Neuroscience Final

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the

"Limbic"

sleep

"Sleep is a reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment."

So Why Do We Sleep?

"Sleep produces complex neurochemical baths that improve our brains in various ways. And it 'restocks the armory of our immune system, helping fight malignancy, preventing infection, and warding off all manner of sickness.' In other words, sleep greatly enhances our evolutionary fitness—just in ways we can't see."

A term that refers to higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, and attention is

"cognition."

In contrast to the "where" vs. "what" theory, Goodale and Milner have argued that the respective functions of the dorsal and ventral streams are

"control of behavior" vs. "conscious perception."

Another word for "integration" is

"summation."

When rats are NOT sure where they are, their place cells fire in accordance with where they

"think" they are.

Cell bodies of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system are in the

. midbrain. b. substantia nigra. c. ventral tegmental area. d.all of the above

Stressed individuals are more likely than unstressed individuals to report being ill. This may occur because

.a. they expect to be more ill. b. illness while stressed is more uncomfortable. c. stress contributed to the cause of the illness. d.all of the above

How many gene therapies are currently in widespread routine clinical use?

0

Of the 214 aphasic patients in the classic Hecaen and Angelergues's study, how many displayed disorders of language that were purely expressive (i.e., Broca's aphasia) or purely expressive (i.e., Wernicke's aphasia)?

0

How many types of receptor protein molecules are contained by each olfactory receptor cell?

1

The human brain weighs about

1.3 kilograms (2.9 pounds).

Although adults have difficulty discriminating among many language sounds that are not present in the languages that they speak, ___________ can discriminate among the sounds of all languages.

10 month

With respect to the maximum speed of axonal conduction in motor neurons, cats are to humans as

100 is to 60 meters per second.

Approximately what proportion of healthy people experience infantile amnesia?

100%

Darwin's theory of evolution was published in

1859

about what proportion of pregnancies' is associated with clinical depression

19

According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about

1949

One of the major turning points in the study of the neuropsychology of memory was the year H.M. had his operation:

1953.

17. How many injections of sodium amytal are administered during a conventional sodium amytal test?

2

The incidence of developmental dyslexia in English-speaking children is __________ in boys than girls.

2 to 3 times greater

For humans, sounds are those molecular vibrations between about __________ hertz.

20 and 20,000

There is considerable phenotypic variation in other symptoms.

30-50 anxiety/mood 25 intellectual disability 30 seizures sleep/digestive/allergies/epilepsy

Evidence suggests that humans have about __________ different types of olfactory receptors.

300

How many left ventral roots are there in the human body?

31

Pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord at _________ different levels of the spine

31

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

4

Microorganisms of every description revel in the warm, damp, nutritive climate of your body. However, your body has ____ lines of defense to keep it from being overwhelmed.

4

The first hominins are thought to have evolved about

4 million

Neuropeptides are transported in vesicles from the cell body to the buttons at a speed of about

40 centimeters per day.

In the U.S. alone, more than __________ psychiatric patients have received a prefrontal lobotomy.

40,000

What proportion of the digits recognized by healthy volunteers in the conventional dichotic listening test are typically those presented to the right ear?

55

20. How many digits are presented during one trial of the conventional dichotic listening test of language lateralization?

6

In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about

60 meters per second

Evidence suggests that complex multicellular, water-dwelling organisms first appeared on earth

600 million years ago.

How many individual dorsal roots are there in the human nervous system?

62

About what proportion of human cerebral cortex is neocortex?

90

About ___ of the axons of retinal ganglion cells become part of the retina-geniculate-striate pathways.

90 percent

Phenothiazines bind effectively to

A) Di receptors. B) D2 receptors. E) both A and B

Active conduction is to passive conduction as

APs are to EPSPs

_________________ is a deficiency in the ability to see movements progress in a normal, smooth fashion.

Akinetopsia

____________ are the neurotransmitters in the vast majority of fast-acting directed synapses in the central nervous system.

Amino acids

________________ produces a temporary disorder that resembles schizophrenia

Amphetamine

_______________ tracing methods are used to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area.

Anterograde

________________________ cortex is an area of cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system.

Association

Inability to recognize objects by touch:

Astereognosis

Which of the following is true with respect to atropine?

Atropine is a receptor blocker.

_________ are metabotropic receptors that have unconventional characteristics. For example, they bind to their neuron's own neurotransmitter molecules.

Autoreceptors

Wake N1

Awake, resting "alpha waves" Asleep (N1)"theta waves"

Antibodies are manufactured by a class of lymphocytes called

B cells.

How is sleep regulated by neural processes?

B) Cerveau isoléA) encéphale isolé

_______________ refers to the ability of certain patients to respond to visual stimuli in their scotomas even though they have no conscious awareness of the stimuli.

Blindsight

In which of the following ways is the firing of a neuron like the firing of a gun?

Both are triggered by graded responses.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, during speech, the output of Wernicke's area is transmitted to

Broca's area.

Microglia are phagocytes of the

CNS

According to the ____________________, emotional stimuli excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.

Cannon-Bard theory

________ is continuously produced by the choroid plexuses.

Cerebrospinal fluid

___________________ occurs because, contrary to our impression, when we view a scene, we have absolutely no memory for parts of the scene that are not the focus of our attention.

Change blindness

____________ proteins are proteins through which certain molecules can pass.

Channel

________________ bypass damage to the auditory hair cells by converting sounds picked up by a microphone on the patient's ear to electrical signals, which are then conducted directly to the cochlea.

Cochlear implants

_____________________ is a division of biopsychology that investigates the neural bases of human cognition; its major method is functional brain imaging.

Cognitive neuroscience

_________________ constancy refers to the fact that the perceived color of an object is not solely a function of the wavelengths reflected by it.

Color

__________________ are biopsychologists who study the genetics, evolution, and adaptiveness of behavior, often by using the comparative approach

Comparative psychologists

5. __________ was the first to report evidence of the lateralization of language function, but he received little or no recognition for his insightful observations.

Dax

Who reported discovering a caudate taming center?

Delgado

Slow Wave Sleep (N3)

Delta Waves

The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by

Descartes.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

Desynchronized EEG" +Rapid Eye Movements+ +Muscle Atonia

What if you get light at the wrong time?

Disrupts melatonin secretion from pineal gland

Remarkable adaptations sleep

Dolphins unihemispheric sleep •Some birds sleep with one eye open •Elephants sleep standing up (most of the time)

Descartes

Dualism (mind and body are separate) - church

The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the

Duchenne smile.

A change in the resting membrane potential from -70 mV to -68 mV would be considered a(n)

EPSP.

Which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression?

Ekman

______________________ are neurotransmitters that are similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana.

Endocannabinoids

Who was responsible for popularizing the use of the transorbital lobotomy

Freeman

Rhodopsin is a(n) ____________________ that responds to light rather than to neurotransmitter molecules.

G-protein-coupled receptor

Which is considered to be the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

GABA

Which of the following are amino acid neurotransmitters?

GABA

Whose name is most associated with tamping irons?

Gage

Which of the following investigators, along with Sperry, played a major role in testing the original series of human split-brain patients?

Gazzaniga

What causes ASD?

Genetics: -strong -h2 = 90% -MZ 60% 4:1 male Pathology: many brain areas involved •amygdala, PFC, cerebellum

Evidence for Brain Restoration During Sleep

Glymphatic System (alzhiemers)

The __________________ stain will invade only a few neurons in each slice of tissue and color each invaded neuron entirely black.

Golgi

Neurotransmitter molecules are often packaged in vesicles by

Golgi complexes.

____________ matter is composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.

Gray

________________ cells are entorhinal neurons that each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper.

Grid

R.B.'s amnesia was similar to

H.M.'s amnesia, but less severe

The concept of a generalized stress response was developed by

Hans Selye.

The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing "The Organization of Behavior" is

Hebb

Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as

IPSPs are to EPSPs.

Projections to the visual cortex from the lateral geniculate nuclei terminate in cortical layer

IV.

Rats have one advantage over monkeys in the study of medial temporal lobe amnesia:

In rats, the hippocampus can readily be aspirated without substantial medial temporal cortex damage.

Evidence for Brain Plasticity During Sleep

Increased Glucose Metabolism in REM Place cells re-play when sleeping!

________________ are specialized pores in neural membranes through which ions can pass

Ion channels

____________________ are associated with ligand-activated ion channels, whereas __________________ are associated with signal proteins and G proteins

Ionotropic receptors; metabotropic receptors

Which of the following is a feature of long-term potentiation (LTP) that Hebb argued was an important property of learning and memory?

It can last for a long time.

Which of the following is thought to confer a survival advantage?

It is more efficient for the neurons performing a particular function to be concentrated in one hemisphere.v

Neurons that respond only to specific individuals or objects have been discovered in the human brain. These have been termed concept cells or

Jennifer Aniston neurons

N2

K complexes" sleep spindles

According to the theory of Hodgkin and Huxley,

K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron

The ________________________ syndrome includes the following behaviors: the consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects, a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth, and a lack of fear.

Klüver-Bucy

Which of the following is synthesized directly from tyrosine?

L-dopa

Parkinson's disease is treated with

L-dopa.

Illustrated here is a neural circuit in which __________ is commonly studied.

LTP

Evidence shows that the NMDA receptor is involved in

LTP at some synapses.

The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and

Lange.

Michel Siffre - Cave Studies

Lived underground in isolation in Midnight Cave in Texas for six months. He lost track of time by25 days. His sleep/wake cycles lasted between 18-52 hours. He grew depressed and suicidal.

Akinetopsia is associated with damage to

MT/V5

Nonexistent stripes of lightness and darkness that accentuate the perception of edges are often called

Mach band

Which of the following is a property of cerebral neurons that is not shared by motor neurons?

Many cerebral neurons fire continually even when they receive no input.

________________ refers to the modulation of the ability to induce LTP at particular synapses.

Metaplasticity

_____________ are glial cells that respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells.

Microglia

Who was awarded a Nobel Prize for the development of prefrontal lobotomy as a treatment for psychiatric disorders?

Moniz

The principle that precedence should be given to the simplest interpretation of a behavior when more than one interpretation is possible is called

Morgan's canon

When there are several possible interpretations for a behavioral observation, the rule is to give precedence to the simplest one; this rule is called

Morgan's canon.

In the ____________________ water maze, intact rats placed at various locations in a circular pool of murky water rapidly learn to swim to a stationary platform hidden just below the surface

Morris

Which test involves the use of a hidden platform?

Morris water maze

The version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for rats, that most closely resembles that for monkeys, was developed by

Mumby

With respect to the study of amnesia, R.B. is to the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus as

N.A. is to the medial diencephalon.

ketamine is

NMDA

Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more

Na+ ions.

In resting neurons, there are more _____ ions outside the cell than inside, and more ______ ions inside than outside.

Na+; K+

____________ dyes are often used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area.

Nissl

What do Hubel, Sperry, Axelrod, Moniz, Pavlov, and Golgi have in common? They are all

Nobel Prize winners

_________________ are substances (drugs, supplements, herbal extracts, etc.) that are thought to improve memory

Nootropics

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the

PNS and the CNS.

The largest and deepest cutaneous receptors are the

Pacinian corpuscles.

____________________ processing is the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network.

Parallel

"Reptilian stare" is sometimes used to describe the widely opened, unblinking eyes and motionless face of

Parkinson's disease

Deterioration of the pathway from the substantia nigra to the striatum is often found in cases of

Parkinson's disease.

_______________ neurons are particularly responsive to color, fine pattern details, and stationary or slowly moving objects; in contrast, ________________ neurons are particularly responsive to movement.

Parvocellular; magnocellular

The first large-scale cortical electrical stimulation studies of conscious human patients were conducted under the supervision of

Penfield.

Evidence for Cognitive Restoration During Sleep

Performance after 28 hrs awake matches that of legal intoxication (BAC=.10) Drowsy driving causes 17% of fatal car accidents

______________ vision predominates in good lighting and provides high-acuity colored perceptions of the world. In contrast, the more sensitive ______________ vision predominates in low lighting

Photopic; scotopic

Which of the following analogies best exemplifies the speed at which postsynaptic potentials travel from their site of origin?

Postsynaptic potentials travel like electrical signals along a cable.

_________________ is a visual agnosia for faces.

Prosopagnosia

____________ means closer to the CNS, and _______ means farther from the CNS.

Proximal; distal

This effect can be observed during the transition from photopic to scotopic vision.

Purkinje effect

________________ are large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies.

Pyramidal cells

The study of which of the following amnesic patients seemed to provide particularly strong evidence of the involvement of the hippocampus in memory?

R.B

Which of the following amnesic patients suffered what appeared to be selective bilateral damage to the CA1 subfield of the hippocampal pyramidal-cell layer?

R.B.

Which of the following patients suffered ischemia-produced hippocampal damage?

R.B.

_____________________ methods are used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area.

Retrograde tracing

Many of the early studies of the split brain were conducted in the laboratory of

Roger Sperry

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

SCN neurons are inactive at night, start to fire at dawn, and fire at a slow steady pace all day Removal doesn't change sleep duration, but it affects many rhythms .Transplanting SCN changes rhythms in hamsters Retinohypothalamic Pathway

The neurons of the ventral posterior nucleus project to

SI, SII, and the posterior parietal cortex

CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

Schwann cells

___________ memories are memories for general facts or information; ______________ memories are memories for the particular events.

Semantic; episodic

Where in the brain is sleep/wake controlled?

Sleep: Damage to the anterior hypothalamus causes severe insomnia Wake: Reticular Formation Both show mutual inhibitions

According to the text, which of the following statements is true?

Some evidence suggests that the brains of females are less lateralized than those of males

________ nerves stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations

Sympathetic

Cell-mediated immunity is directed by ____________, whereas antibody-mediated immunity is directed by __________.

T cells; B cells

__________ are found in __________, which are often located around small protuberances called __________.

Taste receptors; taste buds; papillae

___________ produced by electroconvulsive shock in humans and other animals.

Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia are

Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia provide evidence for

Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia provide evidence for

Research on ASD and vaccines(NIH and CDC)

The committee concluded that the body of epidemiological evidence favors rejection of •a causal relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism. •a causal relationship between thimerosal‐containing vaccines and autism

The hierarchical organization of sensory systems is apparent from a comparison of the effects of damage to various levels:

The higher the level of damage, the more specific and complex the deficit.

Which of the following is a premise that characterizes the cognitive neuroscience approach to language?

The use of language is mediated by widespread activity in all the areas of the brain that participate in the cognitive processes involved in the particular language-related behavior.

Vaccines and ASD

There is NO link between vaccinations and diagnosis of autism •Wakefield(1998) study that suggested a link between MMR and autism was poorly controlled, and misrepresented or fabricated patient histories •Other studies found similarly lacking in scientific credibility

Serotonin is synthesized from

Tryptophan

__________________ is a genetic disorder that often results in calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial-temporal-lobe structures in both hemispheres.

Urbach-Wiethe disease

Who were the neurosurgeons who performed the first major series of commissurotomies for the treatment of intractable epilepsy?

