visceral system EXCEPT

a) Regulated from top-down control from the CNS b) Controls non-skeletal muscles c) It is consciously controlled CORRECT d) Activity of the system is often very complex

15) Sympathetic function includes which of the following?

a) Relaxing Airway b) Inhibition of Digestion c) Breakdown of Glycogen d) All of the above CORRECT

27. Which of the following people would show the MOST empathy if any?

a) Someone who has Narcissistic Personality Disorder b) Someone who has antisocial personality disorder c) Someone who shows sociopathy d) None of the above are particularly good in showing empathy CORRECT

6) Which statement about the enteric nervous system is correct?

a) The function of its local sensory neurons is to monitor mechanical and chemical conditions b) The function if its local interneurons is to integrate information and control local motor neurons c) Its function is to control blood circulation throughout the body d) a and b CORRECT e) All of the above

1) Which of the following is true about the neurotransmitters that the visceral nervous system uses?

a) The visceral nervous system uses a variety of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, acetylcholine and neuropeptides CORRECT b) The sympathetic nervous system mainly uses epinephrine, while the parasympathetic nervous system mainly uses norepinephrine c) Only the parasympathetic nervous system uses epinephrine and norepinephrine d) a and b e) a and c

25)You have a patient with a severed corpus callosum how do you expect them to explain an object viewed on their right-hand side of their visual field?

a) They can be described, but the patient does not know the name of the object b) The patient can identify the object by name CORRECT c) The patient is unable to identify or describe the object being viewed d) None of the above

27)A patient with Broca's aphasia will have which of the following symptoms described?

a) They can't comprehend what someone says to them b) The patient cannot hear what you are saying c) They are not aware of that what they are saying doesn't make any sense d) They may be quite frustrated because they can't put their thoughts into words and know that CORRECT

26)A patient with Wernicke's aphasia will have which of the following symptoms described?

a) They can't speak in full sentences and without grammar mistakes b) They may repeat words over and over again c) The patient is unable to comprehend what is being said to them CORRECT d) The patient cannot hear what you are saying

18) Where are the preganglionic neurons of the Parasympathetic Nervous System located?

a) Within chain ganglia b) Within the brain stem and the gray matter of the sacral spinal cord CORRECT c) Within Ganglia near or on organs d) Only within the brain stem

23. The limbic system includes all of the following except:

a) amygdala b) Hippocamous c) Cingulate Gyrus d) Parietal Cortex CORRECT

25) What may happen when we are sleep deprived?

a) we may judge situations (which we otherwise can handle) incorrectly b) our reaction time may be about as long as when being moderately drunk c) we may loose weight even though we eat more than usual d) all of the above CORRECT

43)A class mate of yours gets better grades then you, but has frequently difficulties with pronouncing words, misses even the most obvious spelling mistakes, and when watching a foreign move with subtitle, constantly rewinds the movie. From what you learned in NS2002, what might be the problem?

a) your friend may have dysgraphia b) your friend may have dyslexia CORRECT c) your friend needs to learn to take better attention d) your friend may have apraxia of language

19)Apraxia of speech associated with?

a. Affects the comprehension of speech b. Inability to use any means of communication c. The motor planning of speech doesn't work CORRECT d. Descending motor pathways are damaged

10. Which brain area is NEEDED to TRIGGER a conditioned fear response to a sound after successful conditioning?

a. Amygdala b. Medial Geniculate Nucleus of Thalamus c. Auditory Cortex d. Frontal cortex e. Both A and B CORRECT

22. Which of the following is not a result of long-term drug addiction?

a. Reduction in responsiveness of accumbens neurons to glutamate b. Reduction of serotonin release from substania nigra pars compacta CORRECT c. Reduction of dopamine release in response to normally rewarding stimuli d. Increase in dopamine release in response to addictive substance

12. Which of the following is NOT a long-term effect of drug/alcohol use on the brain?

a. Reduction of dopamine release in response to naturally rewarding stimuli b. Increase of dopamine release in response to the addictive substance c. Reduction of responsiveness to glutamate in the nucleus accumbens d. Enhancement of responsiveness to glutamate in the nucleus accumbens CORRECT

12) Why do we need sleep?

a. Restorative effects b. Memory consolidation c. Brain homeostasis d. All of the above CORRECT

7) Which of the following is a primary reason that humans and animals need to sleep?

a. Sleep is important for memory consolidation b. Energy conservation c. Maintenance of homeostasis d. All of the above CORRECT

9) The autonomic nervous system controls all EXCEPT:

a. Smooth muscle control b. Skeletal muscles CORRECT c. Cardiac muscles d. Glands

Which is an example of the function of the right hemisphere in regard to speech?

a. Someone who is angry is speaking loudly to express distaste CORRECT b. Someone interprets the meaning of a specific vocabulary incorrectly c. Someone is planning how to formulate a grammatically correct sentence d. b and c

4) What are the brain areas involved in the comprehension and production of language?

a. Temporal lobe b. Somatosensory cortex c. Pre-frontal lobe d. All of the above CORRECT

20. The amygdala receives input from all of the following except

a. Thalamus b. Prefrontal and temporal cortices c. Sensory cortical areas d. Cerebellum CORRECT e. Actually it receives critical input from all of the above

9. Which was not found in the experiments conducted by R.W. Doty on the fear response of primates where they prevented visual input from one eye to reach the amygdala they left intact?

a. The amygdala must have access to visual input to produce a fear response to visual stimuli b. Fear responses can include anger and anxiety c. Visual stimuli sent to the amygdala is the only way to produce a fear response CORRECT d. Tactile stimuli can produce a fear response in primates without an intact visual system

5) Someone in front of you has both amygdalae removed. What do you expect?

b) This person will be quite fearless and trusty, regardless of the situation.

