Neuroscience Final
Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the
"Limbic"
sleep
"Sleep is a reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment."
So Why Do We Sleep?
"Sleep produces complex neurochemical baths that improve our brains in various ways. And it 'restocks the armory of our immune system, helping fight malignancy, preventing infection, and warding off all manner of sickness.' In other words, sleep greatly enhances our evolutionary fitness—just in ways we can't see."
A term that refers to higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, and attention is
"cognition."
In contrast to the "where" vs. "what" theory, Goodale and Milner have argued that the respective functions of the dorsal and ventral streams are
"control of behavior" vs. "conscious perception."
Another word for "integration" is
"summation."
When rats are NOT sure where they are, their place cells fire in accordance with where they
"think" they are.
Cell bodies of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system are in the
. midbrain. b. substantia nigra. c. ventral tegmental area. d.all of the above
Stressed individuals are more likely than unstressed individuals to report being ill. This may occur because
.a. they expect to be more ill. b. illness while stressed is more uncomfortable. c. stress contributed to the cause of the illness. d.all of the above
How many gene therapies are currently in widespread routine clinical use?
0
Of the 214 aphasic patients in the classic Hecaen and Angelergues's study, how many displayed disorders of language that were purely expressive (i.e., Broca's aphasia) or purely expressive (i.e., Wernicke's aphasia)?
0
How many types of receptor protein molecules are contained by each olfactory receptor cell?
1
The human brain weighs about
1.3 kilograms (2.9 pounds).
Although adults have difficulty discriminating among many language sounds that are not present in the languages that they speak, ___________ can discriminate among the sounds of all languages.
10 month
With respect to the maximum speed of axonal conduction in motor neurons, cats are to humans as
100 is to 60 meters per second.
Approximately what proportion of healthy people experience infantile amnesia?
100%
Darwin's theory of evolution was published in
1859
about what proportion of pregnancies' is associated with clinical depression
19
According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about
1949
One of the major turning points in the study of the neuropsychology of memory was the year H.M. had his operation:
1953.
17. How many injections of sodium amytal are administered during a conventional sodium amytal test?
2
The incidence of developmental dyslexia in English-speaking children is __________ in boys than girls.
2 to 3 times greater
For humans, sounds are those molecular vibrations between about __________ hertz.
20 and 20,000
There is considerable phenotypic variation in other symptoms.
30-50 anxiety/mood 25 intellectual disability 30 seizures sleep/digestive/allergies/epilepsy
Evidence suggests that humans have about __________ different types of olfactory receptors.
300
How many left ventral roots are there in the human body?
31
Pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord at _________ different levels of the spine
31
How many ventricles are there in the brain?
4
Microorganisms of every description revel in the warm, damp, nutritive climate of your body. However, your body has ____ lines of defense to keep it from being overwhelmed.
4
The first hominins are thought to have evolved about
4 million
Neuropeptides are transported in vesicles from the cell body to the buttons at a speed of about
40 centimeters per day.
In the U.S. alone, more than __________ psychiatric patients have received a prefrontal lobotomy.
40,000
What proportion of the digits recognized by healthy volunteers in the conventional dichotic listening test are typically those presented to the right ear?
55
20. How many digits are presented during one trial of the conventional dichotic listening test of language lateralization?
6
In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about
60 meters per second
Evidence suggests that complex multicellular, water-dwelling organisms first appeared on earth
600 million years ago.
How many individual dorsal roots are there in the human nervous system?
62
About what proportion of human cerebral cortex is neocortex?
90
About ___ of the axons of retinal ganglion cells become part of the retina-geniculate-striate pathways.
90 percent
Phenothiazines bind effectively to
A) Di receptors. B) D2 receptors. E) both A and B
Active conduction is to passive conduction as
APs are to EPSPs
_________________ is a deficiency in the ability to see movements progress in a normal, smooth fashion.
Akinetopsia
____________ are the neurotransmitters in the vast majority of fast-acting directed synapses in the central nervous system.
Amino acids
________________ produces a temporary disorder that resembles schizophrenia
Amphetamine
_______________ tracing methods are used to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area.
Anterograde
________________________ cortex is an area of cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system.
Association
Inability to recognize objects by touch:
Astereognosis
Which of the following is true with respect to atropine?
Atropine is a receptor blocker.