Vogel and Bogen

The left planum temporale roughly corresponds to

Wernicke's area

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, when we read, the output of the angular gyrus is transmitted to

Wernicke's area.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, word salad results from damage to

Wernicke's area.

the Z lens was developed by

Zaidel.

A peg-like, cytochrome-oxidase-rich column of dual-opponent color cells is called

a blob.

The most common neurological cause of anosmia is

a blow to the head.

Acetylcholine is created by the addition of an acetyl group to

a choline molecule.

Each amygdala is

a cluster of many nuclei.

Each hemisphere of a human split-brain patient is capable of completion. That is why on the chimeric figures test, each hemisphere sees

a complete, but different, face.

Ronda was assaulted by a robber so she kicked him. Her response is an example of

a defensive attack

There is now a general consensus that developmental dyslexia results from

a disturbance of phonological processing.

A fortification illusion often begins with

a gray area of blindness near the center of the visual field.

Lashley experienced an interesting completion effect: The face of his friend was replaced by the background wallpaper pattern. This occurred during

a migraine attack

Following his surgery, H.M. seemed to experience

a mild retrograde amnesia for events of the 2 years preceding the surgery.

Atropine is

a muscarinic antagonist

In humans and other primates, large bilateral auditory cortex lesions produce

a permanent deficit in the ability to localize sounds and discriminate frequencies

H.M. was

a person who had epilepsy.

One major difference between the amnesia associated with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome and that associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage is that patients with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome have

a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood.

In humans, severing the optic chiasm along the midline always produces

a scotoma.

The Coolidge effect refers to the fact that

a sexually-fatigued animal will often resume sexual activity if its current partner is replaced with a new one.

Cerebral ischemia is

a shortage of blood to the brain

This drawing illustrates

a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy

Currently, consolidation is thought to last

a very long time, if not indefinitely.

At delays of a few minutes or less, healthy control monkeys score about __________ correct on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

a. 90%

______________, which is the main active ingredient of belladonna, is a receptor blocker that exerts its antagonist effect by binding to muscarinic receptors, thereby blocking the effects of acetylcholine on them.

a. Atropine

Which of the following is a nicotinic antagonist?

a. Botox b.curare

9. This cortical region, just anterior to the left primary motor cortex, is

a. Broca's area.

Which of the following are membrane potentials?

a. EPSPs b. IPSPs c. APs d. all of the above

Which of the following theories is the oldest?

a. James-Lange theory

Support for the hypothesis that long-term potentiation is the mechanism of memory came from the discovery that

a. LTP can be induced by levels of stimulation that mimic normal neural activity. b. LTP effects are prominent in neural structures that have been implicated in memory. c. behavioral conditioning can produce LTP-like effects. d. the induction of maximal LTP in the hippocampus blocks learning of the Morris-water-maze task. e.all of the above

Which of the following tasks is commonly used to study the spatial abilities of rats?

a. Morris water maze b. radial-arm maze

The conventional view that all tastes are encoded by various combinations of activity in five primary taste receptors has a problem:

a. No receptors have been discovered for salty and sour. b. Evidence suggests that there may be more than five primary tastes. c. Many tastes cannot be created from combinations of the five current primaries. d. Thirty receptors have been discovered for bitter. e.all of the above

On which of the following tests did H.M. display substantial long-term memory as indicated by improved performance?

a. Pavlovian conditioning test c.mirror-drawing test

On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted:

a. The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. b.There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state.

Botox is

a. a deadly poison. b. used to reduce tremors. c. a nicotinic antagonist. d.all of the above

In rats, boxing is

a. a defensive behavior. b.directed at attacking conspecifics.

The neuron membrane includes

a. a lipid bilayer. b. channel proteins. c. signal proteins. d.all of the above

At rest,

a. a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV. c. a neuron is polarized.

Action potentials can be conducted

a. actively. b. passively. c. orthodromically. d. antidromically. e.all of the above

Much of SII is

a. adjacent to SI. b. in the lateral fissure. c. in the parietal cortex. d.all of the above

Korsakoff's syndrome is typically associated with

a. amnesia. b. chronic alcohol consumption. c. damage to the medial diencephalon. d. confusion and personality changes. e.all of the above

Which of the following structures is considered to be part of the limbic system?

a. amygdala b. cingulate cortex c. septum d. mammillary body e. all of the above

The olfactory tracts project from the olfactory bulbs to the structure of the medial temporal lobes, particularly to the

a. amygdala.. c.piriform cortex.

The action potential is

a. an all-or-none response.

Opioids play a role in

a. analgesia. b.pleasure

Morphine is an

a. analgesic. b. opioid.

dual-opponent color cells

a. are found in blobs. b. respond best when the center of their receptive field is fully illuminated with one wavelength while the periphery is fully illuminated with another. c. have particularly high concentrations of cytochrome oxidase. d.all of the above

Gastric ulcers

a. are lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. b. are more common in people living in stressful situations.

In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that

a. are less diffuse. b.develop more rapidly.

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors

a. are more prevalent. b. produce longer lasting effects. c. produce effects that are more diffuse. d. produce effects that take longer to develop. e.all of the above

The advantage of humans over other primates as subjects in biopsychological research is that they

a. are often cheaper. b. can report their subjective experiences. c. can follow verbal directions. d .all of the above

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

a. are parallel processes. b. have no direct causal relation. c. are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli. d.all of the above

soluble-gas neurotransmitters

a. are synthesized in the neural cytoplasm. b. once synthesized, immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells. c. diffuse into target cells through their cell membranes. d. once in other cells, stimulate the synthesis of a second messenger and are immediately broken down. e.all of the above

In the rat, the target site for social aggression is the

a. back, near the base of the tail.

The research on smart pills with humans tends to

a. be of low quality. b. have few participants. c. have poor controls. d.all of the above

Second messengers can

a. be synthesized in response to activation of metabotropic receptors. b. influence metabolic activities of the cell. c. induce IPSPs or EPSPs. d. bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis. e.all of the above

The opponent theory appears to provide the best explanation of color coding at the

a. bipolar level. b. retinal ganglion cell level. c. cortical level. d. receptor level. e.all of the above

36. Visual information can be restricted to the right hemisphere of a laboratory animal by

a. blindfolding the left eye. b. cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. c. cutting the corpus callosum longitudinally. d.all of the above together

LTP is one of the most widely studied models of the physiology of memory because it

a. can last for a long time. c. depends on co-occurrence.

prosopagnosics

a. can usually recognize a face as a face. b. have difficulty telling one face from another. c. report seeing faces as a jumble of individual parts, rather than as a unitary whole. d.all of the above

The CSF circulates through the

a. central canal. b. lateral ventricles. c. subarachnoid space. d.all of the above

Some of the primary somatosensory cortex is in the

a. central fissure. b. lateral fissure. c. longitudinal fissure. d.all of the above

the receptors of the neuromuscular junction are

a. cholinergic. b.nicotinic.

The ___________________ is the fact that even when you are focusing so intently on one conversation that you are totally unaware of the content of other conversations going on around you, the mention of your name in one of the other conversations will immediately gain access to your consciousness.

a. cocktail party phenomenon

Common participants in the conduct of cognitive neuroscientific research are

a. cognitive psychologists. b. computer experts. c. biopsychologists. d. mathematicians. e. all of the above

16. The discovery of the lateralization of aphasia and apraxia led to the

a. concept of a dominant left hemisphere.

According to the cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language,

a. constituent cognitive processes of language are localized in the brain. b. the areas of the brain involved in language are not dedicated solely to that purpose.

Glial cells have been shown to

a. control the establishment and maintenance of synapses between neurons. b. contract or relax blood vessels. c. trigger inflammatory responses. d.all of the above

The case of D.F. provides strong support for Goodale and Milner's theory of the functions of the dorsal and ventral streams. D.F.

a. could respond accurately to things that she did not consciously see. b. has bilateral damage to her ventral prestriate area.

Sham rage is displayed by

a. decorticate cats. c. cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed.

The pattern called "off firing" involves a temporary

a. decrease in firing when the stimulus comes on. b. increase in firing when the stimulus goes off.

The transmission of EPSPs and IPSPs is

a. decremental.

Hubel and Wiesel's method of studying neural coding in sensory systems involves

a. defining the receptive fields of individual neurons. b. determining which stimuli have the most effect on the firing of an individual neuron when they are presented in its visual field. c. starting at the periphery of a system and progressively studying neurons at "higher" and "higher" levels of the system. d.all of the above

Unilateral excision of SI produces a contralateral deficit in the ability to

a. detect light touch. b. identify objects by touch.

19. The most widely used behavioral test of language lateralization for healthy volunteers is Kimura's adaptation of the

a. dichotic listening test.

The lateral geniculate nuclei, medial geniculate nuclei, and ventral posterior nuclei are all

a. diencephalic nuclei. b. thalamic nuclei. c. sensory relay nuclei. d.all of the above

Many binocular cells in the striate cortex

a. display ocular dominance. b.respond best to retinal disparity

Electrical stimulation of sites in the left neocortex of conscious human patients often

a. disrupts language-related abilities, even when applied to sites outside the areas of the Wernicke-Geschwind model. b. has similar disruptive effects at widely scattered sites. c. has different effects at the same sites in different patients. d.all of the above

The decision to treat "terminal" epilepsy patients with commissurotomy was made on the basis of previous comparative studies that had shown that

a. epileptic discharges spread from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum. b.commissurotomy has little disruptive effect on behavior outside contrived laboratory situations.

Evidence suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex plays a major role in the

a. expectation of pain. b. adaptive responses to minimize pain. c. emotional reaction to pain. d. perception of pain. e.all of the above

Hemianopsic patients who focus on the tip of a person's nose sometimes

a. experience completion. c. report seeing the entire face. e. both A and C

Hebb based his theory on

a. experiments on humans. b. experiments on animals. c. clinical case studies. d.all of the above

Darwin believed that

a. expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. b. expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. c. opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. d.all of the above

The somatosensory system is

a. exteroceptive. b. proprioceptive. c. interoceptive. d.all of the above

The cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language is based to a large degree on the following method:

a. fMRI. b.PET

Gustatory afferents leave the mouth as part of the

a. facial nerve. b. glossopharyngeal nerve. c. vagus nerve. d.all of the above

Which of the following cell types are in the human retina?

a. ganglion cells b. bipolar cells c. horizontal cells d.all of the above

An NMDA receptor does not respond maximally unless

a. glutamate binds to it. c. the postsynaptic neuron is already partially depolarized.

EPSPs are

a. graded responses. b. postsynaptic responses. c. transmitted decrementally. d.depolarizations. all of the above

4. Split-brain patients are those who

a. have been commissurotomized.

In comparison to simple cortical cells, complex cells

a. have larger receptive fields. b. do not have receptive fields with static "on" and "off" areas. c. are often bilateral. d.all of the above

Like simple cells, complex cortical cells

a. have rectangular receptive fields. b. respond best to straight-line stimuli in a particular orientation. c. are unresponsive to diffuse light. d. respond to contrast. e.all of the above

A major principle of sensory system organization is

a. hierarchical organization. b. functional segregation.

Long-term potentiation has been most frequently studied in the

a. hippocampus.

Overall, research has found the effects of testosterone on the aggressive behavior of humans to be inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

a. hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species. b. the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species. c. testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone. d.all of the above

In retrospect, the major reason for the initial difficulty in developing an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia was that efforts focused on

a. implicit memory tests. c. the hippocampus.

Bavalier et al. (1997) used a particularly sensitive fMRI procedure to study reading. They found that the areas of cerebral activity

a. in individual volunteers were patchy. b. varied both from individual to individual and within individuals from trial to trial. c. were widespread over the lateral surfaces of brain. d.all of the above

According to the text, creative thinking about biopsychology is thinking

a. in new ways. b. in productive ways. c. in ways consistent with the evidence rather than with widely accepted views. d.all of the above

Parts of olfactory receptor cells can be observed

a. in the nasal passages. b. in the olfactory mucosa. c. passing through the cribriform plate. d. in the olfactory bulb. e.all of the above

The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks

a. indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. b.are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory.

The brightness of a light depends on its

a. intensity. b.wavelength

Nondirected synapses

a. involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid. b.include string-of-beads synapses

Cocaine hydrochloride

a. is a dopamine agonist. b. reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters.

Nitric oxide

a. is a soluble gas neurotransmitter. b. is considered to be an unconventional neurotransmitter. c. participates in retrograde synaptic transmission. d.all of the above

The somatic nervous system

a. is part of the PNS. b. participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment. a&b

adrenocorticotropic hormone

a. is released by the anterior pituitary. b. activates the adrenal cortex. c. increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. d.all of the above

The dominant male rat of a colony

a. is the alpha male. b. usually moves sideways toward a male intruder. c. usually directs lateral attacks at male intruders. d. usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder. e.all of the above

When rhodopsin is exposed to continuous intense light

a. it loses its red coloring. b. it loses its ability to absorb light. c. it becomes bleached. d.all of the above

Because cerebral lateralization is present in all five vertebrate classes, it must have fundamental survival advantages. It has been suggested that this advantage is that in some instances

a. it may be more efficient for neurons performing the same function to be localized in the same hemisphere. b.it may be easier for the brain to simultaneously perform two different analyses if they are housed in different hemispheres.

According to the retinex theory, the color of an object depends on

a. its reflectance. b. the proportion of light of different wavelengths that it reflects.

The assumption that cerebral lateralization is an exclusive feature of the hominin brain has been challenged by the discovery of

a. lateralization of function in early vertebrates. b. right-sided feeding preferences in all five classes of vertebrates. c. right handedness in nonhuman primates. d.all of the above

7. Broca's area is in the __________ cortex.

a. left frontal

10. Broca's area is in the

a. left hemisphere. b. frontal lobe. c. inferior prefrontal cortex. d.all of the abov

11. Apraxia is usually associated with

a. left-hemisphere lesions.