In REM sleep, muscle activity of limb muscles is ________ and blood pressure _________.

blocked, decreases Actively inhibited, decreases increased, increases Actively inhibited, increases CORRECT

- 1.) The key brain area that promotes behaviors such as a dog laying down and patiently waiting while everyone eats due to that this behavior guarantees getting left overs. - 2.) key brain area that is critically involved in learning to automatically respond with fear when hearing the rattling sound of a snake - 3.) brain area that makes us cognitively aware of that we reacted with fear to a certain sound, such as a rattling sound that reminded us of a snake - 4.) key brain area that directly controls fear expressions such as increased heart rate, sweating, or the dilation of pupils Amygdala__________ Hypothalamus__________ Basal ganglia____________ Frontal cortex __________

Amygdala___2_______ Hypothalamus_____4_____ Basal ganglia____1________ Frontal cortex _____3_____

7) Drugs such as marijuana, nicotine, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, and opiates all have short and long-term effects. The short-term effects on the reward system include which of the following:

c) Enhances dopamine release or the effects on its target neurons due to the action of the drug itself.

28) At what time is melatonin production highest in the pineal gland?

A. 2-4 AM CORRECT B. 7-8 AM C. 6-8 PM D. 9-11 PM

27) Which of the following is False Regarding the stages of sleep?

A. Deep sleep stages become fewer and shorter throughout the night B. EEG's of REM sleep are very different than EEG's done when the patient is awake CORRECT C. Stage 3 and 4 sleep are characterized by slowing of heart rate, breathing rate and low frequency brain waves D. All of the above E. None of the above

22) What does contribute to becoming tired and wanting to go to sleep?

A. Increase in body temperature B. Increase in temperature of the brain C. Increasing stimulation D. Accumulation of adenosine and prostaglandin CORRECT

20) Function of Parasympathetic Nervous System

A. Mobilizes organ systems for "Fight or Flight" B. It is critical for the control of intestinal muscles C) Mobilizes organ systems for "Rest and Digest" CORRECT D) Is critical for the control of intestinal secretions

21) What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A. Mobilizes organ systems for "Rest and digest" B. Is critical for the control of intestinal muscle C) Mobilizes organ systems for "Fight or Flight" CORRECT D) Is critical for the control of intestinal secretions

20) What gland does the SCN regulate located posterior of the thalamus?

A. Pineal Gland CORRECT B. Pituitary gland C. Adrenal Gland D. Thyroid Gland

21) What is a characteristic of REM sleep?

A. Rapid eye movements during sleep B. Increased heart rate C. Vivid dreams D. All of the above CORRECT

19) Visceral System controls:

A. Skeletal Muscle B. Cardiac Muscle C. Smooth Muscle D. A&B E) B&C CORRECT

2) At which stage does night terrors, sleep-walking and sleep-talking occur?

A. Stage I B. Stage II C. Stage III D. Stage IV Both C&D CORRECT

12. In treating motor speech disorders, we are guided by principles of learning. What are the basic principles and briefly explain these.

Practice frequency and intensity: is described as "use it or lose it", and it needs to be substantial enough to result in changes to synapses to achieve long term effects Feedback: can be described as knowledge of results; knowing if a person is right or wrong to be able to improve and correct mistakes.

Which of the following does not happen during sleep?

Proper folding of proteins Replenishing brain glycogens Growth Hormones Increased Increased energy need CORRECT

8. Explain the difference between psychopathy and sociopathy

Psychopaths are outlined by lack of empathy, remorse, or guilt. Sociopaths are more extreme and in addition do not learning from negative behavior and show unnecessary risk taking, and don't make sure that nobody is getting hurt (themselves and others).

5) What stage of sleep do vivid dreams occur in?

REM

Sleep disorder that occurs only during deep sleep, and afflicted often end up waking in a new spot

REM sleep disorder Sleep Apnea Possession by a Demon Sleep Walking CORRECT

9. What are 3 signs or symptoms of Dyslexia?

Reduced reading speed, and having difficulty comprehending what is being read. Difficulty with phonological awareness of spoken language Difficulty reading words due to difficulty with processing and manipulating sounds Weakness of rapid automatized naming Difficulties with both oral and written language skills

After a severe stroke, a patient is taken to the hospital. While the patient survives, their language and speech processing is significantly impaired. They are able to speak fluently, but their speech is characterized by contrived or inappropriate words that don't contribute to the overall meaning of what they are trying to say. They nod and seem like they understand what doctors tell them, but they are unable to repeat anything that they've said or heard. What hemisphere of the brain is most likely damaged?

Right temporal hemisphere Right frontal hemisphere Left temporal hemisphere CORRECT Medial hemisphere

Damages to the _______ hemisphere and can generally cause ____________.

Right, sign aphasias Right, difficulties with emotional content of language CORRECT Left, difficulties with emotional content

12. What are the Dorsal Medial Pref. Cortex and Posterior Cingulate Gyrus responsible for in the context of planning and decision making, besides being involved in the processing of emotions?

Self awareness and awareness of others

10) A parent takes their child to the sleep clinic complaining that they often find the child talking, moving around, and even yelling in their sleep, almost as if they are awake. It seems to occur more often LATER in the night and into the morning, and the child can usually recall what they thought they were doing when asked the following morning. What is most likely the problem?