_________ are metabotropic receptors that have unconventional characteristics. For example, they bind to their neuron's own neurotransmitter molecules.
Autoreceptors
Wake N1
Awake, resting "alpha waves" Asleep (N1)"theta waves"
Antibodies are manufactured by a class of lymphocytes called
B cells.
How is sleep regulated by neural processes?
B) Cerveau isoléA) encéphale isolé
_______________ refers to the ability of certain patients to respond to visual stimuli in their scotomas even though they have no conscious awareness of the stimuli.
Blindsight
In which of the following ways is the firing of a neuron like the firing of a gun?
Both are triggered by graded responses.
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, during speech, the output of Wernicke's area is transmitted to
Broca's area.
Microglia are phagocytes of the
CNS
According to the ____________________, emotional stimuli excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
Cannon-Bard theory
________ is continuously produced by the choroid plexuses.
Cerebrospinal fluid
___________________ occurs because, contrary to our impression, when we view a scene, we have absolutely no memory for parts of the scene that are not the focus of our attention.
Change blindness
____________ proteins are proteins through which certain molecules can pass.
Channel
________________ bypass damage to the auditory hair cells by converting sounds picked up by a microphone on the patient's ear to electrical signals, which are then conducted directly to the cochlea.
Cochlear implants
_____________________ is a division of biopsychology that investigates the neural bases of human cognition; its major method is functional brain imaging.
Cognitive neuroscience
_________________ constancy refers to the fact that the perceived color of an object is not solely a function of the wavelengths reflected by it.
Color
__________________ are biopsychologists who study the genetics, evolution, and adaptiveness of behavior, often by using the comparative approach
Comparative psychologists
5. __________ was the first to report evidence of the lateralization of language function, but he received little or no recognition for his insightful observations.
Dax
Who reported discovering a caudate taming center?
Delgado
Slow Wave Sleep (N3)
Delta Waves
The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by
Descartes.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
Desynchronized EEG" +Rapid Eye Movements+ +Muscle Atonia
What if you get light at the wrong time?
Disrupts melatonin secretion from pineal gland
Remarkable adaptations sleep
Dolphins unihemispheric sleep •Some birds sleep with one eye open •Elephants sleep standing up (most of the time)
Descartes
Dualism (mind and body are separate) - church
The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the
Duchenne smile.
A change in the resting membrane potential from -70 mV to -68 mV would be considered a(n)
EPSP.
Which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression?
Ekman
______________________ are neurotransmitters that are similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana.
Endocannabinoids
Who was responsible for popularizing the use of the transorbital lobotomy
Freeman
Rhodopsin is a(n) ____________________ that responds to light rather than to neurotransmitter molecules.
G-protein-coupled receptor
Which is considered to be the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?
GABA
Which of the following are amino acid neurotransmitters?
GABA
Whose name is most associated with tamping irons?
Gage
Which of the following investigators, along with Sperry, played a major role in testing the original series of human split-brain patients?
Gazzaniga
What causes ASD?
Genetics: -strong -h2 = 90% -MZ 60% 4:1 male Pathology: many brain areas involved •amygdala, PFC, cerebellum
Evidence for Brain Restoration During Sleep
Glymphatic System (alzhiemers)
The __________________ stain will invade only a few neurons in each slice of tissue and color each invaded neuron entirely black.
Golgi
Neurotransmitter molecules are often packaged in vesicles by
Golgi complexes.
____________ matter is composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.
Gray
________________ cells are entorhinal neurons that each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper.
Grid
R.B.'s amnesia was similar to
H.M.'s amnesia, but less severe
The concept of a generalized stress response was developed by
Hans Selye.
The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing "The Organization of Behavior" is
Hebb
Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as
IPSPs are to EPSPs.
Projections to the visual cortex from the lateral geniculate nuclei terminate in cortical layer
IV.
Rats have one advantage over monkeys in the study of medial temporal lobe amnesia:
In rats, the hippocampus can readily be aspirated without substantial medial temporal cortex damage.
Evidence for Brain Plasticity During Sleep
Increased Glucose Metabolism in REM Place cells re-play when sleeping!
________________ are specialized pores in neural membranes through which ions can pass
Ion channels
____________________ are associated with ligand-activated ion channels, whereas __________________ are associated with signal proteins and G proteins
Ionotropic receptors; metabotropic receptors
Which of the following is a feature of long-term potentiation (LTP) that Hebb argued was an important property of learning and memory?