With respect to the visual system, a high degree of neural convergence is to a low degree of neural convergence as

a. low acuity is to high acuity. b.high sensitivity is to low sensitivity. a&b

The sensory organs of the vestibular system

a. maintain balance. b. activate one branch of cranial nerve VIII. c. are the semicircular canals. d.all of the above

37. Cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally produces blindness in the

a. medial half of each retina. b. right half of the visual field of the right eye. c. left half of the visual field of the left eye. d.all of the above

Dysfunction in the brains of Alzheimer's patients is often apparent in the

a. medial temporal lobe structures. b. basal forebrain. c. prefrontal cortex. d.all of the above

The striatum is thought to store

a. memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses. b. the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials (habit formation). c. memory for habits. d.all of the above

Thiamine-deficient rats display

a. memory deficits. b. brain damage. d. both a and b

Patients with large prefrontal lesions often display deficits in

a. memory for the temporal order of events. b.working memory

The reticular formation is in the core of the

a. mesencephalon. b. myelencephalon. c. metencephalon. d.all of the above

According to the text, the independence of the hemispheres of split-brain patients tends to be overestimated because

a. most published discussions of split-brain patient's focus on those cases in which independence is relatively complete. b. few studies have focused on emotional information, which is more readily transferred between separated hemispheres. c. most studies of split-brain patients have used simple tests, which are readily performed by one isolated hemisphere. d. all of the above

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by

a. networks of small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles. d. the choroid plexuses. e. both A and D

Neurons recycle

a. neurotransmitter molecules that have been drawn back into the terminal buttons after being released. b. the breakdown products of neurotransmitter molecules that have been degraded in the synapse by enzymes. c. vesicles that have been integrated into the button membrane during exocytosis. d.all of the above

The cutaneous somatosensory system responds to

a. nociceptive stimuli. b. thermal stimuli. c. mechanical stimuli. d.all of the above

The results of CT and structural MRI studies of aphasic patients indicate that

a. not all aphasic patients have damage to the classic Wernicke-Geschwind areas. b. most aphasics have extensive damage to subcortical white matter. c. few, if any, aphasics have damage restricted to the classic Wernicke-Geschwind areas. d. large anterior lesions tend to be associated with deficits in language expression, whereas large posterior lesions tend to be associated with deficits in language comprehension. e.all of the above

Hippocampal neurons have been implicated in

a. object-recognition memory. b. memory for spatial locations. c. coding the temporal aspects of an experience. d.all of the above

The ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry established that

a. one function of the corpus callosum is to transmit learned information between hemispheres. b. the key to studying the function of the cerebral commissures is to develop experimental procedures for presenting information to one hemisphere while keeping it out of the other. c. one hemisphere is capable of solving simple problems as rapidly as two hemispheres working together. d. the cerebral hemispheres are capable of functioning independently. e.all of the above

34. In healthy cats, monkeys, and humans, neural signals from the right eye can cross to the left hemisphere via the

a. optic chiasm. b.corpus callosum.

The anterolateral system is particularly responsive to

a. pain. b.temperature.

The vagus nerve is

a. part of the parasympathetic nervous system. b. the tenth cranial nerve. c. the longest cranial nerve. d. both sensory and motor. e.all of the above

Engram cells are neurons that

a. participate in storing a memory. b. have been productively studied with optogenetic technology.

Asomatognosia is the inability to recognize

a. parts of one's own body.

22. In order to establish that the dichotic listening test is a valid test of language lateralization, Kimura showed that

a. patients shown to be right-hemisphere dominant for speech by the sodium amytal test display a left-ear superiority for the recall of dichotically presented digits.

The first prefrontal lobotomy performed on a human was

a. performed by Lima. b. based on the study of Becky. c. performed with a leucotome. d.all of the above

The fovea

a. plays an important role in photopic vision. b. is an indentation. c. contains the highest density of cones. d.all of the above

Somatosensory signals are conducted to areas of association cortex in ____________ cortex.

a. prefrontal b.posterior parietal

There is a general consensus that the ____________ plays a major role in directing top-down attention

a. prefrontal cortex b.posterior parietal cortex

The ________ receives most of its input from the thalamic relay nuclei of a given sensory system.

a. primary sensory cortex

Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons?

a. random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients b. electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients

Chlorpromazine binds to dopamine receptors without activating them, and keeps dopamine from binding to them. Accordingly, chlorpromazine is classified as a

a. receptor blocker. c.dopamine antagonist.

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are

a. receptor blockers. c.antagonists of the neurotransmitter.

Glial cells have been shown to

a. release chemical transmitters. b. contain receptors for neurotransmitters. c. conduct signals. d. influence synaptic transmission. e.all of the above

The testing of victims of concussion usually reveals that the patient has

a. retrograde amnesia for events that occurred just before the blow to their head. b.anterograde amnesia for many of the events that occurred during the period of confusion.

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by

a. reuptake. b. enzymatic degradation.

In comparison to the photopic system, the scotopic system has more

a. rods. b. neural convergence. c. receptors in the periphery of the retina. d. sensitivity in dim illumination. e.all of the above

After the picture of a familiar object is flashed in the right visual field of a human split-brain patient, the patient can

a. say what the object was. b. reach into a bag with her right hand and select the object that was presented from a group of test objects.

Electrical stimulation of the left cerebral cortex of conscious patients can influence their speech in a variety of ways. Which of the following is NOT a commonly observed speech-related response to cortical stimulation? The patient

a. says an unintended phrase.

In addition to the memory deficits commonly observed in medial temporal lobe amnesics, predementia Alzheimer's patients commonly experience deficits in

a. short-term memory. b.implicit memory for verbal and perceptual material

Lymphocytes are

a. specialized white blood cells. b. produced in bone marrow. c. stored in the lymphatic system. d.all of the above

Which tract is part of the anterolateral somatosensory system?

a. spinoreticular tract b. spinothalamic tract c. spinotectal tract d.all of the above

Which of the following is a tract of the anterolateral system?

a. spinothalamic tract b. spinoreticular tract c. spinotectal tract d.all of the above

The anterolateral system comprises the

a. spinothalamic tract. b. spinoreticular tract. c. spinotectal tract. d.all of the above

Evidence for the existence of a descending pain-control circuit came from the finding that

a. stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia. b. the PAG contains opiate receptors. c. some opiates are endogenous. d.all of the above

The retina-geniculate-striate system terminates in the

a. striate cortex. b.primary visual cortex.

Transient global amnesia is defined by

a. sudden onset. b. the absence of an obvious cause.

The volunteers in the first experiments performed on split-brain humans had

a. suffered from severe cases of epilepsy. b.their corpus callosums severed.

Functional brain imaging studies of the role of human medial prefrontal cortex in emotion have often employed

a. suppression paradigms. c. reappraisal paradigms.

In studies that use _____________________, participants are directed to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures. In studies that use _________________, participants are instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it.

a. suppression paradigms; reappraisal paradigms

Current evidence suggests that some cases of blindsight may be mediated by

a. surviving islands of primary visual cortex. b. ascending pathways to secondary visual cortex that do not involve primary visual cortex.

Peptide neurotransmitters are

a. synthesized in the cell body. b. amino acid chains. c. large-molecule neurotransmitters. d.all of the above

The primary auditory cortex is in the

a. temporal lobe. b.lateral fissure

Which of the following medial diencephalic structures are commonly damaged in Korsakoff patients?

a. thalamus b. mediodorsal nuclei c. mammillary bodies d.all of the above

An advantage of biopsychological research on nonhuman animals as opposed to humans is that

a. the brains of nonhumans are simpler. b. there are fewer ethical constraints in studying nonhumans. c. research in several species makes it possible to use the comparative approach. d. all of the above

28. Sodium amytal tests have indicated that

a. the cerebral dominance for speech is more variable in left-handed individuals than in right-handed individuals. b. right-handers are more likely to be left-hemisphere dominant for speech than right-hemisphere dominant for speech.

The induction of LTP at glutaminergic synapses appears to require

a. the depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron. c.an influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron.

Experimental evidence suggests that the brain damage commonly observed in people who consume a lot of alcohol is caused by

a. the direct toxic effects of alcohol on the brain. b. thiamine deficiency. c. vitamin B1 deficiency. d.all of the above

"Broca's aphasia" and "Wernicke's aphasia" are confusing terms because

a. the disorders to which they refer rarely, if ever, exist in their pure forms. b. the disorders to which they refer do not usually result from damage to Broca's and Wernicke's areas, respectively. c. they are predictions of the Wernicke-Geschwind model rather than common neuropsychological disorders. d.all of the above

The re-experiencing of related patterns of sensory and motor neural activity during the experience of emotion is generally referred to as

a. the embodiment of emotions.

Handling rat pups for a few minutes per day during the first few weeks of their lives has permanent beneficial effects on the hippocampus. This effect occurs because

a. the handled rats receive extra grooming from their mothers.

Disruptions in immune function do not necessarily increase the incidence of infectious disease because

a. the immune system has many redundant components. b. disruptions in immune function may be too brief to affect susceptibility to infection. c. disruptions in immune function may trigger compensatory improvements to other aspects of immune function. d.all of the above

H.M.'s surgery was a success in that

a. the incidence of his seizures was markedly reduced. b. his IQ was increased. c. it became possible to reduce the level of his anticonvulsant medication. d.all of the above

The Pacinian corpuscle is

a. the largest cutaneous receptor. b. the most deeply positioned cutaneous receptor. c. fast adapting. d.all of the above

With respect to cerebral lateralization of function, evidence clearly shows that

a. the left hemisphere plays the greater role in many aspects of language in most people. b. the right hemisphere plays the greater role in many aspects of spatial perception in many people. c. lateralization of neither language nor spatial perception is total. d.all of the above

According to the analytic-synthetic theory of cerebral asymmetry,

a. the left hemisphere thinks in an analytic mode. b. the left hemisphere operates in a logical computer-like fashion. c. the right hemisphere is concerned with overall stimulus configuration and processes information in Gestalts or wholes. d. the left hemisphere abstracts relevant details and attaches verbal labels to them. e.all of the above

In contrast to the predictions of the Wernicke-Geschwind model, CT and structural MRI studies have identified aphasic patients who appear to have damage restricted to

a. the medial frontal lobes. b. the basal ganglia. c. subcortical white matter. d.all of the above

The myelencephalon is

a. the medulla. b. part of the hindbrain. c. part of the brain stem. d.all of the above

When the pupils are constricted,

a. the retinal image is usually sharper. b. there is usually greater depth of focus. c. vision is poor in dim illumination. d.all of the above

74. A major difficulty in studying the asymmetry of the cortical language areas is

a. their boundaries are unclear. b. they differ greatly from person to person. c. that it is unclear how anatomical asymmetries are related to functional asymmetries. d.all of the above

The defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of

a. their topography. b. the situations in which they occur. c. their apparent function. d.all of the above

Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that

a. there are six primary facial expressions of emotion. b. many facial expressions of emotion are mixtures of the six primary expressions.

Which of the following is a major theme of your text?

a. thinking creatively about biopsychology b. clinical implications c. the evolutionary perspective d. neuroplasticity e. all of the above

The specific areas of the cortex that are involved in emotion seem to

a. vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person.

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome

a. was first demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy. b. was first demonstrated in monkeys. c. has been observed in humans. d.all of the above

The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions

a. was published in 1872. b. was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. c. introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression. d. all of the above

A major contribution of H.M.'s case was the following: It

a. was the first to strongly implicate the medial temporal lobes in memory. b. effectively challenged the view that memorial functions are diffusely and equivalently distributed throughout the brain. c. provided support for the view that there are distinct modes of short-term and long-term storage. d. provided evidence of memory without conscious awareness. e.all of the above

Rattlesnakes can see in

a. what for humans would be complete darkness. c. infrared light. d.both A and C

Patients with prefrontal cortex damage often display deficits in

a. working memory. b. memory for the temporal order of events.

Which of the following is a correct statement about medial temporal lobe amnesics? They often have

a.medial temporal lobe pathology. c.a profile of mnemonic deficits similar to that of H.M.

Neuropathic pain is believed to be caused by

abnormal activity in the CNS.

The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential, when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron, is called the

absolute refractory period.

The ____________ refractory period is followed by the _________ refractory period.

absolute; relative

Brain abnormalities in ASD

accelerated brain growth and enlargement abnormal connectivity brain volume increased in: amy and PFC Social impairments in: PFC, amy, ACC Neuroligins and neurexins Neurotransmitter changes: serotonin, GABA, glutamate Oxytocin: pair bonding, parent-child attachment, protectiveness in females

The process of adjusting the configuration of the lenses to bring images into focus on the retina is called

accommodation

Which of the following is accomplished by the ciliary muscles?

accommodation

In the brains of Alzheimer's patients, the level of __________ is greatly reduced, resulting from degeneration of the basal forebrain.

acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT a monoamine?

acetylcholine

There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is

acetylcholine.

The one enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse is

acetylcholinesterase.

Chemical communication among mammalian neurons often occurs

across synapses

The immune system has two components: the innate immune system and the __________ immune system.

adaptive

The retrograde amnesia associated with closed-head injury has been frequently studied in laboratory animals by

administering electroconvulsive shock

Selye concluded that stressors stimulate the release of ______________________ from the anterior pituitary, which in turn triggers the release of ______________ from the adrenal cortex.

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); glucocorticoids

Gustation is to olfaction as

ageusia is to anosmia

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

aggression

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.

Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be _______________ of that neurotransmitter. Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be its ______________.

agonist; antagonist

Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter.

agonists

Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually

agonists of that neurotransmitter.

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's autoreceptors without activating them are usually

agonists.

Translational research

aims to translate the findings of pure research into useful applications.

What neuropsychological disorder is associated with damage to the illustrated cortical area?

akinetopsia

Damage to the left angular gyrus has been implicated in some cases of

alexia and agraphia.

During the course of human evolution, there has been a general increase in the

all of the above

Evidence that the nucleus accumbens is involved in drug addiction comes from reports that

all of the above

Recent research suggests that, during the transition from initial drug taking to habitual drug taking,

all of the above

Several large scale studies have compared the effectiveness of various antidepressants to placebos. These studies have found that

all of the above

The bleaching of rhodopsin by light

all of the above

Rats can perform the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

almost as well as monkeys at retention delays of up to a minute or so.

The colony-intruder model of aggression and defense has yielded rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggressive and defensive behaviors by studying the interactions between the _____________ of an established mixed-sex colony and a small ____________.

alpha male; male intruder

When a small intruder rat defends itself against the alpha male of the colony, it directs its defensive attacks at the

alpha's face.

The trichromatic theory of color vision is

also known as the component theory.

The major conclusion from the study by Paulesu and colleagues (2001) of Italian and English readers with developmental dyslexia was that

although dyslexia can manifest itself differently in people who speak different languages, the underlying neural pathology appears to be the same.

Axodendritic synapses

always terminate on dendrites.

Glycine, aspartate, and glutamate are

amino acid neurotransmitters. small-molecule neurotransmitters. transmitters at fast-acting, directed synapses. building blocks of proteins.

The loudness, pitch, and timbre of a sound are directly related to the __________, respectively, of the vibrations that produced it.

amplitude, frequency, and complexity

Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning.

amygdala

Involvement of the ______________ during memory formation may account for the fact that emotion-provoking events are remembered better than neutral events.

amygdala

Lesions to the medial geniculate or the ___________ block conventional auditory fear conditioning.

amygdala

The ____________ is thought to play a role in memory for the emotional significance of experiences.

amygdala

ASD and gaze aversion

amygdala hypersensitivity gaze the mouth instead of the eyes

Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower sniper, had a tumor in his

amygdala.

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the

amygdala.

The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the

amygdala.

Rats with ______________ lesions, unlike intact rats, do not respond with fear to a neutral stimulus that has previously been followed by electric foot shock.

amygdalar

A change in the resting potential of a postsynaptic dendrite from -70 mV to -72 mV is called

an IPSP.

To locate the terminals of axons that project from a particular brain structure, an investigator would employ

an anterograde tracing technique.

50. A spoon is presented in the left visual field of a split-brain patient, and an apple is simultaneously presented in the right. Then, the patient is instructed to reach into two bags (one with each hand) and feel around until he comes up with the object that was presented on the screen. However, before the objects are withdrawn, the patient is asked to tell the experimenter what he has in each hand. The patient is likely to say, "I have

an apple in each hand."