Sleepwalking Sleep Paralysis Night Terrors REM Sleep Behavior Disorder CORRECT

1. What is the purpose of emotion? Name 3, and briefly describe these.

Some purposes of emotion are for means of communication, survival, learning, setting social norms, and being able to for attachment with others. Add a common sense description to each.

13. What is the idea of critical period hypothesis of language learning?

States that language develops readily between the age of 5 and puberty. Therefore, language learning is much more difficult and ultimately less successful.

What is Wernicke's Aphasia?

difficulty to comprehend the semantics and meaning of the spoken language CORRECT difficulty putting thoughts into words related to damages of the connection between Broca's and Wernicke's difficulty learning to write (lesions or dysfunctions of the cerebellum or other cortical regions & disturbance in motor control at the level of the corticospinal motor pathway)

20)In general ________and ________are more active in language than any other brain region.

e. Frontal, Temporal CORRECT f. Hypothalamus, Frontal g. Parietal, Temporal h. Temporal, Hypothalamus

What are the main and distinctive aspects of the function of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system? Describe at least one.

Systems are not all-or-none, nor do they switch from "totally on" to "totally off". Both can be active to some extent at the same time - it is the overall balance of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic strength that determines activity of organs Different organs can have different sympathetic/parasympathetic levels at the same time: the system is (somewhat) modular

32)True or False: When learning a second language both languages are encoded within similar brain regions?

TRUE

6. What is the role of the Basal Ganglia in regulating emotions and how is that different from their role in controlling movement?

The Basal Ganglia are responsible for selecting wanted (reward promising) behaviors when it comes to emotions. When regulating movement/motion, the basal ganglia's role is to amplify wanted movements and suppress unwanted movements . The overall principal is the same.

Which hemisphere is responsible for processing the meaning of simple sounds and perfect pitch?

The L hemisphere The R hemisphere CORRECT

True or False: The same brain areas for the production and comprehension of semantics for spoken language are active for sign language.

True CORRECT False Neither- The brain areas for comprehension of semantics are the same, but the areas for production of semantics are not. Neither- The brain areas for production of semantics are the same, but the areas for comprehension of semantics are not.

2) Which describes best the activity pattern of neurons of the VTA in its function of promoting reward promising behavior?

VTA neuron activity becomes depressed if there is no anticipated reward at the time when a reward was predicted

2. List 3 brain areas that are involved in generating, processing, or expressing emotion, and very briefly describe a function that distinguishes each from the others.

Ventral Basal Ganglia: selecting and promoting reward seeking behavior Hypothalamus: controls the sympathetic nervous system and via this controls the expression of emotions Amygdala: essential for fear conditioning Frontal cortex: makes us consciously aware of our emotions

15) Daily cycles are entrained by light so therefore, how is light detected for this function?

Via cone and rod photoreceptor cells Via ganglion cells CORRECT Optic chiasm Superior cervical ganglion

8) What needs to happen so that one can voluntarily empty the bladder?

a) All it needs is that the parasympathetic nervous system is downregulated to allow a contraction of the bladder b) It requires that the enteric nervous system will be upregulated c) The parasympathetic nervous system needs to be upregulated at the same time as the somatic motor controle allows the relaxation of the external sphincter. CORRECT d) All it needs is that the sympathetic nervous system is upregulated to allow a contraction of the bladder

26. Which area of the brain accounts for the expression of stereotypic somatic fear expression?

a) Amygdala b) Hypothalamus CORRECT c) Orbital/Medial prefontal cortex d) Motor cortex

6) After successful fear conditioning within the amygdala to snakes, what do you expect?

a) Any visual stimulus that looks similar to a snake may trigger a fear response.

17) Bladder regulation is emptying and filling, one of which is sympathetic and the other is parasympathetic. Which is which?

a) Bladder emptying : parasympathetic bladder filling: sympathetic CORRECT b) Bladder emptying: parasympathetic bladder filling: parasympathetic c) Bladder emptying: sympathetic bladder filling: sympathetic d) Bladder emptying: sympathetic bladder filling: parasympathetic ____________________

1. Name 6 areas of the brain that control speech and what is their major role?

● Wernicke's area ○ Comprehension of language (decoding) ● Broca's area ○ Production of language (encoding) ● Motor cortex ○ Controlling the actual movement of all of those parts ● Primary somatosensory cortex ○ Being able to feel where your tongue and lips are (making different sounds) ● Primary visual cortex ○ Watching mouth movements, reading lips ○ Watching behavior or reading others on when to speak and for reading written language that tap into our speech processes ● Primary auditory cortex ○ Processing of sounds (words, as well as prosody of speech)

1. Match the characteristics to the associated sleep stage that fits best. Assign each characteristic once. Write the associated number into the blank. 1. Deep sleep 2. Motor output is normally blocked, EEG looks fairly similar to wake 3. Most restorative 4. expression of sleep spindles 5. EEG shows largest amplitude and lowest frequency waves 6. expression of K-complexes 7. Dreams including night terrors, and when being woken up most disruptive 8. Phase of slowest heart and breathing rate 9. Vivid dream and rapid eye movements 10. Phase of most irregular respiratory and heart rhythm Stage 2- _________________________________________________ Stage 3 and 4- _________________________ REM- ___________________________________