It can last for a long time.
Which of the following is thought to confer a survival advantage?
It is more efficient for the neurons performing a particular function to be concentrated in one hemisphere.v
Neurons that respond only to specific individuals or objects have been discovered in the human brain. These have been termed concept cells or
Jennifer Aniston neurons
N2
K complexes" sleep spindles
According to the theory of Hodgkin and Huxley,
K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron
The ________________________ syndrome includes the following behaviors: the consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects, a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth, and a lack of fear.
Klüver-Bucy
Which of the following is synthesized directly from tyrosine?
L-dopa
Parkinson's disease is treated with
L-dopa.
Illustrated here is a neural circuit in which __________ is commonly studied.
LTP
Evidence shows that the NMDA receptor is involved in
LTP at some synapses.
The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and
Lange.
Michel Siffre - Cave Studies
Lived underground in isolation in Midnight Cave in Texas for six months. He lost track of time by25 days. His sleep/wake cycles lasted between 18-52 hours. He grew depressed and suicidal.
Akinetopsia is associated with damage to
MT/V5
Nonexistent stripes of lightness and darkness that accentuate the perception of edges are often called
Mach band
Which of the following is a property of cerebral neurons that is not shared by motor neurons?
Many cerebral neurons fire continually even when they receive no input.
________________ refers to the modulation of the ability to induce LTP at particular synapses.
Metaplasticity
_____________ are glial cells that respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells.
Microglia
Who was awarded a Nobel Prize for the development of prefrontal lobotomy as a treatment for psychiatric disorders?
Moniz
The principle that precedence should be given to the simplest interpretation of a behavior when more than one interpretation is possible is called
Morgan's canon
When there are several possible interpretations for a behavioral observation, the rule is to give precedence to the simplest one; this rule is called
Morgan's canon.
In the ____________________ water maze, intact rats placed at various locations in a circular pool of murky water rapidly learn to swim to a stationary platform hidden just below the surface
Morris
Which test involves the use of a hidden platform?
Morris water maze
The version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for rats, that most closely resembles that for monkeys, was developed by
Mumby
With respect to the study of amnesia, R.B. is to the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus as
N.A. is to the medial diencephalon.
ketamine is
NMDA
Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more
Na+ ions.
In resting neurons, there are more _____ ions outside the cell than inside, and more ______ ions inside than outside.
Na+; K+
____________ dyes are often used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area.
Nissl
What do Hubel, Sperry, Axelrod, Moniz, Pavlov, and Golgi have in common? They are all
Nobel Prize winners
_________________ are substances (drugs, supplements, herbal extracts, etc.) that are thought to improve memory
Nootropics
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the
PNS and the CNS.
The largest and deepest cutaneous receptors are the
Pacinian corpuscles.
____________________ processing is the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network.
Parallel
"Reptilian stare" is sometimes used to describe the widely opened, unblinking eyes and motionless face of
Parkinson's disease
Deterioration of the pathway from the substantia nigra to the striatum is often found in cases of
Parkinson's disease.
_______________ neurons are particularly responsive to color, fine pattern details, and stationary or slowly moving objects; in contrast, ________________ neurons are particularly responsive to movement.
Parvocellular; magnocellular
The first large-scale cortical electrical stimulation studies of conscious human patients were conducted under the supervision of
Penfield.
Evidence for Cognitive Restoration During Sleep
Performance after 28 hrs awake matches that of legal intoxication (BAC=.10) Drowsy driving causes 17% of fatal car accidents
______________ vision predominates in good lighting and provides high-acuity colored perceptions of the world. In contrast, the more sensitive ______________ vision predominates in low lighting
Photopic; scotopic
Which of the following analogies best exemplifies the speed at which postsynaptic potentials travel from their site of origin?
Postsynaptic potentials travel like electrical signals along a cable.
_________________ is a visual agnosia for faces.
Prosopagnosia
____________ means closer to the CNS, and _______ means farther from the CNS.
Proximal; distal
This effect can be observed during the transition from photopic to scotopic vision.
Purkinje effect
________________ are large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies.
Pyramidal cells
The study of which of the following amnesic patients seemed to provide particularly strong evidence of the involvement of the hippocampus in memory?
R.B
Which of the following amnesic patients suffered what appeared to be selective bilateral damage to the CA1 subfield of the hippocampal pyramidal-cell layer?