In a standard fear-conditioning experiment, the subject is presented with __________________ and then receives exposure to a footshock.

an auditory conditional stimulus

Many multipolar neurons have a long process emanating from the cell body. This long process is

an axon

A change in the brain that stores a memory is called

an engram

A change in the brain that stores a memory is known as

an engram

If you were going to illustrate the extent of H.M.'s bilateral lesion, you could accomplish this best if you drew H.M.'s brain from __________ perspective.

an inferior

The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by

an influx of calcium ions.

The main function of color constancy is to ensure that

an object appears to be the same color despite changes in the wavelengths of light that it is reflecting.

Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces

analgesia.

Which of the following is an endocannabinoid neurotransmitter?

anandamide

The inability to smell is called _______; the inability to taste is called _________.

anosmia; ageusia

Which of the following is often associated with asomatognosia?

anosognosia

Drugs that degrade vesicles and cause the neurotransmitter molecules to leak into the cytoplasm, where they are destroyed by enzymes, are

antagonists of the neurotransmitter.

Posterior is to caudal as _______________ is to rostral.

anterior

The cortical area that has most frequently been linked to pain by functional brain imaging studies is the

anterior cingulate cortex

Illustrated here is the cortical area most commonly linked to the perception of pain: the

anterior cingulate cortex.

Some success has been reported in treating clinical depression with chronic low-level electrical stimulation of the ___________ through implanted electrodes.

anterior cingulate gyrus of the prefrontal cortex

Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

anterior temporal lobe

During the early stages of Korsakoff's syndrome, _________________ is the most prominent symptom.

anterograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories

H.M.'s greatest postsurgical problem was his

anterograde amnesia.

Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is

antidromic.

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of

antithesis.

6. Brain-damage-produced deficits in language-related ability are generally referred to as

aphasia

Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is

applied research

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, signals are carried from Wernicke's area to Broca's area via the left

arcuate fasciculus

Which component of the Wernicke-Geschwind model is illustrated here?

arcuate fasciculus

Many effective antischizophrenic drugs

are D2 blockers.

Benzodiazepines

are GABAA receptor agonists.

Neurons in lower layer IV of striate cortex

are all monocular.

Unlike retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate cells, and simple cortical cells, over half of the complex cortical cells of monkeys

are binocular

Primary visual cortex neurons

are grouped in functional vertical columns

Many persons with scotomas

are not consciously aware of their deficits

Many self-stimulation sites

are part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

Although several average neuroanatomical asymmetries have been reported in the areas of the human neocortex that are thought to play important roles in language, there is no strong evidence that these anatomical asymmetries

are related to the lateralization of language function in individuals.

The malleus, incus, and stapes

are small bones that transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.

Contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane

are sodium-potassium pumps.

Illustrated here

are the basal ganglia

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects

arousal.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, Broca's area contains the neural programs of

articulation (speech production).

Harold Klawans' neurological case of Aunt Betty suffered from a form of

asomatognosia.

When a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecule binds to an ionotropic receptor, the

associated ion channel opens or closes.

An area of cerebral cortex that receives substantial input from more than one sensory system is classified as

association cortex.

Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be

association cortex.

The inability to identify objects by touch is

astereognosia

The largest glial cells are

astrocytes

Which drug was extracted from the belladonna plant and used by the ancient Greeks for cosmetic purposes?

atropine

This drug is a muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist; it is an extract of the belladonna plant; and it has pupil-dilating effects:

atropine.

Bupropion

atypical antidepressant

Bupropion and agomelatine are classified as

atypical antidepressants.

Clozapine is

atypical antipsychotic

Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds?

auditory cortex

Heschl's gyrus is the location of the primary

auditory cortex.

The arrow in this illustration points to

auditory cortex.

Which of the following are thought to play a role in reducing excessive neurotransmitter release?

autoreceptors

A(n) ________ synapse on or near a terminal button can selectively facilitate or inhibit the effects of that button on the postsynaptic neuron.

axoaxonic

Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by

axoaxonic synapses

Which part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?

axon

Action potentials are generated in the axon initial segment, which is adjacent to the

axon hillock

The cone-shaped structure at the junction between the cell body and axon of a multipolar neuron is the

axon hillock

Action potentials originate at the

axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock

Unlike olfactory receptors, each taste receptor has no

axon.

It has been estimated that the corpus callosum contains 200 million

axons.

Sodium-potassium pumps transport ____ sodium ions out of the cell for every ___ potassium ions they transport into the cell.

b. 3; 2

_________ are cutaneous receptors that are sensitive to temperature change and pain.

b. Free nerve endings

Which of the following is a major difference between SI and SII?

b. Input to SI is largely contralateral.

Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting membrane potential by transporting

b. K+ ions into neurons. c.Na+ ions out of neurons

Which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion?

b. There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion. c.Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion

Vesicles travel from the cell body to the buttons

b. along microtubules. d. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per day.

Asomatognosia is often associated with

b. anosognosia. c.contralateral neglect.

All of the olfactory receptor cells with the same receptor protein

b. are located throughout the mucosa. c. project to the same locations (glomeruli) on the olfactory bulbs.

The archaic five-primary component processing theory of taste implied that each gustatory receptor and neuron is ______________ tuned. However, the rapidly accumulating list of receptor molecules and mechanisms suggests that each gustatory receptor is __________ tuned.

b. broadly; narrowly

Korsakoff's syndrome is

b. caused in large part by thiamine deficiency. c. often associated with chronic alcoholism. d.both b and c

The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is

b. decremental. c.extremely rapid

The permanent effects of bilateral auditory cortex damage are surprisingly minor in primates although they do include disruption of the ability to

b. discriminate frequencies. c. localize sounds.

14. Apraxic patients

b. have difficulty performing requested motor responses, especially out of context.

A major weakness in the scientific case for the prefrontal lobotomy was that

b. it was based almost entirely on one case study. c. the effects of the prefrontal lobotomies were not carefully evaluated. d.both b and c

Prevalent in the cytoplasm of most terminal buttons are

b. mitochondria. c. synaptic vesicles.

Which of the following are considered to be small-molecule neurotransmitters?

b. monoamine neurotransmitters c. amino acid neurotransmitters

Free nerve endings are thought to mediate the perception of

b. pain. c.skin temperature.

Recent evidence suggests that sensory systems are processed as _____ systems.

b. parallel

Tests with very sensitive fMRI machines suggest that the language areas of the cortex are

b. patchy and widespread. c.variable

The major weakness of functional brain-imaging techniques as research tools in cognitive neuroscience is that they cannot

b. prove causation.

12. Apraxia usually

b. results from left-hemisphere damage.

Light passes through layers of the retina in which of the following sequences?

b. retinal ganglion cell layer, horizontal cell layer, receptor layer c. retinal ganglion cell layer, amacrine cell layer, receptor layer d. both B and C

25. Left-handers and right-handers are

b. sinestrals and dextrals, respectively.

Which of the following is part of the organ of Corti?

b. tectorial membrane c.basilar membrane

Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by

b. their high external concentration. c.the negative resting potential

The mammillary nuclei are

b. visible on the inferior surface of the diencephalon. c. often considered to be nuclei of the hypothalamus. e. both B and C

During a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the

back of the neck.

Much of the research on sound localization has focused on the

barn owl.

Many researchers interested in sound localization have studied _________ because their ability to locate sounds in the dark is excellent.

barn owls

The level of acetylcholine is often reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. This reduction likely results from degeneration of cells in the

basal forebrain

The reduction of cholinergic activity in the brains of predementia Alzheimer's patients results from damage to the

basal forebrain

The main source of the brain's acetylcholine is the

basal forebrain.

The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the

basal ganglia.

Mammals without cones tend to

be nocturnal

Psychology is often defined as the scientific study of

behavior

Psychology is the scientific study of

behavior.

An experiment that tests a different group of subjects in each of the experimental conditions is said to use a(n)

between-subjects design

The receptive fields of complex cortical cells are usually __________ than those of simple cortical cells.

bigger

Urbach-Wiethe disease is associated with

bilateral calcification of the amygdala.

The brain operation performed on H.M. was a

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

A nanometer is a

billionth of a meter

The ______________ problem refers to the question of how the brain combines individual sensory attributes to produce integrated perceptions.

binding

Because functional segregation is an important feature of all sensory systems while perceptions are largely holistic, there is a

binding problem

Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by

binding to postsynaptic receptors

A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that

binds to acetylcholine.

• Biopsychology is the scientific study of the

biology of behavior

Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for

biopsychology

Which of the following is the youngest scientific discipline?

biopsychology

A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body is classified as a

bipolar neuron.

The Golgi stain colors neurons

black.

The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is

bleaching of rhodopsin by light

Which retinal structure is indicated by the pointer line?

blind spot

Performing visually guided tasks in the absence of conscious awareness of a visual image is called

blindsight.

Imipramine

blocks reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

The ________ blocks the entry of many large molecules into brain tissue from the circulatory system

blood-brain barrier

The degree to which therapeutic or recreational drugs can influence brain activity depends on the ease with which they penetrate the

blood-brain barrier.

"Limbic" means

border

The dissociative hallucinogen ketamine

both A and B

Which of the following is a deficit that one would expect to see after damage to the primary somatosensory cortex?

both a and b a. a reduced ability to detect light touch b.a reduced ability to identify objects by touch

LTP is induced only when the high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation activates

both the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

The reticular formation is in the

brain stem

The photopic spectral sensitivity curve of a person can be determined by having the person report the

brightness of various wavelengths of light shone on the fovea.

Which drug is currently an alternative to methadone as a treatment for heroin addiction?

buprenorphine

Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the

button

The fine inner details of neuron structure can be studied best

by electron microscopy.

Scientists in many fields study the unobservable

by scientific inference

Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are part of the

c. ANS. d. peripheral nervous system. e. both C and D

In psychophysiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the

c. EEG. d. electroencephalogram. e.both C and D

It is difficult to differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff patients because

c. Korsakoff's syndrome has a gradual onset.

Change blindness occurs

c. because people have no memory for parts of a visual image that are not the focus of their attention.

The effects of stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by elevated glucocorticoid levels: Stress effects can be induced by ______________ and blocked by __________

c. corticosterone; adrenalectomy

Which of the following is a paradox of pain?

c. lack of a clear cortical representation of pain

8. Broca's area is adjacent to the

c. left primary motor cortex face area.

LeDoux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not.

c. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex

Because it is usually difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the

c. mock-crime procedure.

27. The left-hemisphere is dominant for speech in

c. nearly all right-handers and the majority of left-handers.

Although smart pills are often marketed to healthy adults, most relevant research has been done on

c. nonhumans or humans with memory difficulties.

Which of the following structures are thought to contain chemotopic maps?

c. olfactory bulbs

The research of a biopsychologist working for a drug company would likely be

c. psychopharmacological. d. applied. e.both C and D

24. During language tests, PET and fMRI typically reveal greater activity in

c. the left hemisphere.

The midbrain is

c. the mesencephalon. d. part of the brain stem. e. both C and D

The induction of LTP at synapses with NMDA receptors depends on the influx of

calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron.

The major advantage of the retinex theory over the classic component and opponent process theories of color vision is that the retinex theory

can explain color constancy.

In a nutshell, H.M.'s main problem seems to be that he

can form no new explicit long-term memories.

The right hemispheres of most split-brain patients

can understand many spoken or written words and simple sentences.

One patient with prefrontal damage could not cook a meal because she could not

carry out the various steps involved in preparing a meal in proper sequence.

Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine?

catecholamines

Monoamines are divided into two groups:

catecholamines and indolamines

Some studies have found that violent male criminals and aggressive male athletes tend to have higher testosterone levels than normal; however, this does not necessarily mean that testosterone _________ aggression.

causes

Gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of

cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

central

Between the frontal and parietal lobes is the

central fissure

The spinal cord is part of the

central nervous system

The amygdala is thought to control defensive behavior via outputs from the

central nucleus of the amygdala.

The role of the ____________________ in the Pavlovian conditioning of the eye-blink response of rabbits has been intensively investigated.

cerebellum

Which of the following is a large structure visible on the dorsal surface of the human brain stem?

cerebellum

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the limbic system?

cerebellum

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the

cerebral commissures

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the

cerebral hemispheres

The large lateral outgrowths that compose the telencephalon are the

cerebral hemispheres.

Color perception would be of less survival value if the color of an object

changed under different illumination.

The systematic topographic layout of the olfactory bulb has been termed a ____________ map.

chemotopic

The identification of basal forebrain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease implicated

cholinergic neurons in memory.

Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the major divisions of biopsychology?

clinical psychology

Convergence is greatest when inspecting things that are

close.

Binocular disparity tends to be greater for _________ objects.

closer

Which of the following is regarded as a critical factor in the induction of LTP?

co-occurrence of activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Which of the following auditory structures has the appearance of a snail and has a name that is derived from the Greek word for land snail

cochlea

Bilateral destruction of which of the following auditory structures would be most likely to produce complete and permanent hearing loss?

cochlear nerve

The axons of the auditory nerves synapse in the ipsilateral

cochlear nuclei.

The superior olives receive much of their neural input from the

cochlear nuclei.

Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called

coexistence

Many neurons contain two neurotransmitters—a situation generally referred to as

coexistence.

Which division of biopsychology relies on functional brain imaging as its major research method

cognitive neuroscience

With respect to vision, wavelength is to intensity as

color is to brightness.

The component theory and the opponent theory are theories of

color vision.

The parvocellular neurons are particularly responsive to

color, fine detail, and stationary objects.

smell and taste

combine to produce the sensation of flavor.

The corpus callosum is the human brain's largest

commissure.

The study of biological processes by comparing different species is known as the

comparative approach.

According to the text, the division of biopsychology that deals generally with the biology of behavior, rather than specifically with the neural mechanisms of behavior, is

comparative psychology

Pairs of colors that produce white or gray when combined in equal measure are

complementary.

The ability of a stationary eye to fill in the gap in its visual field that results from the blind spot is called

completion

Many neuropsychological patients with scotomas are unaware of them because of

completion.

Donald Hebb developed the first comprehensive theory of how

complex psychological phenomena might be produced by brain activity.

According to the ____________ theory, there are three different kinds of color receptors, each with a different spectral sensitivity.

component

Each codon on a strand of messenger RNA

comprises three consecutive bases on the messenger RNA molecule. instructs the ribosome to add one amino acid from the cytoplasm to the growing protein chain.

Jennifer Aniston neurons are also called

concept cells

Neurons in the medial temporal lobes that are highly selective in terms of their responses to classes of test objects or individuals are known as

concept cells

Illustrated here is the time course of events occurring before and after

concussion.

Photopic vision is

cone-mediated

Which of the following makes it difficult to make causal interpretations of experimental results?

confounded variables

As a result of mounting evidence that broad categories of cognitive function are not lateralized, research on the lateralization of function has started to focus on

constituent cognitive processes.

In situations where the level of illumination is high and sensitivity is not important, the visual system responds by

constricting the pupils of the eyes.