1. Deep sleep 2. Motor output is normally blocked, EEG looks fairly similar to wake 3. Most restorative 4. expression of sleep spindles 5. EEG shows largest amplitude and lowest frequency waves 6. expression of K-complexes 7. Dreams including night terrors, and when being woken up most disruptive 8. Phase of slowest heart and breathing rate 9. Vivid dream and rapid eye movements 10. Phase of most irregular respiratory and heart rhythm Stage 2- ______6,4___________________________________________________ Stage 3 and 4- __8,7,5,3,1___________________________ REM- 10, 9, 2______________________________________

8. List 3-4 beneficial things that happen during sleep:

1. Replenishment of brain glycogens for energy 2. Increase of extracellular space to flush out toxins 3. Proper folding of proteins 4. Memory consolidation (storing memories) 5. Increased growth hormones

2. Fill in the blanks with the sleep disorder or phenomenon that is described. Each Sleep disorder will be used once. 1. Sleep walking 2. Sleep paralysis 3. REM sleep disorder 4. Fatigue amnesia 5. Insomnia 6. Sleep apnea 7. Narcolepsy 8. Restless leg syndrome A sleep disorder that causes severe sleep deprivation due to the sympathetic nervous system (fortunately) waking that person up during frequent reoccurring episodes of oxygen deprivation is called___6_________ A disorder where unpleasant feelings within limbs triggers frequent movements, leading to fragmented sleep is called___8_______ You shadow a surgery and later find out that the surgeon doesn't seem to remember what happened during the surgery. The Surgeon has what is called____4______ A sleep disorder where an individual enters REM sleep (possibly triggered by excitements) directly from being awake is called__7____ A common sleep disorder that is defined as the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep is called__5_____ A sleep lab result shows that during an episode of 'acting out dreams' the EEG looked much the same as while awake. This sounds like_____3__________ Another friend of yours tells you that they have terrifying episodes where they can't move for a moment right after waking up. This sounds like ______2__________ Yet another friend of yours tells you that because they walk around during night without remembering it next morning, they went to a sleep lab. It was discovered that during such an episode there were slow frequency waves of large amplitude. This sounds like_______1__________

1. Sleep walking 2. Sleep paralysis 3. REM sleep disorder 4. Fatigue amnesia 5. Insomnia 6. Sleep apnea 7. Narcolepsy 8. Restless leg syndrome A sleep disorder that causes severe sleep deprivation due to the sympathetic nervous system (fortunately) waking that person up during frequent reoccurring episodes of oxygen deprivation is called___6_________ A disorder where unpleasant feelings within limbs triggers frequent movements, leading to fragmented sleep is called___8_______ You shadow a surgery and later find out that the surgeon doesn't seem to remember what happened during the surgery. The Surgeon has what is called____4______ A sleep disorder where an individual enters REM sleep (possibly triggered by excitements) directly from being awake is called__7____ A common sleep disorder that is defined as the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep is called__5_____ A sleep lab result shows that during an episode of 'acting out dreams' the EEG looked much the same as while awake. This sounds like_____3__________ Another friend of yours tells you that they have terrifying episodes where they can't move for a moment right after waking up. This sounds like ______2__________ Yet another friend of yours tells you that because they walk around during night without remembering it next morning, they went to a sleep lab. It was discovered that during such an episode there were slow frequency waves of large amplitude. This sounds like_______1__________

Match the Following sleep disorders with their description 1. Narcolepsy 2. Insomnia 3. Sleep Paralysis 4. Restless Leg Syndrome 5. Sleep Apnea 6. Fatigue Amnesia 7. Sleep Walking 2 - Is associated with the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep 6- A phenomenon common to physicians, characterized by doing complex tasks with no recollection after they are done 1- Onset of sleep is abrupt and unpredictable, and goes right into REM sleep 4- Most prevalent in older patients, characterized by twitches in legs that causes awakening 3- The body is unable to move, but the mind is still or already 'awake' 5- Is characterized by not getting enough oxygen during sleep, due to periods of stopping to breath during sleep 7- More common in children, due to them having more deep sleep

2 - Is associated with the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep 6- A phenomenon common to physicians, characterized by doing complex tasks with no recollection after they are done 1- Onset of sleep is abrupt and unpredictable, and goes right into REM sleep 4- Most prevalent in older patients, characterized by twitches in legs that causes awakening 3- The body is unable to move, but the mind is still or already 'awake' 5- Is characterized by not getting enough oxygen during sleep, due to periods of stopping to breath during sleep 7- More common in children, due to them having more deep sleep

What age marks the beginning of the nervous system being developed so that the child builds a framework for more complex language?

2 years: 150-300 words, 2-3 word sentences CORRECT 3 years: 900-1,000 words. asks short questions 4 years: 2,000 words, 5+ word sentences 5 year: identifies letters, creates longer sentences

15. Several brain areas are involved in the processing and expression of emotions. Assign each description to the brain region that it describes. Assign each description once. 1.) key brain area for the selection and initiation of reward seeking behavior 2.) key brain area for fear conditioning 3.) brain area that integrates information to "produce" our rich conscious perception of our emotions 4.) key brain area that controls the visceral system Amygdala_________ Hypothalamus_________ Basal ganglia___________ Frontal cortex___________

Amygdala_____2_____ Hypothalamus____4______ Basal ganglia____1________ Frontal cortex____3________

9. Explain how the amygdala was found to be involved in fear.

An amygdala was removed, and the brain was split, so that only one eye had access to one remaining intact amygdala. Stimuli that were seen by the eye that gave input to the remaining amygdala elicited fear responses; stimuli that were seen by the eye that did not give input to the amygdala did not elicit a fear response.