R.B.
Which of the following patients suffered ischemia-produced hippocampal damage?
R.B.
_____________________ methods are used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area.
Retrograde tracing
Many of the early studies of the split brain were conducted in the laboratory of
Roger Sperry
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
SCN neurons are inactive at night, start to fire at dawn, and fire at a slow steady pace all day Removal doesn't change sleep duration, but it affects many rhythms .Transplanting SCN changes rhythms in hamsters Retinohypothalamic Pathway
The neurons of the ventral posterior nucleus project to
SI, SII, and the posterior parietal cortex
CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to
Schwann cells
___________ memories are memories for general facts or information; ______________ memories are memories for the particular events.
Semantic; episodic
Where in the brain is sleep/wake controlled?
Sleep: Damage to the anterior hypothalamus causes severe insomnia Wake: Reticular Formation Both show mutual inhibitions
According to the text, which of the following statements is true?
Some evidence suggests that the brains of females are less lateralized than those of males
________ nerves stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations
Sympathetic
Cell-mediated immunity is directed by ____________, whereas antibody-mediated immunity is directed by __________.
T cells; B cells
__________ are found in __________, which are often located around small protuberances called __________.
Taste receptors; taste buds; papillae
___________ produced by electroconvulsive shock in humans and other animals.
Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia are
Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia provide evidence for
Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia provide evidence for
Research on ASD and vaccines(NIH and CDC)
The committee concluded that the body of epidemiological evidence favors rejection of •a causal relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism. •a causal relationship between thimerosal‐containing vaccines and autism
The hierarchical organization of sensory systems is apparent from a comparison of the effects of damage to various levels:
The higher the level of damage, the more specific and complex the deficit.
Which of the following is a premise that characterizes the cognitive neuroscience approach to language?
The use of language is mediated by widespread activity in all the areas of the brain that participate in the cognitive processes involved in the particular language-related behavior.
Vaccines and ASD
There is NO link between vaccinations and diagnosis of autism •Wakefield(1998) study that suggested a link between MMR and autism was poorly controlled, and misrepresented or fabricated patient histories •Other studies found similarly lacking in scientific credibility
Serotonin is synthesized from
Tryptophan
__________________ is a genetic disorder that often results in calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial-temporal-lobe structures in both hemispheres.
Urbach-Wiethe disease
Who were the neurosurgeons who performed the first major series of commissurotomies for the treatment of intractable epilepsy?
Vogel and Bogen
The left planum temporale roughly corresponds to
Wernicke's area
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, when we read, the output of the angular gyrus is transmitted to
Wernicke's area.
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, word salad results from damage to
Wernicke's area.
the Z lens was developed by
Zaidel.
A peg-like, cytochrome-oxidase-rich column of dual-opponent color cells is called
a blob.
The most common neurological cause of anosmia is
a blow to the head.
Acetylcholine is created by the addition of an acetyl group to
a choline molecule.
Each amygdala is
a cluster of many nuclei.
Each hemisphere of a human split-brain patient is capable of completion. That is why on the chimeric figures test, each hemisphere sees
a complete, but different, face.
Ronda was assaulted by a robber so she kicked him. Her response is an example of
a defensive attack
There is now a general consensus that developmental dyslexia results from
a disturbance of phonological processing.
A fortification illusion often begins with
a gray area of blindness near the center of the visual field.
Lashley experienced an interesting completion effect: The face of his friend was replaced by the background wallpaper pattern. This occurred during
a migraine attack
Following his surgery, H.M. seemed to experience
a mild retrograde amnesia for events of the 2 years preceding the surgery.
Atropine is
a muscarinic antagonist
In humans and other primates, large bilateral auditory cortex lesions produce
a permanent deficit in the ability to localize sounds and discriminate frequencies
H.M. was
a person who had epilepsy.
One major difference between the amnesia associated with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome and that associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage is that patients with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome have
a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood.
In humans, severing the optic chiasm along the midline always produces
a scotoma.
The Coolidge effect refers to the fact that
a sexually-fatigued animal will often resume sexual activity if its current partner is replaced with a new one.
Cerebral ischemia is
a shortage of blood to the brain
This drawing illustrates
a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy
Currently, consolidation is thought to last
a very long time, if not indefinitely.