Korsakoff's syndrome is a disorder of memory common in people who have

consumed large amounts of alcohol.

The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli is called _________________ and requires intact _____________.

contextual fear conditioning; hippocampi

Simple images that are stabilized on the retina start to

continually disappear and reappear.

On-center and off-center cells respond best to

contrast

The perception of an edge is in effect the perception of a

contrast between two adjacent areas of the visual field.

In essence, on-center and off-center cells of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond best to

contrast.

Scientific progress is most likely when different approaches are focused on a single problem, particularly when the strengths of one approach compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This is called

converging operations

Using different research approaches in such a way that the weaknesses of one approach are compensated for by the strengths of another is known as

converging operations.

The cerebral commissure indicated here is the

corpus callosum

The largest cerebral commissure is the

corpus callosum

Most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to the

cortex

According to the text, watching a game of chess without knowing the rules would be like studying research on the

cortical localization of language without knowing about the Wernicke-Geschwind model.

The effects of adult stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by increases in

corticosterone release.

Stare at the + sign and without moving your eyes, shift your focus from one letter to another. You have just experienced

covert attention.

Twelve pairs of ________________ project from the brain.

cranial nerves

The axons of the olfactory receptors run through the

cribriform plate to the olfactory bulbs.

Anosmia typically results when the olfactory receptor cells are sheared by the

cribriform plate.

The H-shape of the spinal gray matter is most obvious in a

cross section

During a test in which split-brain patients were asked to verbally specify which of two colors, red or green, had been presented in the left visual field, an interesting phenomenon was discovered. This phenomenon is

cross-cuing.

Which of the following is a cholinergic antagonist?

curare

By binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, this drug produces paralysis and death:

curare.

The dorsal columns are composed of the axons of

cutaneous somatosensory neurons

In experiments on split-brain laboratory animals (e.g., cats), visual information can be presented to only the left hemisphere by

cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. blindfolding the right eye

An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __________, which play a role in inflammation and fever.

cytokines

The area of the body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord is called a

d. dermatome.

18. Sodium amytal and dichotic listening tests are commonly used tests of

d. language lateralization.

21. During the conventional dichotic listening test, most participants correctly report

d. more of the digits presented to the right ear.

Cochlear implants are effective in the treatment of

d. nerve deafness.

The general function of the superior colliculus seems to be to localize

d. sources of auditory input.

The strongest evidence for the linguistic theory of cerebral asymmetry comes from the study of

deaf people who use American Sign Language and subsequently suffer unilateral brain damage.

Sham rage was first observed in

decorticate cats.

Postsynaptic hyperpolarizations are called IPSPs because they

decrease the chance that a neuron will fire.

Bob is dyslexic. Most of his errors occur because he has difficulty applying the rules of English pronunciation. He might say "hen" for "chicken" or "wise" for "wisdom." Bob has __________ dyslexia.

deep

Dyslexics in whom the phonetic procedure is disrupted while the lexical procedure remains normal are said to have __________ dyslexia.

deep

In cases of ______________ dyslexia, patients have lost their ability to apply rules of pronunciation in their reading, but they can still pronounce familiar words based on their specific memories of them.

deep

Fear is assumed to be the main motivating force for

defensive behaviors.

In rats, boxing is

defensive.

In the ________________________ task, a monkey is presented with a distinctive object (the sample object), under which it finds food. Then, after a specified delay, the monkey is presented with two test objects: the sample object and an unfamiliar object. The monkey must select the unfamiliar object to receive a food reward.

delayed nonmatching-to-sample

Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ test that were similar in major respects to the memory deficits displayed by H.M.

delayed nonmatching-to-sample

The Mumby-box is an apparatus that has been frequently used to study

delayed nonmatching-to-sample in rats.

Which of the following has been used extensively in the assessment of explicit object-recognition deficits in monkeys?

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

The reason that the effects of long-term potentiation (LTP) at one synapse on a neuron do not spread to nearby synapses on the same neuron is likely because of

dendritic spines.

The specificity of LTP to particular synapses on the postsynaptic neuron is likely attributable to compartmentalizing effects of

dendritic spines.

An important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is

dependent on testosterone

In a successful experiment, the independent variable affects the

dependent variable

The area of the body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord is one

dermatome

The neural circuit that controls birdsong in the canary has two major components: the _______________ pathway and the _____________ pathway.

descending motor; anterior forebrain

Nissl stains (e.g., cresyl violet) are frequently used to

determine the general distribution of cell bodies in the nervous system

Most cases of dyslexia are

developmental

Each facial expression __________ on the left side of the face.

develops sooner

The caudal part of the forebrain is the

diencephalon

This is an illustration of the developing neural tube. The line points to one of the brain's major divisions, the

diencephalon

The hypothalamus and thalamus compose the

diencephalon.

According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity

different

The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience.

different

Many individuals with schizophrenia have

difficulty in the smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects

In general, neurons of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond weakly to

diffuse light.

In Alzheimer's disease, the brain damage is

diffuse.

The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored

diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience.

On which of the following tasks did H.M. display deficits?

digit span + 1 test

H.M. showed little or no long-term retention on the

digit-span +1 test.

The most commonly employed test of short-term verbal memory is the

digit-span test.

Most binocular cells in the monkey striate cortex,

display ocular dominance.

In a now classic study, Tranel and Damasio found that prosopagnosics

displayed appropriate galvanic skin responses to familiar faces they could not consciously recognize.

Some evidence suggests that prosopagnosia may not be specific to faces, that it may be attributable to a general inability to

distinguish among similar members of complex classes of visual stimuli.

A major advantage of the Z lens over conventional procedures for testing split-brain patients is that it

does not restrict the experimenter to the use of simple visual stimuli presented for 0.1 seconds

The best thing about the Golgi stain is that it

does not stain many neurons.

Interneurons

don't conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure.

Cocaine and amphetamines are

dopamine agonists.

The top of a dog's head is

dorsal

Which of the following somatosensory structures do NOT receive substantial input from the anterolateral system?

dorsal column nuclei

The dorsal stream flows from primary visual cortex to

dorsal prestriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex.

According to the widely accepted 1982 theory of Ungerleider and Mishkin, "where" is to "what" as

dorsal stream is to ventral stream

In one functional brain imaging study, attention to movement was associated with increased activity in the

dorsal stream.

The spine of a human runs just beneath the body's

dorsal surface.

The ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus receive direct input from the

dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system.

The animal model that best approximates human drug addiction is the

drug self admin

Somehow the visual system compares the wavelengths of light reflected by adjacent areas of a visual display, and on this basis color is perceived. The cells that appear to perform this function are

dual-opponent color cells

From outside to inside, the three meninges are the

dura, arachnoid, and pia.

The aspect of R.M.'s case that is most ironic is that

during his posttraumatic amnesia, when he recalled few of the details of his own life, he remembered the case of H.M.

A pathological difficulty in reading is termed

dyslexia.

13. Although the symptoms of apraxia are ________, apraxia usually results from damage to the ________ hemisphere.

e. bilateral; left

Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease because

e. dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.

15. Apraxic patients display

e. none of the above

Which of the following is currently thought to be a valid general principle of synaptic transmission?

e.none of the above

A hierarchical system is one in which

each element has specific levels or ranks with respect to one another.

The term "within-subjects design" refers to experiments in which

each subject is exposed to each condition of the experiment

Neurons are specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit

electrochemical signals.

Posttraumatic amnesia can be induced by

electroconvulsive shock.

Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by

electrostatic pressure

Which of the following is a source of pressure for Na+ ions to enter a resting neuron?

electrostatic pressure

Reexperiencing related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences is generally referred to as the

embodiment of emotions.

The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum appears to be involved in the __________ component.

emotional; sensorimotor

Memory B cells

enable antibody-mediated immune reactions to occur more quickly if a particular antigen is encountered a second time.

Some of the morphine-like substances that occur naturally in the brain are

endorphins

Which of the following is an endogenous opioid?

enkaphalin

Grid cells are

entorhinal cortex neurons.

Grid cells, head direction cells, and border cells are located in the

entorhinal cortex.

Adrenergic neurons release

epinephrine

Which of the following is NOT found in neurons that release norepinephrine?

epinephrine

Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one's life are __________ memories.

episodic

K.C., the man who can't time travel, experienced a severe deficit in __________ memory.

episodic

Some comparative psychologists study behavior in the laboratory, whereas others conduct

ethological research

Stress that improves health has been termed

eustress

Islands of memory following concussion are memories of

events that occurred during periods of time for which there is otherwise total amnesia.

Geschwind

evived the localizationist ideas of Broca, Dejerine, and Wernicke.

Barn owls are often used in auditory research on sound localization because they have

excellent sound localization ability.

The study of communication in nonhuman primates suggests that the major impediment to their use of vocal language is their inability to

exert fine motor control over their voices.

The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as

exocytosis

Emma heard a noise behind her and turned to see a cat playing with some string. This is an example of

exogenous attention

If you were looking at holiday slides of your family and a major background object, such as a tree, moved as you blinked, you would likely

experience change blindness

According to the James-Lange theory, the

experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli

Semantic memories are ___________ memories.

explicit

Recent studies have demonstrated that infantile amnesia can occur for __________ memories without affecting __________ memories of the same information.

explicit; implicit

Quasiexperimental studies examine groups of subjects who have been

exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world.

Wernicke suggested that selective lesions of Broca's area produce a syndrome of aphasia whose symptoms are primarily

expressive.

Aphasia virtually always involves both _____________ and _____________ symptoms.

expressive; receptive

Large anterior lesions are more likely to produce _____________ symptoms, whereas large posterior lesions are more likely to produce __________ symptoms

expressive; receptive

An MRI of N.A.'s brain revealed

extensive medial diencephalic damage.

Cross-cuing is communication between the hemispheres of a split-brain patient that occurs

externally, via the behavior of one of the hemispheres.

The sense of touch is largely

exteroceptive.

The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in

eye blink conditioning.

Saccades are

eye movements

When trying to fake a smile, the muscles around the _________ are the most difficult to get just right.

eyes

Patients with Urbach-Wiethe disease have particular problems identifying

facial expressions of fear.

The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the

facial feedback hypothesis.

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the

facial feedback hypothesis.

The experiment of Lester and Gorzalka (1988 is significant because it constitutes the first strong evidence of a Coolidge effect) in

females.

Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex often display __________ deficits on conventional tests of memory.

few

Most people palpate with their

fingers

The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the sympathetic nervous system has

first-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ

Visual information is presented to only the left hemisphere of a human split-brain patient by getting the patient to fixate on the center of the display screen and then

flashing the information for 0.1 second on the side of the screen to the patient's right.

In the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test, which has been used to study medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in macaque monkeys,

food is available under the nonsample object during the test phase of each trial.

There are three swellings that occur at the anterior end of a fluid-filled tube in the developing embryo. These three swellings eventually develop into the adult

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

A major limbic system tract is the

fornix

Prior to migraine attacks, sufferers often experience

fortification illusions

Although the _________ constitutes only a small part of the retina, a relatively large proportion of the primary visual cortex is dedicated to the analysis of its output.

fovea

High-acuity vision is mediated by the

fovea

Which of the following is a small indentation?

fovea

Which retinal structure is indicated by the pointer line?

fovea

Most of the cones are concentrated in the

foveas

The perception of both pain and changes in skin temperature are largely mediated by

free nerve endings.

· The major method of cognitive neuroscience is

functional brain imaging

Researchers using the cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language often employ

functional brain imaging.

Each cortical level of a sensory system (primary, secondary, or association) is itself composed of different areas that mediate different psychological processes. This pattern of sensory system organization is referred to as

functional segregation.

It was once assumed that the primary, secondary, and association areas of a sensory system were each __________________. However, research has shown that _________________ characterizes the organization of sensory systems.

functionally homogenous; functional segregation

Prosopagnosia has been linked to damage of the

fusiform face area

Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to

ganglia

Technological developments led to the discovery of __________ throughout the mammalian brain; they seem to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type

gap junctions

H. pylori has been implicated as a causal factor in

gastric ulcers.

Neurons without axons do not

generate action potentials.

The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating

glucocorticoids.

The NMDA receptor is a type of __________ receptor.

glutamate

Which is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

glutamate

Which is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

glutamate

In one common type of LTP experiment, the perforant path is stimulated and the response is recorded in the

granule-cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

Why do we have two memory systems—explicit and implicit—that are both capable of learning the same material? What advantage is there in having a second, conscious system? Recent evidence suggests that the answer is

greater flexibility.

Which of the following pairs of colors is complementary?

green and red

To use the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher must know a fact about the crime that could only be known by the

guilty party.

In order to use the ___________________, the polygrapher must have a piece of information concerning the crime that would be known only to the guilty person

guilty-knowledge technique

Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the

guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible

The large cortical ridges between fissures are called

gyri.

In an innovative series of experiments, Squire and his colleagues assessed the retrograde amnesia of patients following ECT. They assessed the patients' memory for television shows that

had played for only one season

Electroconvulsive shock is commonly used in studies of memory because it

has amnesic effects similar to those produced by concussion.

long-term potentiation

has been most commonly studied in several different neural circuits in the hippocampus

In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to

have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects.

Food-caching birds tend to

have larger hippocampi. have incredible spatial memories.

The main difference between human brains and the brains of their mammalian relatives is that human brains tend to be bigger and

have more cortex.

Neurons with receptive fields in the fovea

have particularly small receptive fields.

Simple cells of the primary visual cortex

have receptive fields with static "on" and "off" areas that are separated by a straight edge.

All mammals with lissencephalic brains

have smooth brains.

Most neurons of the ventral roots

have their cell bodies in the ventral horns.

Evidence that the perception of music is lateralized comes from demonstrations that

he left ear is superior to the right in the melodic dichotic listening test.

"Encephalon" means within the

head

The rubber-hand illusion has been most frequently demonstrated in

healthy volunteers.

Modern neuroscientific theory considers sensory systems to be

hierarchical, functionally segregated, and parallel.

The major distortion in the retinotopic layout of the primary visual cortex is the disproportionately

high cortical representation of the fovea

Food-caching species tended to have larger_________________ than related nonfood-caching species.

hippocampi

Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context?

hippocampus

The _________________ is an area of cortex that is not neocortex—it has only three layers.

hippocampus

There have been reports of several specific brain structures being smaller in bipolar patients, including the

hippocampus

Which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors?

hippocampus

Two components of the limbic system are cortical structures. These two structures are the

hippocampus and the cingulate.

The human medial temporal lobe includes the

hippocampus. amygdala. medial temporal cortex. CA1 subfield. all of the above

When a tumor near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain, the disorder is

hydrocephalus

IPSP is to EPSP as

hyperpolarization is to depolarization.

The bleaching of rhodopsin by light

hyperpolarizes rods

Which of the following is a category of neuropeptides?

hypothalamic

This is an illustration of the

hypothalamic nuclei

Which structure is NOT part of the tegmentum?

hypothalamus

Which structure of the diencephalon regulates the pituitary?

hypothalamus

Bard's 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the

hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other limbic structures on the

hypothalamus.

The pituitary gland is situated just inferior to the

hypothalamus.