10. Name and briefly describe two disorders that are a consequence of dysfunctions of the motor control:

Apraxia of speech: often due to damages to brain areas that are responsible for motor planning of speech Dysarthria: often due to damages to upper motor neurons of speech, descending pathways or lower motor control neurons that control speech Dysgraphia: due to damages to brain areas that are involved in the motor control of writing

6. Aprodosia is associated with damage to what part of the brain? How does it affect speech?

Associated with damages to the right hemisphere (right temporal lobe). Results in deficits in normal rhythm, stress, and tone variation, and correct interpretation of prosody of speech.

5. There are two pathways that affect somatic motor control (skeletal muscle movements): volitional movements and emotions. Briefly describe and distinguish between these pathways and explain how they together control body movements.

Both pathways are separate and are integrated on the level of the brainstem or local circuits within the spinal cord. The volitional pathway is controlled by the motor cortex and associated brain stem regions, while the emotion pathway is controlled by the hypothalamus and parts of the frontal cortex that are part of the limbic system. The volitional pathway controls the voluntary movement, while the emotion pathway influences facial expression, posture and the gain of reflexes to give the movements emotional content (makes the emotional body language).

After a severe stroke, a patient is taken to the hospital. While the patient survives, their language and speech processing is significantly impaired. They are able to speak fluently and their grammar is fine, but their speech is characterized by contrived or inappropriate words that don't contribute to the overall meaning of what they appear to attempt to convey. They nod and on the surface act like they understand what doctors tell them, but they are unable to respond properly to what they have heard. What type of Aphasia does the patient most likely have?

Broca's Aphasia Wernicke's Aphasia CORRECT Dysarthria Apraxia of Speech

2. Name 5 deficits that can occur with language comprehension and production. Which area is damaged or involved? Which aspect of communication is affected (encoding, decoding, motor control...)?

Broca's aphasia - Broca's area in the left frontal lobe- production (encoding) Wernicke's aphasia- left temporal lobe, wernicke's area- comprehension of language dyslexia - left temporal lobe - reading and writing of written language - comprehension and production of written language dysgraphia - various brain areas, motor control of writing doesn't work Dysarthria and ataxia of speech - motor cortex, motor neurons, or descending pathways- motor planning or motor control of speech doesn't work Aprosodias- right temporal lobe- production and comprehension of prosody/non-semantic emotional content of language

4. 4. Compare Conduction Aphasia with Dysgraphia. Include symptoms.

Conduction Aphasia is related to damages of the connection between Broca's and Wernicke's. - Intact comprehension and speech production - Inability to produce appropriate responses to heard communication - Difficulty repeating words or sentences after hearing them Dysgraphia is the difficulty learning to write (lesions or dysfunctions of the cerebellum or other cortical regions & disturbance in motor control at the level of the corticospinal motor pathway). - Poor handwriting - Inconsistent letter and word spacing - Unusual body or paper position while writing - Trouble planning sequential finger movements & putting thoughts on paper

1 Sympathetic nervous system 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 3 Somatic nervous system 4 Enteric nervous system Dilation of the pupil__1_______ Constriction of the pupil__2___________ Promoting digestion____2________ Dilation of the airways___1____________ Constriction of airways____2__________ Contraction of the external sphincter of the urinary tract______3_________ Increase of heart beat rate_____1__________ Promoting salvation_________2_______ Increases blood pressure_____1________ Can independently coordinates muscle movements of the intestines______4_________ Decreases blood pressure_______2________ Constricts blood vessels__________1_________ Promotes the release of glucose out of storage______1________ Promotes the uptake of sugar_____2___________ Contraction of the bladder_____2_______ Relaxes the muscles of the bladder________1_______

Dilation of the pupil__1_______ Constriction of the pupil__2___________ Promoting digestion____2________ Dilation of the airways___1____________ Constriction of airways____2__________ Contraction of the external sphincter of the urinary tract______3_________ Increase of heart beat rate_____1__________ Promoting salvation_________2_______ Increases blood pressure_____1________ Can independently coordinates muscle movements of the intestines______4_________ Decreases blood pressure_______2________ Constricts blood vessels__________1_________ Promotes the release of glucose out of storage______1________ Promotes the uptake of sugar_____2___________ Contraction of the bladder_____2_______ Relaxes the muscles of the bladder________1_______

3. Name and briefly describe two disorders related to lack of empathy AND at least two brain areas involved in the disorders.

Disorders: Narcissistic personality disorder: general lack of empathy for others, still experience guilt. 2. Antisocial personality disorder: lack of empathy for others, shallow emotions, lack of remorse/guilt, risk-taking, failure to consider negative consequences of actions Brain Areas: Orbital cortex, Frontal lobe, Amygdala, Insula

11. What is Dysarthria characterized by?

Dysarthia is characterized by abnormal strength, speed, range of motion, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of movements needed for breathing, phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody for speech. It is a disorder of movement or movement control.

_____ is a disorder categorized by difficulties in learning to have a nice handwriting.

Dysgraphia CORRECT Conduction aphasia Aprosodia Apraxia of speech

22)What is not involved with Wernicke's aphasia?

E. Fluent speech F. Being well aware of that there is a communication problem CORRECT G. Syntax adequate H. Grammar adequate

8) What time are melatonin levels the highest?

Early morning around 3-4 AM CORRECT Afternoon Shortly after falling asleep at night Before you go to sleep

7. Emotions come in many forms (happiness, stressed, etc.) and have many purposes to influence our every day lives. What do these emotions influence on our day to day life?