At delays of a few minutes or less, healthy control monkeys score about __________ correct on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task
a. 90%
______________, which is the main active ingredient of belladonna, is a receptor blocker that exerts its antagonist effect by binding to muscarinic receptors, thereby blocking the effects of acetylcholine on them.
a. Atropine
Which of the following is a nicotinic antagonist?
a. Botox b.curare
9. This cortical region, just anterior to the left primary motor cortex, is
a. Broca's area.
Which of the following are membrane potentials?
a. EPSPs b. IPSPs c. APs d. all of the above
Which of the following theories is the oldest?
a. James-Lange theory
Support for the hypothesis that long-term potentiation is the mechanism of memory came from the discovery that
a. LTP can be induced by levels of stimulation that mimic normal neural activity. b. LTP effects are prominent in neural structures that have been implicated in memory. c. behavioral conditioning can produce LTP-like effects. d. the induction of maximal LTP in the hippocampus blocks learning of the Morris-water-maze task. e.all of the above
Which of the following tasks is commonly used to study the spatial abilities of rats?
a. Morris water maze b. radial-arm maze
The conventional view that all tastes are encoded by various combinations of activity in five primary taste receptors has a problem:
a. No receptors have been discovered for salty and sour. b. Evidence suggests that there may be more than five primary tastes. c. Many tastes cannot be created from combinations of the five current primaries. d. Thirty receptors have been discovered for bitter. e.all of the above
On which of the following tests did H.M. display substantial long-term memory as indicated by improved performance?
a. Pavlovian conditioning test c.mirror-drawing test
On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted:
a. The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. b.There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state.
Botox is
a. a deadly poison. b. used to reduce tremors. c. a nicotinic antagonist. d.all of the above
In rats, boxing is
a. a defensive behavior. b.directed at attacking conspecifics.
The neuron membrane includes
a. a lipid bilayer. b. channel proteins. c. signal proteins. d.all of the above
At rest,
a. a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV. c. a neuron is polarized.
Action potentials can be conducted
a. actively. b. passively. c. orthodromically. d. antidromically. e.all of the above
Much of SII is
a. adjacent to SI. b. in the lateral fissure. c. in the parietal cortex. d.all of the above
Korsakoff's syndrome is typically associated with
a. amnesia. b. chronic alcohol consumption. c. damage to the medial diencephalon. d. confusion and personality changes. e.all of the above
Which of the following structures is considered to be part of the limbic system?
a. amygdala b. cingulate cortex c. septum d. mammillary body e. all of the above
The olfactory tracts project from the olfactory bulbs to the structure of the medial temporal lobes, particularly to the
a. amygdala.. c.piriform cortex.
The action potential is
a. an all-or-none response.
Opioids play a role in
a. analgesia. b.pleasure
Morphine is an
a. analgesic. b. opioid.
dual-opponent color cells
a. are found in blobs. b. respond best when the center of their receptive field is fully illuminated with one wavelength while the periphery is fully illuminated with another. c. have particularly high concentrations of cytochrome oxidase. d.all of the above
Gastric ulcers
a. are lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. b. are more common in people living in stressful situations.
In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that
a. are less diffuse. b.develop more rapidly.
In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors
a. are more prevalent. b. produce longer lasting effects. c. produce effects that are more diffuse. d. produce effects that take longer to develop. e.all of the above
The advantage of humans over other primates as subjects in biopsychological research is that they
a. are often cheaper. b. can report their subjective experiences. c. can follow verbal directions. d .all of the above
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression
a. are parallel processes. b. have no direct causal relation. c. are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli. d.all of the above
soluble-gas neurotransmitters
a. are synthesized in the neural cytoplasm. b. once synthesized, immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells. c. diffuse into target cells through their cell membranes. d. once in other cells, stimulate the synthesis of a second messenger and are immediately broken down. e.all of the above
In the rat, the target site for social aggression is the
a. back, near the base of the tail.