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic responses to threat via the __________ and the appropriate behavioral responses to threat via the ___________.

hypothalamus; PAG

In his compelling demonstrations of color constancy, Land showed that a particular area of a Mondrian stayed the same color even though there were major changes in the wavelengths that it was reflecting, provided that the Mondrian was

illuminated by at least a low, a medium, and a high wavelength.

Autism-core symptoms(DSM4)

impaired social interaction impaired language &communication repetitive, stereotyped behavior

Repetition priming tests are tests of

implicit memory.

Cooper and Zubek (1958) found that maze-bright rats made fewer maze errors than maze-dull rats only if both groups had

impoverished

Brief stressors usually

improve immune function

Selective attention

improves the perception of stimuli that are its focus.

APs are said to be all-or-none: This means that all APs

in a particular neuron are the same.

Some hippocampal neurons become active only when the subject is

in a particular place.

There are more rods

in the nasal hemiretina than in the temporal hemiretina

A volunteer with curarized eye muscles, who viewed a stationary target, saw the target move

in the same direction as he attempted to move his eyes.

The helping-hand phenomenon was demonstrated in a test

in which the test items were in open view on top of a table.

In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that

increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor.

After his surgery, H.M.'s IQ had

increased.

Myelination

increases the speed of axonal conduction

In a well-designed experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the

independent variable.

The experimenter assigns the subjects to conditions, administers the treatments, and measures the outcome in such a way that there is only one relevant difference between the conditions being compared. This difference between the conditions is called the

independent variable.

Which of the following is NOT an amino acid neurotransmitter?

indolamine

In searching for the neural bases of LTP, many researchers assume that separate mechanisms account for

induction, maintenance, and expression.

Which of the following neuroanatomical directions is commonly used with reference to the brains of humans or other primates, but not with reference to the brains of four-legged creatures?

inferior

Which structure is thought to store memories for visual images?

inferotemporal cortex

IPSPs are

inhibitory.

The discovery of cytokines increased interest in the

innate immune system.

Combining a number of individual IPSPs and EPSPs into one signal is called

integration.

Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all are called

interneurons.

The study of how left and right hemispheres differ in their approach to cognitive tasks has led to the concept of a left hemisphere

interpreter.

The main reason why LTP is one of the most widely studied neuroscientific phenomena is that it

involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage

The Duchenne smile

involves the orbicularis oculi.

Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called

ion channels.

Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged

ions.

In 1957, this drug became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant:

iproniazid -cheese effect

Unlike the projections of the other exteroceptive sensory systems, the projections of the gustatory system are primarily

ipsilateral

Left-hemisphere damage is more likely than right-hemisphere damage to be associated with

ipsilateral motor problems.

If a midsagittal cut were made through the human brain, all of the uncut axons running from the eyes to the brain would be

ipsilateral.

Chimera

is a mythical monster composed of the combined parts of different animals.

Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD)

is a neurodevelopmental disorder •strong genetic component usually presents within the 1st 3 years of age There is extreme variability in the presentation of symptom .No two people are alike.

• The longest neuron in the human body

is a somatosensory neuron with one end in a toe and the other in the dorsal column nuclei.

Binocular disparity

is an important depth-perception cue

Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons

is faster than in unmyelinated axons.

Research has shown that SI

is organized in four somatotopically organized, parallel strips

The posture of lordosis in a female rodent indicates that she

is sexually receptive.

A strength of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________, whereas a weakness of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________.

it focuses on human brain-damaged patients; its focus on human patients as subjects usually precludes experiments

What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience?

its focus on the study of behavior

According to Land's retinex theory, an object's color depends on

its reflectance.

Early research on the evolution of the brain focused on

its size.

About how many neuropeptides are currently classified by most experts as neurotransmitters?

just over 100

Wernicke's area is

just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex.

The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential

keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body.

Pellis and colleagues (1988) showed that different cats react to mice in different ways: Some are efficient mouse _____________, some react defensively, and some seem to ______________.

killers; play with the mice

Cognitive neuroscientists interested in the brain mechanisms of language search for the specific parts of the brain that mediate

language's constituent cognitive processes.

In a study of infantile amnesia, children were shown a series of photographs of preschool-aged children, some of whom had been their preschool classmates. Whether they explicitly remembered a former classmate or not, they consistently displayed a _______________ to the photographs of their former classmates

large skin conductance response

In contrast to the cognitive neuroscience approach to language, the language areas of the Wernicke-Geschwind model are assumed to be

large, circumscribed, and homogeneous.

Food-caching species of birds tend to have __________ hippocampi than non-food-caching species

larger

In humans, all of the visual receptors are in the

last layer of the retina to be reached by light entering the eye

Much of the human auditory cortex is invisible to casual inspection because it is in the __________ fissure.

lateral

The primary gustatory cortex is in the

lateral fissure.

Which of the following thalamic nuclei relays visual information?

lateral geniculate

Visual signals from the left nasal hemiretina are projected directly to the

lateral geniculate nuclei.

Many early studies of intracranial self-stimulation focused on the stimulation of the

lateral hypothalamus or septum.

The mechanism of contrast enhancement is

lateral inhibition

When an ommatidium fires, it inhibits its neighbors; this inhibition is called

lateral inhibition

The perception of Mach bands results from

lateral inhibition.

Lateral inhibition in horseshoe crab ommatidia is mediated by the

lateral neural network.

Evidence suggests that it is the _____________, rather than the entire amygdala, that plays a key role in auditory fear conditioning.

lateral nucleus

Evidence has been accumulating that the _________________ is critically involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear.

lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the

lateral nucleus.

The two hemispheres, although similar in appearance, differ in function. The study of these functional differences is commonly referred to as the study of

lateralization of function.

The cerebellum is thought to store memories of

learned sensorimotor skills

The history of the localization of language and the history of the lateralization of function began with Broca's assertion that a small area in the inferior portion of the _______________ is the center for speech production.

left prefrontal cortex

In Damasio and colleagues' (1996) PET study of naming, PET activity was recorded from the ___________________ lobes of healthy volunteers while they named images presented on a screen.

left temporal

The hypothetical neural mechanism in humans that continuously assesses patterns of events and tries to make sense of them is termed the

left-hemisphere interpreter.

Ciliary muscles adjust the

lens shape

In comparison to English speakers, Italian speakers are __________ to be diagnosed as dyslexic.

less likely

In surface dyslexia, the __________ procedure has been lost.

lexical

There seem to be two different procedures for reading aloud. The procedure that is based on stored information about the pronunciation of specific written words is called the __________ procedure.

lexical

Reading aloud can be accomplished in two different ways: by the

lexical and phonetic procedures.

Polygraphy is commonly referred to as

lie detection.

Ionotropic receptors are linked to

ligand-activated ion channels.

The Purkinje effect refers to the fact that

lights in the green-blue portion of the spectrum are brighter than equally intense lights in the yellow-red portion of the spectrum when viewed under dim illumination

A neural circuit that includes the septum, cingulate cortex, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus is thought to be involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors. This circuit is called the

limbic system

Portrayed in this illustration is a neural circuit called the

limbic system

The fact that left-hemisphere damage disrupts American Sign Language but not pantomime gestures supports the __________ theory of cerebral asymmetry.

linguistic

The case of W.L., the man who experienced aphasia for sign language, demonstrates that left hemisphere damage can disrupt __________ gestures without disrupting __________ gestures.

linguistic; pantomime

The neuron cell membrane is composed of a

lipid bilayer

The flip side of long-term potentiation (LTP) is known as _______________ and occurs in response to prolonged low-frequency stimulation of presynaptic neurons.

long-term depression (LTD)

Bliss and Lømø showed that there is a facilitation of synaptic transmission following high-frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons. This phenomenon has been termed

long-term potentiation.

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce

longer lasting effects

The major flow of information in the primary visual cortex is usually assumed to proceed from __________ to __________ to __________.

lower layer IV; simple cells; complex cells

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions?

lust

T cells and B cells are

lymphocytes

T cells and B cells are

lymphocytes.

Each T cell has two kinds of receptors on its membrane: one for molecules normally found on the surface of __________ and one for a specific __________.

macrophages; antigen

In early studies of medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in monkeys, the cortex underlying the hippocampus and amygdala was always damaged because the lesions were

made by aspiration.

The results of delayed nonmatching-to-sample tests indicate that combined bilateral lesions of the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial temporal cortex have similar effects on memory in humans, monkeys, and rats that reveal

major deficits at all but the shortest retention intervals.

Bilateral lesions of the medial temporal cortex that do not damage the hippocampus or amygdala produce

major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys.

In most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between

male conspecifics

McGlone reported that ____________ victims of unilateral strokes were three times more likely to suffer from aphasia than ____________ victims.

male; female

Most patients with gastric ulcers display signs of H. pylori infection, however, to put this observation in perspective, it is important to understand that

many healthy people are similarly infected.

The blood brain barrier impedes the passage into cerebral neurons of

many proteins and other large molecules.

Which of the following parts of the diencephalon connects the two lobes of the thalamus?

massa intermedia

The nose of a rat is

medial and anterior

The tip of your nose is

medial and anterior

Two major olfactory pathways leave the amygdala-piriform area. One projects diffusely to the limbic system; the other projects to the

medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus and then to the orbitofrontal cortex

The major auditory projections of the inferior colliculi go to the

medial geniculate nuclei.

In rats, bilateral lesions to the __________________ block fear conditioning to a tone, but bilateral lesions to the _______________ do not.

medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex

Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research has emphasized the roles of two brain structures in emotion: the

medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.

Monkey and rat experiments on the effects of various medial-temporal-lobe lesions on the performance of nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching-to-sample suggest that __________ damage contributes substantially to the amnesic effects of bilateral medial-temporal lobectomy.

medial temporal cortex

In some respects, the memory deficits associated with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to those found with

medial temporal lobe amnesia.

Large deficits in delayed nonmatching-to-sample are caused by bilateral lesions to the

medial temporal lobe cortex.

The shaded areas on this drawing of the inferior surface of the brain illustrate the position of the

medial temporal lobes.

The first theories of Korsakoff's amnesia attributed it to mammillary body damage, but later evidence suggested that damage to the __________ is more likely the major contributing factor.

mediodorsal nuclei

The myelencephalon is often called the

medulla

The myelencephalon is commonly referred to as the

medulla.

The amygdala is thought to play a role in

memory for the emotional significance of experiences

Jimmie G., the man frozen in time, had a severe problem with his

memory.

The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are

meninges

The tectum is the roof of the

mesencephalon

the substantia nigra is

mesencephalon

The branch of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area is called the

mesocorticolimbic pathway.

The substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are both mesencephalic nuclei of the

mesotelencephalic dopamine system

Understanding of the bidirectional effects of stress on immune function improved substantially following the __________ of Segerstrom and Miller.

meta-analysis

The _________________ is anterior to the myelencephalon.

metencephalon

The pons and the cerebellum compose the

metencephalon

The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called

microexpressions.

The particular glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are

microglia.

A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissures, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

midsagittal

The first sign of Alzheimer's disease is often

mild memory impairments.

A mixture of pure tones with frequencies of 200, 300, and 400 Hz would be perceived as having the same pitch as a pure tone of 100 Hz. This important aspect of pitch perception is referred to as the

missing fundamental.

Which of the following played a major role in the research differentiating neurons that respond to pitch from those that respond to frequency?

missing fundamentals

Selective bilateral removal of the hippocampus without damaging adjacent medial temporal lobe structures produces ____________ on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test and other tests of object recognition.

modest deficits

Neurons of the monkey secondary auditory cortex respond robustly to

monkey calls.

Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons

monoamines

Unlike simple cortical cells, which are all _______________, many complex cortical cells are _____________.

monocular; binocular

Complex visual cortex cells are __________ than simple cells.

more numerous

How many different specialized visual areas have been identified in the cortex of macaque monkeys?

more than 30

The results of sodium amytal tests suggest that the percentage of healthy right-handers in the general population that are left-hemisphere dominant for speech is

more than 90%

The findings of the brain stimulation studies of Ojemann and colleagues suggest that language abilities might be organized in the cortex like a

mosaic.

The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that

most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists.

The middle temporal (MT) area of human cortex appears to play an important role in the perception of

motion.

The ______________ theory of speech perception proposes that the perception and comprehension of speech depend on the words activating the same neural circuits in the motor system that would be activated if the listener said the words.

motor

The _________________________ theory of cerebral asymmetry holds that the left hemisphere is specialized not for the control of speech specifically but for the control of fine movements in general.

motor

Precentral is to postcentral as

motor is to somatosensory

Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their

mouse killing.

If you were to inject curare into your eye muscles and then try to move your eye, you would see the stationary visual world

move in the same direction as your attempted eye movement.

Magnocellular neurons are particularly responsive to

movement.

When an alpha male rat attacks a submissive male intruder, he

moves sideways toward the intruder with a lateral attack.

Neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are classified as

multipolar.

White matter is white because

myelin is white.

Gap junctions are

narrow spaces between adjacent cells that are bridged by connexins

The dendrites of olfactory receptor cells are located in the

nasal passages.

When we direct our gaze at something ___________, the lens tends to assume its natural _____________ shape.

near; cylindrical

The valence model proposes that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing __________________ and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing _______________.

negative emotion; positive emotion

Hebb argued that memories of experiences are stored in the short term by

neural activity reverberating in closed circuits.

The corpus callosum is a

neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres

Structure of the nervous system is to function of the nervous system as

neuroanatomy is to neurophysiology

The field that focuses on the study of the structure of the nervous system is

neuroanatomy.

The field that focuses on the study of the chemical bases of neural activity is

neurochemistry

The field that focuses on the study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system is

neuroendocrinology.

The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called

neurons.

Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus is classified as

neuropathic

Which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders?

neuropathology

Endorphins are

neuropeptides.

Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain

neuropeptides.

The field that focuses on the study of the effects of drugs on neural activity is

neuropharmacology.

The field that focuses on the study of the functions and activities of the nervous system is

neurophysiology.

A biopsychologist who studies the memory deficits of human patients with brain damage would likely identify with the division of biopsychology termed

neuropsychology

Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with the assessment of the memory deficits of patients with damage to the frontal portions of the neocortex?

neuropsychology

The study of the nervous system is called

neuroscience

· Biopsychology is a branch or division of

neuroscience

Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own

neurotransmitter.

Botox is a

nicotinic antagonist.

The mesotelencephalic dopamine system comprises two pathways: The

nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway.

Surgery that destroys all of Broca's area but little surrounding tissue typically has

no lasting effects on speech.