Emotions help us in our daily lives by influencing how we learn from our actions, how we react and behave to stimulations, and how we perceive our surroundings.

3) NREM/REM cycle occurs how often?

Every 30 seconds 20-40 minutes Every hour About every 90-100 Minutes CORRECT

13) Which brain structure is important for learning and declarative memory?

HIPPOCAMPUS

9) Which stages are included in deep sleep?

I and II II and III III and IV CORRECT IV and REM Sleep

23)What is true about split brain patients?

I. They can't name any objects they see J. They can't learn the name of new objects K. Only object in the right visual field can be described but not named L. Only object in the left visual field can be described but not named CORRECT

3. What can go wrong with language and speech? Complete the following sentences with the result if a specific player involved in speech production is damaged.

If something in the motor planning region of the brain is damaged, _a____. If descending motor pathways are damaged, __d___. If our auditory system is damaged, ___c_. If brain regions are damaged that are responsible for the comprehension of language, __b___ A. Then we may experience consequences such as ataxia of speech. B. No coherent communication may be possible regardless of which means of communication we attempt to use. C. We might experience disrupted self-monitoring possibly leading to dialect mismatch. D. Then commands to muscles don't work with the consequence of dysarthria.

Which of the following are symptoms of dyslexia?

Inability to comprehend what is being read even when given plenty of time to read. Difficulty with phonological awareness of spoken language Difficulties with writing and pronouncing words Both B and C - CORRECT

18)What is agraphia associated with?

Inability to develop a nice handwriting - CORRECT Inability to speak Inability to have a meaningful conversation Inability to read

6. Briefly describe 4 sleep disorders discussed in class.

Insomnia: inability to fall or stay asleep, results in inadequate sleep, can be caused by altered circadian rhythm, noise, stress or psychiatric conditions. Sleep apnea: inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged periods of time, can cause cognitive impairment, can cause impaired attention, depression, heart problems and can be caused by genetics, hormones, old age, obesity, and deterioration of brain mechanisms that control breathing Restless Leg Syndrome: most prevalent in older people, unpleasant tingling causes frequent limb movement, constant moving during the day and fragmented sleep Narcolepsy: entering REM sleep directly from being awake, onset of sleep can be abrupt and unpredictable, can be treated with stimulants

What parts of the body does the Visceral Nervous System control?

It controls the parts of the body that we don't consciously control ourselves. It controls everything that is needed to maintain or reestablish homeostasis such as smooth and cardiac muscles, guts, glands, and mostly everything that isn't skeletal muscle.

10. What is body language?

It is an integration between volitional movements and emotional expressions. Facial expressions, posture, and reflexes given an emotional context that is understood by others.

What are two of the overall goals of the autonomic nervous system in its effort to maintain or restore hemostasis?

Keep activity within a certain range. Organs have specific set points and the ANS makes sure that their activity remains within a specific range for normal function. Respond to the environment (internal and external) by ramping up or slowing down activities of organs and glands. Change the setpoint of organs to maintain or reestablish normal function via top-down control of the autonomic nervous system.

14) Which of the following facilitates a sleep rhythm?

Light CORRECT Temperature Nutrients Behavior

24)What can damage to the right temporal lobe usually cause?

M. Aprosodia CORRECT N. Wernicke's aphasia O. Broca's aphasia P. Conduction aphasia

1) All of the following occur during sleep EXCEPT:

Memory consolidation Decrease in growth hormones - EXCEPT Increase in extracellular space Replenishing of glycogens

A person falls directly into REM sleep from being awake. What may be going on?

Narcolepsy

What is not involved with Broca's aphasia?

Not being aware of that there is a communication problem CORRECT Disordered syntax Halting speech Tendency to repeat phrases or words

7. How does sleep play an important role in enhancing learning and strengthening memory?

Performance on a newly learned task is often better the next day if adequate sleep is achieved during the night because sleep triggers changes in the brain that solidifies memories.

5. Describe REM sleep.

Periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep, similar to wake state, respiratory and heart rhythms are irregular, sensory inputs are down-regulated and motor outputs are blocked, it is when dreams occur, amount of REM sleep increases later in the night

8. What are 3 signs or symptoms of Dysgraphia?

Poor handwriting Inconsistency in letter and word spacing Unusual wrist, body, or paper position while writing Trouble planning sequential finger movements Trouble putting thoughts on paper

1) What is the function of this circuit? Goes from amygdala to orbital and medial prefrontal cortex OR ventral basal ganglia

The connection labeled as (1) explains the influence of the amygdala on behavior and decision making in the presence of a perceived threat.

5. What is the benefit for lateralization for language?

The efficiency of the division of complex functions (parallel processing) between the two hemispheres. One hemisphere isn't better than the other.

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the autonomic nervous system?

The hypothalamus is the information and control center of the ANS. Its outputs control and/or influence the action and control of motor function, motor control, and neuroendocrine response. It receives contextual information from the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, while also receiving sensory information from visceral and somatic sensory pathways, as well as chemosensory and humoral signals.

16) The SCN of the hypothalamus regulates waking and sleeping by controlling activity levels in another critical brain area for the control of sleep. Which area is that?

The pineal gland CORRECT Pituitary gland Endocrine gland Exocrine gland

17) What is the Brain Region responsible for being the body's internal clock?

The pituitary gland The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus CORRECT Pineal Gland Hippocampus

7. Describe the differences in which the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere of the brain contribute to language processing (in most individuals).

The right hemisphere processes the prosody of speech and emotional content of the language. The left hemisphere processes the semantics of language.

Name the two branches of the visceral system and describe their main functions.

The two branches of the visceral system are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is the "fight or flight" system, it stops digestion, dilates pupils, increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases blood pressure, activates sweat glands, mobilizes the release of sugar out of storage, increases breathing rate. The parasympathetic system is the "rest and digest" system, which does the opposite, such as starting digestion, slows the heartbeat, constricts airways, stimulates glucose uptake and storage, stimulates salvation

What is the difference between the visceral nervous system and the somatic nervous system?

The visceral nervous system transmits signals controls bodily functions that maintain or reestablish homeostasis, while the somatic nervous system controls voluntary body movements via skeletal muscles.

11. How would a person with emotional face paresis respond to humor?

They would not be able to make the appropriate facial response to it, but would be able to make these expression if being asked to make them voluntarily.

3) You have someone in front of you who can smile voluntarily but does not smile automatically in response to a joke. How can that be explained?

This may demonstrate the existence of two different pathways of the control of movements: voluntary movement and the expression of emotions

4. Explain the difference between voluntary facial paresis and emotional facial paresis.

Voluntary: Damage to the descending pathways from the motor cortex, inability to voluntarily smile, but can respond to humor Emotional: Damage to descending pathways from non-classical motor control areas, inability to respond to humor, but can smile voluntarily Voluntary facial paresis: involves damage to the descending pathways from the motor cortex, and the affected individual cannot deliberately create facial expressions (like a smile, as we saw in class). However, the individual can spontaneously create facial expressions in reaction to their surroundings (like if someone says something funny, the person would be able to smile/laugh in response). Emotional facial paresis: is just the opposite; it involves damage to descending pathways from non-classical motor control areas. An affected individual would be able to purposefully demonstrate different facial expressions but not express unplanned, impromptu facial expressions in reaction to their environment or other people (and the emotions they are experiencing).

33) _______ is characterized by impaired motor planning/programming

Wernicke's aphasia Apraxia of speech CORRECT Aprosodia Broca's aphasia

Which of the following is not in the left temporal cortex of the brain?

Wernicke's area Broca's area CORRECT Primary auditory cortex Secondary auditory cortex

Explain why caffeine keeps us awake.

When winding down to go to sleep, adenosine accumulates in the brain to inhibit the basal forebrain cells responsible for arousal. Caffeine blocks the adenosine receptors, so the basal forebrain cells are not inhibited, keeping arousal high.

24) Sleep makes animals vulnerable, but at least some animals have an interesting way of getting around that. One of these is the Dolphin. What could you find if you would record brain activity in this animal?

a. At no time does the brain activity show high amplitude and low frequency waves. b. Every time when the dolphin comes to the surface to breath air, its brain activity indicates that the dolphin is fully awake. c. The brain activity of the dolphin only shows characteristic waveforms of sleep if it is floating at the surface of the water. d. Sometimes when the dolphin comes to the water surface, there is a difference in the waveforms of its brain activity between the left and the right side of its brain. CORRECT

28)The patient has conduction aphasia, which of the following is associated with the problems that they have?

a. Comprehension and speech production is intact b. Unable to produce appropriate responses to communication that they hear c. Difficulty repeating words or sentences after they have heard them d. All of the above CORRECT

12) Which of the following does the parasympathetic nervous system NOT responsible for?

a. Decreasing heart rate b. Constricting pupils c. Dilating bronchi CORRECT d. Stimulating salivation

10) Which of the following function is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

a. Detecting pain b. Sensing taste and smell c. Fight or flight response CORRECT d. Resting and digesting

40)Which statement is correct about the brain of bilinguals?

a. Different languages are encoded within different brain areas within the temporal lobe b. Brain areas other than the temporal lobe are responsible for switching between languages CORRECT c. The temporal lobe is responsible for monitoring which language is being used d. All of the above

13. Damage to the amygdala can result in the following impairments except:

a. Difficulties with decision making CORRECT b. Inability to experience fear c. Inability to recognize happy facial expressions d. Inability to recognize fearful facial expressions

21. The basal ganglia is involved in what aspect of emotion?

a. Eliciting fear response and fear conditioning b. Eliciting voluntary emotional expressions c. Eliciting involuntary emotional expression d. Selecting wanted behaviors CORRECT

8. The Amygdala is involved in processing what emotion?

a. Fear b. Anger c. Anxiety d. All of the Above CORRECT

14. Brain scans of people with PTSD will show a reduced activity in which area that is known to suppress the activity of the amygdala if a situation is not actually dangerous?

a. Frontal cortex CORRECT b. Hippocampus c. Sensory Cortices d. Hypothalamus

29)Which of the following is not a sign of Broca's aphasia?

a. Halting speech b. Tendency to repeat words or phrases c. Comprehension not intact CORRECT d. Difficulty of putting thought into words

17. Which brain area is involved in the processing and expression of emotions via promoting reward seeking behavior?

a. Hypothalamus b. Cerebellum c. Substantia nigra pars compacta d. Ventral Basal Ganglia CORRECT e. C and D

15. Which brain area is most responsible for supplying the frontal cortex with essential information to become consciously aware of feelings such as fear and anger?

a. Hypothalamus b. Amygdala CORRECT c. Hippocampus d. Basal Ganglia

11. On what level is there a malfunction in fear extinction in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

a. Hypothalmus b. Hippocampus c. Amygdala CORRECT d. Basal ganglia

23) Which statement describes best what happens during sleep?