How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out?

no more than a couple of millimeters

In some species, castration has ___________ effect on social aggression; in still others, castration ____________ social aggression during the breeding season but not at other times.

no; decreases

Conduction of action potentials along an axon is

nondecremental

In the conditioned place-preference paradigm, rats usually prefer the

none

Studies of electrical intracranial self-stimulation encouraged the development of physical dependence theories of addiction by suggesting that

none

Which of the following genes has been associated with anxiety disorders?

none

A dermatome is a

none of the above

A major difference in the physiological reaction to physical versus psychological stressors is that only physical stressors

none of the above

Areas of the brain that interpret the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis.

none of the above

CT and structural MRI studies of the brains of patients with language-related disorders have found that

none of the above

Glucocorticoids are released from the

none of the above

H.M.'s postsurgical digit span was found to be

none of the above

Hydrocephalus results from the

none of the above

In 1949, Egas Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize for

none of the above

Investigators have proposed that in each hemisphere, there are two major streams of ______________ information: anterior and posterior.

none of the above

Morgan's canon is

none of the above

Research has consistently shown that memory consolidation consistently takes about

none of the above

Stressors produce major increases in the release of

none of the above

The ANS is part of the

none of the above

The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the

none of the above

The amount of light reaching the retinas is controlled by two donut-shaped bands of contractile tissue called the

none of the above

The blood brain barrier is

none of the above

The closer an object is, the

none of the above

The largest commissure in the human brain is the

none of the above

The major method of cognitive neuroscience is

none of the above

The up-the-nose case of N.A. had a major impact on theories of amnesia because

none of the above

Which ossicle is attached to the round window?

none of the above

tinnitus

none of the above

According to the text, the scientific evidence has not proven the effectiveness of

nootropics

Which of the following is a monoamine neurotransmitter?

norepinephrine

In the presence of the appropriate enzyme, dopamine is converted to

norepinephrine.

is autism more now than...

now rather than past? equivocal boys x4 more siblings more likely other developmental disorders

Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called

nuclei

Most of a neuron's DNA is in its

nucleus

Laboratory animals have frequently been shown to self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the

nucleus accumbens

Many of the dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area synapse in the

nucleus accumbens

Which brain structure is thought to play a role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and other reinforcers?

nucleus accumbens

As habitual drug taking develops, control of drug taking is thought to shift from the

nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum to the dorsal striatum.

In comparison to the causes of developmental dyslexia, the causes of acquired dyslexia tend to be more

obvious

The lobe at the back of the brain, which serves a visual function, is the

occipital lobe

The first two cranial nerves are

olfactory and optic nerves

Olfactory receptors are embedded in the

olfactory mucosa

In the CNS, axons are myelinated by

oligodendrites.

PNS is to CNS as Schwann cells are to

oligodendrocytes

Myelin sheaths are produced by _______________ in the central nervous system and by ________________ in the peripheral nervous system.

oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

On the basis of their receptive field properties, most neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as

on-center or off-center cells.

The case of R.M. was ironic because

one of the few things that he could remember during his postconcussion confusion was the case of H.M.

The perception of pitch in primates seems to occur in

one small cortical area just anterior to primary auditory cortex.

Under normal conditions, the brain mechanisms responsible for the perception of motion don't consider eye movements per se. Rather, they consider

only those eye movements that are actively produced by neural signals from the brain to the eye muscles.

During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the

opening of potassium channels.

Action potentials are produced by the

opening of voltage-activated sodium channels

• The PAG is to the raphé as

opioid is to serotonin.

.According to the ____________ theory, if an increase in the response of a particular visual neuron signals green, a decrease signals red.

opponent

Which of the following is a point of decussation?

optic chiasm

Which of the following is an X-shaped structure?

optic chiasm

A genuine smile involves activation of the ___________________ and is known as the ______________ smile.

orbicularis oculi; Duchenne

The cochlea is a long, coiled tube containing the auditory receptor organ, which runs almost to its tip. This auditory receptor organ is known as the

organ of Corti.

The fact that social aggression in many mammalian species (e.g., mice) occurs more frequently between males than between females is often attributed to the

organizational effects of testosterone. b. activational effects of testosterone.

Axonal conduction from cell body to terminal buttons is called

orthodromic conduction

High-acuity, color vision is mediated by the small foveal area of the retina. Nevertheless, we have perceptions of the world that are expansive in both their color and their detail. This is possible because

our visual systems integrate the foveal images from recent visual fixations to produce the subjective visual perception that we are experiencing at any instant.

Hemispherectomized patients feel

pain from both sides of the body.

Nociceptive stimuli are

painful.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are

parallel processes.

Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body's energy?

parasympathetic nervous system

Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS?

parasympathetic nervous system

Hippocampectomy in rats usually involves damage to a small area of the overlying __________ so that the aspiration can be performed.

parietal cortex

At least two parallel channels of communication flow through each lateral geniculate nucleus. One runs through the ______________ layers and a second runs through the _____________ layers

parvocellular; magnocellular

In neurons without axons, conduction occurs entirely in the form of

passive, decrementally conducted potentials.

Conduction in interneurons lacking axons is typically __________ and ____________.

passive; decremental

Bavelier and colleagues (1997) used fMRI to measure the brain activity of healthy volunteers during the reading of sentences and found that the areas of activity were

patchy

The human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in the

perception of fear in others.

Stimulation of the __________ elicits a response in the __________ layer of the hippocampal __________.

perforant path; granule-cell; dentate gyrus

Electrical stimulation of which of the following structures has analgesic effects?

periaqueductal gray

The neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the

periaqueductal gray.

Scotomas are located by

perimetry.

Naya, Yoshida, and Miyashita (2001) recorded the responses of neurons while monkeys learned the relation between pairs of visual images. When the monkeys were required to recall that pair, activity was recorded in ____________ neurons before ____________ neurons.

perirhinal; inferotemporal

The smallest units of sound that distinguish among various words in a language are called

phonemes.

The words "spleemer" and "twipple" are normally read aloud by a __________ procedure.

phonetic

There is now widespread agreement that dyslexia results most commonly from a disturbance of

phonological processing.

The research of _____________________ typically involves the direct manipulation or recording of the neural activity of laboratory animals by invasive surgical, electrical, or chemical means.

physiological psychologists

The division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brains of laboratory animals in controlled experiments is

physiological psychology

Adhering to the surface of the brain is the

pia mater

The subarachnoid space is just outside the

pia mater

Although it is somewhat arbitrary, primary olfactory cortex is considered to be

piriform cortex.

Olfactory neocortex is considered to be in the

piriform cortex.

The frequency of sound waves is to the complexity of sound waves as the

pitch of sound is to the timbre.

Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called

place cells.

The location in a test environment in which a subject must be for a place cell to become active is called its

place field.

Which of the following structures was found to be larger in the left hemisphere in about 65% of human brains?

planum temporale

A structural MRI study found that the __________ in the left hemisphere in musicians with perfect pitch than it is in musicians without perfect pitch.

planum temporale is larger

Research has now established that the brain is

plastic

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by

pointing their beaks away from one another.

In its resting state, a neuron is said to be

polarized

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction and Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior ,interests, or activities

poor eye contact

Primary somatosensory cortex is in the

postcentral gyrus.

The direction toward the back of your head is

posterior.

Early research indicated that much of the aphasia resulting from the surgical excision of Broca's area was a consequence oftemporary postsurgical edema.

postsurgical edema.

Second messengers are formed in the

postsynaptic neuron

Amnesia that is produced by a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull is called __________ amnesia.

posttraumatic

In a resting neuron, _____________ channels are open, whereas ______________ channels are closed.

potassium; sodium

Alzheimer's amnesia is usually studied in

predementia Alzheimer's patients.

In functional brain-imaging studies of Tourette's patients who are suppressing their tics, abnormal activity has been consistently observed in the caudate and

prefrontal cortex

Which part of the brain is illustrated (the shaded area) in the accompanying drawing?

prefrontal cortex

Phineas Gage had damage to his medial

prefrontal lobes.

One way of using the Z lens to test the left hemisphere's comprehension of spoken words is to

present visual stimuli in the right visual field, then verbally instruct the patient to respond to the visual stimuli.

Most areas of secondary visual cortex are located in two general regions: the _______________ and the __________________.

prestriate cortex; inferotemporal cortex

Co-occurrence has been shown to be critical for the induction of LTP. Co-occurrence refers to the requirement for simultaneous activity in

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

Autoreceptors are commonly found in

presynaptic membranes.

Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling

pride.

Areas of neocortex that receive most of their input from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system are classified as

primary sensory cortex.

The somatosensory homunculus is in the

primary somatosensory cortex.

Blindsight sometimes occurs in patients with scotomas resulting from

primary visual cortex damage.

Although much evidence from various species suggests that hippocampal damage disrupts spatial memory, evidence from __________ has been inconsistent.

primates

Darwin proposed the _________________, which suggests that opposite social messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures.

principle of antithesis

Unilateral damage to SI

produces contralateral deficits in stereognosis.

Separating rat pups from their mothers

produces increases in behavioral and endocrine stress responses in adulthood

The main advantage of the scanning electron microscope over the conventional electron microscope is that it

produces three-dimensional images

In humans, the axons of retinal ganglion cells whose cell bodies are in the left temporal hemiretina

project ipsilaterally.

Which of the following would be easy for someone with deep dyslexia to do while reading?

pronounce familiar words

Damage to the fusiform face area is often associated with

prosopagnosia.

The most widely studied form of visual agnosia is

prosopagnosia.

Biopsychology is sometimes referred to as

psychobiology

Patients with gastric ulcers are often helped by

psychological treatments, even if they don't reduce H. pylori infection.

The field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called

psychoneuroimmunology.

The division of biopsychology that focuses on the effects of drugs on behavior is often referred to as ____________________.

psychopharmacology

Which subdivision of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with an experiment in which the effects of the drug fluoxetine on the ability of mice to learn a maze is studied?

psychopharmacology

Biopsychologists who study the physiological correlates of psychological processes by recording physiological signals from the surface of the human body are often referred to as

psychophysiologists

Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is identified with the measurement of scalp EEG activity and ANS activity in humans?

psychophysiology

Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called

psychosomatic disorders.

Light enters the human eye through an opening in the iris called the

pupil.

There is a tradition of ___________________ in physiological psychology; the emphasis is usually on research that contributes to the development of theories of the neural control of behavior rather than on research of immediate practical benefit

pure research

Which of the following are multipolar cortical neurons with long axons, apical dendrites, and triangular cell bodies?

pyramidal cells

Which of the following neurons have apical dendrites?

pyramidal cells

The differences between the brains of humans and those of related species are more ______________ than _________________.

quantitative; qualitative

In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are

quasiexperiments

After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the

random movement of ions

Which of the following animals are currently the most common subjects of biopsychological research?

rats and mice

After the picture of a familiar object is flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient, the patient can

reach into a bag containing several test items with the left hand and pull out the object that was presented.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the cortical region indicated here plays a special role in

reading and writing.

According to the reconsolidation notion, long-term memories are temporarily susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia when they are

recalled.

The ___________________ of a visual neuron is the area of the visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of that neuron.

receptive field

Evidence indicates that the component theory provides the best explanation of color coding at the

receptor level

For decades, it had been assumed that mammals had only a small number of olfactory

receptor type

Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini endings are

receptors in the skin.

Connections between various areas of visual cortex are virtually always

reciprocal

Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty

recognizing facial expressions of fear.

The _____________________ hypothesis holds that each time a memory is retrieved from long-term storage, it becomes labile.

reconsolidation

Memory for general principles and skills required to perform a task is called __________ memory.

reference

In general, the brain stem regulates

reflex activities critical for survival

Action potentials normally travel along axons in only one direction because of the

refractory period.

The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the

relative refractory period.

The tests commonly used to assess implicit memory in neuropsychological patients are

repetition priming tests.

Which of the following experimental treatments for clinical depression is noninvasive?

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Dopamine agonist is to dopamine antagonist as

reserpine is to amphetamine.

This is an illustration of the human brain stem. The pointer lines point to the

reticular formation

Which of the following structures is named after a term that means "little net"?

reticular formation

The visual system bases its perception of motion on a comparison between movement of the image on the

retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles.

Here is an illustration of the retina. The neurons identified by the pointer lines carry signals from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei. These neurons are

retinal ganglion cells.

According to the ___________ theory of color vision, the color of an object is determined by its reflectance.

retinex

The retina-geniculate-striate system is _____________. This means two stimuli presented to adjacent areas of the retina will excite adjacent neurons at all levels of the system.

retinotopic

Because of the way that it is organized, the visual system is referred to as

retinotopic.

The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized

retinotopically

After release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by

reuptake

Almost all studies of hippocampal lesions in monkeys and humans entail damage to large portions of the ____________ in addition to the hippocampus.

rhinal cortex

Here is an illustration of coronal section of a monkey brain cut through the hippocampus and amygdala. The shaded area indicates the position of the

rhinal cortex portion of the medial temporal cortex.

Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on

ribosomes.

Kimura found that the __________ ear was better at identifying digits and the __________ ear was better at identifying melodies in the __________ test.

right; left; dichotic listening

The three phases of an action potential are, in order:

rising phase, repolarization phase, hyperpolarization phase

Dorsal root axons are sensory unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the dorsal

root ganglia.

The receptive fields of most retinal ganglion cells are roughly

round.

Which of the following are involuntary fixational eye movements?

saccades

The transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons is called

saltatory conduction.

Illustrated here is one phase of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task. It is the

sample phase.

Cocaine and amphetamines in high doses can produce a temporary disorder that is similar to

schizophrenia.

Scientists study past ice ages, evolution, neural inhibition, gravity, evaporation, and thinking by

scientific inference.

The empirical method that biopsychologists and other scientists use to study the unobservable is

scientific inference.

The absorption spectrum of rhodopsin closely corresponds to the

scotopic spectral sensitivity curve.

Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be association cortex because it receives substantial sensory input from the

secondary areas of more than one sensory system.

Prestriate cortex and inferotemporal cortex are considered to be areas of

secondary visual cortex.

Persons with a visual agnosia

see objects but can't identify them

The ability to focus on only a small subset of the stimuli that are being received by sensory organs is called

selective attention.

The advantage of presynaptic facilitation and inhibition (compared to EPSPs and IPSPs) is that they can

selectively influence one particular synapse rather than the entire presynaptic neuron.

Areas of the brain that analyze the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis.

semantic

Areas of the brain that interpret the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis.

semantic

Which of the following contains the receptors of the vestibular system?

semicircular canals

The simple process of detecting the presence of stimuli is often referred to as

sensation.

Which of the following functions does the cerebellum play a role in?

sensorimotor and cognitive functions

A recent structural MRI study of the brains of children with Tourette's disorder revealed thinning of the gray matter in the

sensorimotor cortex

The neurons of the dorsal roots are

sensory

Studies of the septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as

septal defensiveness.

The Wernicke-Geschwind model is a

serial model

A system in which information is conducted in a single route through its various components, like a string through beads, is called a

serial system.

Which of the following is an indoleamine neurotransmitter?

serotonin

The abbreviation 5-HT stands for

serotonin. dopamine.

The primary symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is

severe memory loss

Lester and Gorzalka developed a clever way to control for what confounded variable?

sexual fatigue of males

Decorticate cats display

sham rage.

The hippocampus is

shaped like a sea horse in cross section

When the pupils are constricted, the image falling on each retina is ___________ and there is a greater ____________.

sharper; depth of focus

The main support for the linguistic theory of cerebral asymmetry comes from the observation that only left-hemisphere lesions disrupt

sign language

Metabotropic receptors are linked to

signal proteins and G proteins.