a. It is a state of enhanced sensory sensitivity b. It is a state throughout which the brain is very inactive c. It is a state during which there is an enhancement of proper folding of proteins CORRECT d. During this state growth hormones are decreased

6. Which statement best describes what the limbic system is doing?

a. It is the system that processes, controls, and expresses mood - CORRECT b. It is the system that controls adrenaline excretion as a hormone c. It is the system that controls memory processing d. It is the system that elicits fear responses

4. Which of these is a typical trait of narcissism?

a. Lack of empathy CORRECT b. Risk taking behaviors c. Shallow emotions d. Lack of guilt

2) Is the left or right hemisphere of the brain is associated with Wernicke's area and Broca's area?

a. Left Hemisphere CORRECT b. Right Hemisphere

30)Which part of the brain is responsible for processing the prosody of speech and emotional content of language?

a. Left hemisphere b. Broca's area c. Wernicke's area d. Right hemisphere CORRECT

11) The enteric Nervous system is composed of:

a. Local sensory neurons b. Local motor neurons c. Interneurons d. All of the above CORRECT

In terms of emotions, what can lesions in the left hemisphere lead to?

a. Loss of negative emotions b. Loss of positive emotions CORRECT c. Being overly cheerful and inappropriately optimistic d. A and C

17)What is the function of Broca's Area?

a. Planning what one wants to say, and how to say it (encoding of language) CORRECT b. Planning the muscle movements that need to be carried out to say something c. Comprehending the meaning of what is heard or said d. Sending motor control signals directly to lower motor control circuits for speech

3. What is the best description of what the amygdala is involved in?

a. Processing of facial features to recognize people b. Processing of positive emotions c. Controlling the sympathetic nervous system d. The processing of information to elicit fear and aggression CORRECT

5. What is someone who shows traits of psychopathy diagnosed with

a. Psychopathy b. Sociopathy c. Narcissism d. Antisocial personality disorder -CORRECT

3) Martha has Dyslexia, a disorder involving written. Which of the following symptoms is NOT correct?

a. Reduced reading speed b. Reduced reading comprehension c. Difficulty processing and manipulating sounds of speech d. Inconsistency in letter and word spacing- CORRECT

18. What distinguishes the function of the hypothalamus from that of the amygdala?

a. The hypothalamus is responsible for expressing positive emotions, while the amygdala is responsible for expressing negative emotions b. The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system while the amygdala is involved in more intricate circuits with the frontal lobe that influence decision making c. The hypothalamus alone can trigger autonomic expressions of emotions, while the amygdala sends info to the hypothalamus to express these. d. B and C - CORRECT e. All of the above

41)Someone tells you that the person in front of you has Wernicke's Aphasia. What do you expect?

a. The overall sentence structure and grammar may well be just fine, but nothing makes sense what they are saying- CORRECT b. If you explain what is going on, they certainly will understand that there is an issue with communication c. The person can comprehend what they are saying d. b and c

37)Someone tells you that the person in front of you has Broca's Aphasia. What do you expect?

a. The person can't comprehend what you are saying to them b. The person is likely aware of the deficit and might be frustrated- CORRECT c. The person cannot speak, but can produce language in other forms just fine d. What the person is trying to say doesn't have any meaning because the person doesn't comprehend what they are saying

38)Someone tells you that the person in front of you has Wernicke's Aphasia. What do you expect?

a. The person can't form full sentences b. The person can comprehend what they are saying c. Whatever the person says will likely make no sense at all - CORRECT d. If you explain to this person what is going on, they will comprehend that.

39)Someone tells you that the person in front of you has Dysarthria. What do you expect?

a. The person is not aware of the language barrier. b. The person can't speak, but still can sign or otherwise communicate - CORRECT c. Whatever the person is communicating doesn't make any sense at all d. The person can't comprehend what you are saying.

42)Someone tells you that the person in front of you has Broca's Aphasia. What do you expect?

a. The person likely cannot comprehend what you are saying to them b. The person does likely realize that there is a communication problem CORRECT c. The person can simply use sign and/or written language to compensate for the speech deficits d. b and c

16. Based on the way how our brain works, some people may argue that "negative" feelings such as anger, fear and anxiety are more strongly rooted in us. Why is that?

a. The right hemisphere is thought to be more strongly engaged in the processing of emotions b. The left hemisphere is often more strongly engaged in the processing of emotions c. The left hemisphere tends to process negative emotions d. B and c CORRECT

19. Fear is associated with which system?

a. The sympathetic nervous system -CORRECT b. The nigra-striatal system c. The parasympathetic nervous system d. The lower motor neuron system

2. The hypothalamus receives its main input from...

a. The thalamus b. The amygdala c. The sensory cortices (processed sensory information) d. B and C CORRECT e. All of the above

7. The perception and how we interpret our surrounding is influenced by emotion

a. True CORRECT b. False

What can be said about low intensity stimulation of neurons?

a.) It can actually weaken synapse strength- CORRECT b.) It does not weak nor strengthen synapse strength, no synaptic changes take place c.) It increases synapse strength d.) None of the above

What are the major brain areas involved in the comprehension and production of language?

a.) Wernicke's area b.) Broca's area c.) Amygdala d.) A and B CORRECT

13)What is Apraxia of speech (AOS) characterized by?

a.) characterized by impaired motor planning/programming CORRECT b.) characterized by impaired language planning/encoding c.) characterized by impairment of comprehension of language d.) characterized by impairment of auditory processing of sounds