Some primary visual cortex neurons have receptive fields that can be divided into static "on" and "off" areas separated by straight edges. These primary visual cortex neurons are

simple cells

A difficulty in attending visually to more than one object at a time is known as visual

simultanagnosia.

26. Left-handers are also known as

sinestrals

The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system and the anterolateral system both carry sensory information from the

skin.

Two Process Model of Sleep Regulation

sleep process s (adenosine - caffeine ) -Sleep deprive Animal 1, and extract CSF•Inject Animal 2 with Animal 1's "sleepy CSF", animal 2 fall asleep cardiac process c -Free RunningCircadian Rhythms

Remarkably, naming famous faces, animals, and tools seems to be associated with activity in

slightly different areas of the left temporal lobe

The parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei get their name from the fact that the neurons in these layers are

small

Parvocellular is to magnocellular as

small is to big.

In rats, lateral attack is a component of

social aggression

Which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species?

social aggression

The end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the

sodium channels close.

The rising phase of an action potential begins when the ____________ and ends when the _____________.

sodium channels open; sodium channels close

The main medullary nucleus of the gustatory system is the

solitary nucleus.

The ____________________ is the part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment. It is composed of __________ nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system and _________ nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.

somatic nervous system; afferent; efferent

Astereognosia and asomatognosia are the two major types of

somatosensory agnosia.

The descending PAG-raphé-dorsal-column circuit has been hypothesized to mediate

some types of analgesia

In canaries, the anterior forebrain pathway mediates

song learning.

The hippocampus plays a major role in memory for

spatial location.

Hippocampal lesions in rats reliably disrupt the performance of tasks that involve memory for

spatial locations.

The hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for

spatial locations.

Theoretically, Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as

speech production is to language comprehension.

Who won a Nobel Prize for his research on split-brain patients?

sperry

Most neurons of the dorsal root synapse in the

spinal cord.

Most of the neurons of the anterolateral system decussate in the

spinal cord.

Investigators have studied the contribution of eye movements to vision by studying the effects of

stabilized retinal images.

Subordination stress is most readily investigated in species that form

stable dominance hierarchies.

Sleep Architecture

stages fully cycle every 90min but N3/REM composition changes Deprivation of N3 or REM Leads to Rebound on Subsequent Nights

Neocortex contains two fundamentally different kinds of neurons: pyramidal cells and

stellate cell

Terrell was in an automobile accident and suffered damage to his primary somatosensory cortex. Since the accident, he has been unable to identify items by touch when they are placed in his hand. Terrell appears to have a deficit in

stereognosis

The identification of objects by touch is

stereognosis.

The main difference between simple cortical cells and lower layer IV neurons is that the borders between the "on" and "off" regions of the receptive fields of simple cortical cells are ____________ rather than ______________.

straight; circular

Hans Selye was the first to describe the

stress response.

One factor that increases the susceptibility of the stomach wall to damage from Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) appears to be

stress.

The adult neurogenesis of hippocampal cells is reduced by

stress.

Patients with Tourette's disorder tend to have smaller _________ volumes.

striatal

Another name for primary visual cortex is

striate cortex.

Together, the caudate and the putamen compose the

striatum

In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals

submission.

When conspecific threat becomes an enduring feature of daily life, the result is

subordination stress

The relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing

subordination stress.

A.T. is a woman with selective damage to her dorsal visual stream. She has

substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control

Big is to small as fissures are to

sulci

Exceptions to the usual tonotopic organization of the auditory system are the deep layers of the ______________, which are laid out according to auditory space.

superior colliculus

The line on this illustration of the human brain points to the

superior temporal gyrus

Individuals who have lost their ability to correctly pronounce words based on their specific memories of the words are said to suffer from

surface

Mary is dyslexic. Most of her errors involve the misapplication of common rules of English pronunciation; for example, she pronounces "have" as if it rhymed with "cave." Mary has __________ dyslexia.

surface

There are two major categories of acquired dyslexia:

surface and deep.

The color and brightness of large unpatterned surfaces are not directly perceived; they are filled in or completed by a process called

surface interpolation.

How is sleep measured?

survey Actigraphy Polysomnography EEG (scalp/brain)EOG (eyes)EMG (chin muscle)

olfactory receptor cells

survive for only a few weeks and are replaced by new ones.

In one experiment, a male hamster intruder was converted from the object of assassination to an object of lust by

swabbing it with the vaginal secretions of an ovulating female.

Here is a summary of the two-system view of the stress response. Which label is missing?

sympathetic nervous system

The adrenal cortex was identified by Selye as important in the stress response; today's theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the

sympathetic nervous system.

Neurotransmitters are often stored in

synaptic vesicles.

Small-molecule neurotransmitters are typically synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal button and packaged in ________________ by the button's _________________.

synaptic vesicles; Golgi complex

With respect to neurotransmitters, which of the following is a correct sequence?

synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake

Acetylcholine is

synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule.

78. One theory of why lateralization of function evolved is that there are two fundamentally different modes of thinking, each requiring different neural circuitry. These two modes of thinking are referred to as

synthetic and analytic.

The optogenetic identification of an engram cell typically involves two stages in sequence: first a _________________ stage and then a ______________ stage.

tagging; manipulate

The _______________ concept is the idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own.

target-site

Stress disrupts the performance of

tasks mediated by the hippocampus

Taste receptors typically occur in clusters of 50 to 100. These clusters are called

taste buds.

ageusia is very rare, presumably because

taste information from the mouth is carried via three separate sensory pathways.

Resting on the auditory hair cells is the

tectorial membrane.

The inferior and superior colliculi compose the

tectum

Three major structures in the __________ of the brain are named after colors (red, black, and grey).

tegmentum

In humans and in other higher vertebrates, the ____________ undergoes the greatest growth during development.

telencephalon

In the developing brain, the _________________ is anterior to the diencephalon.

telencephalon

The limbic system and basal ganglia are, for the most part, in the

telencephalon

Which of the following is NOT in the brain stem?

telencephalon

The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a classic study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) in which the memory for __________ was assessed

television shows that played for only one year

All signals from the right visual field reach the left primary visual cortex, either ipsilaterally from the _______________ of the left eye or contralaterally from the ____________ of the right eye.

temporal hemiretina; nasal hemiretina

The longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres. Which lobe does not border it?

temporal lobe

Evidence suggests that the naming of different categories of nouns (such as faces, animals, or tools) is each mediated by a different part of the

temporal lobe.

When postsynaptic potentials produced in rapid succession at the same synapse sum, it is known as

temporal summation

Because H.M.'s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus

temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site.

The lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei are all nuclei of the

thalamus.

The limbic system rings the

thalamus.

The mediodorsal nuclei, which are often damaged in cases of Korsakoff's amnesia, are nuclei of the

thalamus.

Biopsychology developed into a major neuroscientific discipline in

the 20th century.

The first neural stain revealed the silhouettes of a few neurons on a slide; it is

the Golgi stain

Italian speakers are less likely than English speakers to be diagnosed with dyslexia because

the Italian language has fewer phonemes.

The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called

the Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

A compelling illustration of contrast enhancement is

the Mach band demonstration.

The first neural stain that permitted neuroanatomists to view some aspects of the inner structure of a neuron was

the Nissl stain

Neurons do not normally fire more than 1,000 times per second because

the absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond.

Exocytosis of small-molecule neurotransmitters involves

the activation of voltage-activated calcium channels.

Vaccination is often an effective preventive measure because

the adaptive immune system has a memory.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the visual form of a read word is translated into a meaningful auditory code by

the angular gyrus.

This split-brain patient was asked to reach under the ledge with her left hand and select the object that appeared on the screen. She selected

the apple

Wernicke reasoned that damage to ______________ would produce a type of aphasia that he called "conduction aphasia."

the arcuate fasciculus

Which of the following can be found in large numbers at the blind spot?

the axons of retinal ganglion cells

The soma is

the cell body.

The most commonly used measure of stress is

the circulating levels of glucocorticoids.

Blanchard and Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using

the colony intruder model of aggression and defense.

The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called

the comparative approach

The identification and study of the various areas in the left cerebral cortex that participate in language-related activities is generally referred to as the study of

the cortical localization of language.

A neuron normally fires when

the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation.

· A major shortcoming of case-study research is that

the degree to which the results can be generalized is unclear

The results of Ekman and Friesen's (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested to them that

the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures

Broca's area is located in the cortex of the left hemisphere in an area known as

the frontal operculum.

A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between

the inside and outside of a cell.

Broca's area roughly corresponds to

the left frontal operculum

The motor theory of the lateralization of cerebral function is that

the left hemisphere has become specialized for the control of fine motor movements, including speech.

The existence of complementary color afterimages supports

the opponent-process theory.

Research on the lateralization of emotion in humans using functional brain imaging suggests that the degree to which it is lateralized to the right hemisphere depends on

the particular brain structure under investigation.

The phenomenon of color constancy makes the point that

the perceived color of an object is not solely determined by the wavelengths of light that it reflects.

Color vision is mediated by

the photopic system

High-acuity vision is mediated by

the photopic system

The early reports that the prefrontal lobotomy was therapeutically effective were based on the impressions of the individuals who were the least objective:

the physicians who had prescribed the surgery.

Most efforts to identify interhemispheric differences in brain anatomy have focused on the size of three areas of cortex that are important for language:

the planum temporale, the frontal operculum, and Heschl's gyrus.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the neural output of the left frontal operculum (e.g., Broca's area) goes to

the primary motor cortex.

Most lateral geniculate neurons terminate in

the primary visual cortex cortical layer IV

The analgesia-mediating axons descending in the dorsal columns originate in

the raphé nucleus.

Tryon is famous for

the rats

The left hemisphere plays a greater role in controlling the left hand than

the right hemisphere does in controlling the right hand.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

the same

The study of lateralization of function has focused on the right hemisphere because

the special abilities of the left hemisphere have been more apparent.

To account for the fact that H.M.'s bilateral medial temporal lobectomy produced retrograde amnesia only for those events that occurred in the few years just before his surgery, it was suggested that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical store. This theory became known as

the standard consolidation theory.

The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as

the stress response.

Both the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus are in

the temporal lobe.

Which prefrontal lobotomy procedure is illustrated by this drawing?

the transorbital prefrontal lobotomy

The semicircular canals are the receptive organs of

the vestibular system

H.M.'s case showed us that

there is a difference between implicit and explicit forms of memory.

When a light is shone in the periphery of the receptive field of an on-center cell,

there is an immediate period of inhibition and then a burst of firing when the light is turned off.

The destruction of a single dorsal root typically produces little somatosensory loss because

there is considerable overlap of projections from adjacent dermatomes.

Much of the interest in the chemical senses stems from the fact that

they play important roles in the social lives of many species.

Evidence indicates that the brain damage associated with Korsakoff's syndrome is at least partially due to

thiamine deficiency

The cerebral aqueduct connects the

third and fourth ventricles

Fear is the emotional reaction to

threat

In perceiving sound, the complexity of the molecular vibrations is most closely linked to perceptions of

timbre

In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information

to the CNS

If an object is moving to the left at a constant speed and you are rotating your eyes to the left at twice the speed, you will see the object moving

to the left.

The visual system is to retinotopic as the auditory system is to

tonotopic.

The auditory system is organized

tonotopically

Primate auditory cortex is organized

tonotopically.

The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are

too small to be seen with the naked eye. less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.

The parvocellular component of the retina-geniculate-striate system runs through the __________ layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei.

top 4

The mechanisms of selective attention are

top down bottom up

Endogenous attention is mediated by

top-down mechanisms.

The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system is particularly responsive to

touch and proprioception.

Dorsal columns are to anterolateral pathways as

touch is to temperature and pain

The myelencephalon is composed largely of

tracts

Transduction refers to the

translation of one form of energy to another.

Research that tries to discover how pure research can best be applied to the solution of practical human problems is called

translational

Research that aims to translate the findings of pure research into useful applications for humankind is known as

translational research.

Peptide neurotransmitters (i.e., neuropeptides) are synthesized in the cell body and

transported in vesicles along microtubules to the buttons.

Mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane are known as

transporters.

Sodium-potassium pumps are

transporters.

Most primates are ______________, whereas most other mammals are _______________.

trichromats; dichromats

The hypothesis that synaptic transmission depends on communication among three cells (presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and astrocyte) is referred to as the

tripartite synapse.

Unlike most other vertebrates, primates have

two eyes side by side on the front of the head.

There are three kinds of spatial summation and

two kinds of temporal summation.

The primary tastes are assumed to be sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and

umami.

There seem to be five primary tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and

umami.

The cocktail-party phenomenon refers to your ability to "focus on" a specific conversation at a cocktail party while

unconsciously monitoring other conversations.

When insufficient neurotransmitter is released at a synapse, there is often a compensatory __________ of the receptors.

up regulation

The results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are, in fact,

vacillating between attack and defense.

According to the text, the main problem with the analytic-synthetic theory of cerebral asymmetry is its

vagueness.

In cross section, spinal gray matter has four arms; among these are the two

ventral horns

In transient global amnesia, there is

virtually always anterograde amnesia for explicit memories.

The receptive field of a visual neuron is the area of the

visual field within which the suitable visual stimulus can influence the firing of the neuron.

Recent studies of the function of primary visual cortex neurons using natural visual scenes rather than simple artificial stimuli have discovered that

visual neurons are plastic: As a background scene changes, the way that a neuron responds to elements in its receptive field change

Mach bands are perceived because

visual receptors adjacent to an edge on the more intense side receive less lateral inhibition than do receptors farther from that edge, and because visual receptors adjacent to the edge on the less intense side receive more lateral inhibition than do receptors farther from that edge.

Difficulty in attending to more than one visual object at a time is

visual simultanagnosia

The functions of the occipital cortex are largely

visual.

The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of

voltage-activated ion channels.

The discovery of the Golgi stain

was accidental. was one of the major early breakthroughs in the study of the nervous system.

Chlorpromazine

was originally developed as an antihistamine.

Each olfactory receptor cell survives for a few

weeks

23. Kimura argued that although signals from each ear are projected to both hemispheres, the contralateral connections take precedence

when different sounds from the two ears are simultaneously competing for access to the same cortical auditory circuits.

Depth of focus is normally greater

when the pupils are constricted

According to one theory, the dorsal stream is involved in the perception of __________________ and the ventral stream is involved in the perception of ___________________.

where objects are; what objects are

_______________ matter is composed largely of myelinated axons

white

Aphasia is typically associated with

widespread damage

In functional brain-imaging studies, emotional situations typically produce

widespread increases of cerebral activity, not just in the amygdalae and prefrontal cortex.

In the ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry on the learning of a visual discrimination by split-brain cats, when the eye patch was shifted to the other eye, the performance of all cats

with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to 50% correct.

H.M.'s digit span performance was

within the normal range

The ability to refrain from visiting an arm of the radial arm maze more than once on a given test is a measure of __________ memory.

working

The muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the

zygomaticus major.

So Why Do We Sleep?

•Adaptation/Energy Conservation Theories Restoration Theories Brain Plasticity Theories