The research on smart pills with humans tends to
a. be of low quality. b. have few participants. c. have poor controls. d.all of the above
Second messengers can
a. be synthesized in response to activation of metabotropic receptors. b. influence metabolic activities of the cell. c. induce IPSPs or EPSPs. d. bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis. e.all of the above
The opponent theory appears to provide the best explanation of color coding at the
a. bipolar level. b. retinal ganglion cell level. c. cortical level. d. receptor level. e.all of the above
36. Visual information can be restricted to the right hemisphere of a laboratory animal by
a. blindfolding the left eye. b. cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. c. cutting the corpus callosum longitudinally. d.all of the above together
LTP is one of the most widely studied models of the physiology of memory because it
a. can last for a long time. c. depends on co-occurrence.
prosopagnosics
a. can usually recognize a face as a face. b. have difficulty telling one face from another. c. report seeing faces as a jumble of individual parts, rather than as a unitary whole. d.all of the above
The CSF circulates through the
a. central canal. b. lateral ventricles. c. subarachnoid space. d.all of the above
Some of the primary somatosensory cortex is in the
a. central fissure. b. lateral fissure. c. longitudinal fissure. d.all of the above
the receptors of the neuromuscular junction are
a. cholinergic. b.nicotinic.
The ___________________ is the fact that even when you are focusing so intently on one conversation that you are totally unaware of the content of other conversations going on around you, the mention of your name in one of the other conversations will immediately gain access to your consciousness.
a. cocktail party phenomenon
Common participants in the conduct of cognitive neuroscientific research are
a. cognitive psychologists. b. computer experts. c. biopsychologists. d. mathematicians. e. all of the above
16. The discovery of the lateralization of aphasia and apraxia led to the
a. concept of a dominant left hemisphere.
According to the cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language,
a. constituent cognitive processes of language are localized in the brain. b. the areas of the brain involved in language are not dedicated solely to that purpose.
Glial cells have been shown to
a. control the establishment and maintenance of synapses between neurons. b. contract or relax blood vessels. c. trigger inflammatory responses. d.all of the above
The case of D.F. provides strong support for Goodale and Milner's theory of the functions of the dorsal and ventral streams. D.F.
a. could respond accurately to things that she did not consciously see. b. has bilateral damage to her ventral prestriate area.
Sham rage is displayed by
a. decorticate cats. c. cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed.
The pattern called "off firing" involves a temporary
a. decrease in firing when the stimulus comes on. b. increase in firing when the stimulus goes off.
The transmission of EPSPs and IPSPs is
a. decremental.
Hubel and Wiesel's method of studying neural coding in sensory systems involves
a. defining the receptive fields of individual neurons. b. determining which stimuli have the most effect on the firing of an individual neuron when they are presented in its visual field. c. starting at the periphery of a system and progressively studying neurons at "higher" and "higher" levels of the system. d.all of the above
Unilateral excision of SI produces a contralateral deficit in the ability to
a. detect light touch. b. identify objects by touch.
19. The most widely used behavioral test of language lateralization for healthy volunteers is Kimura's adaptation of the
a. dichotic listening test.
The lateral geniculate nuclei, medial geniculate nuclei, and ventral posterior nuclei are all
a. diencephalic nuclei. b. thalamic nuclei. c. sensory relay nuclei. d.all of the above
Many binocular cells in the striate cortex
a. display ocular dominance. b.respond best to retinal disparity
Electrical stimulation of sites in the left neocortex of conscious human patients often
a. disrupts language-related abilities, even when applied to sites outside the areas of the Wernicke-Geschwind model. b. has similar disruptive effects at widely scattered sites. c. has different effects at the same sites in different patients. d.all of the above
The decision to treat "terminal" epilepsy patients with commissurotomy was made on the basis of previous comparative studies that had shown that
a. epileptic discharges spread from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum. b.commissurotomy has little disruptive effect on behavior outside contrived laboratory situations.
Evidence suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex plays a major role in the
a. expectation of pain. b. adaptive responses to minimize pain. c. emotional reaction to pain. d. perception of pain. e.all of the above
Hemianopsic patients who focus on the tip of a person's nose sometimes
a. experience completion. c. report seeing the entire face. e. both A and C
Hebb based his theory on
a. experiments on humans. b. experiments on animals. c. clinical case studies. d.all of the above
Darwin believed that
a. expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. b. expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. c. opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. d.all of the above
The somatosensory system is
a. exteroceptive. b. proprioceptive. c. interoceptive. d.all of the above
The cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language is based to a large degree on the following method:
a. fMRI. b.PET
Gustatory afferents leave the mouth as part of the
a. facial nerve. b. glossopharyngeal nerve. c. vagus nerve. d.all of the above
Which of the following cell types are in the human retina?
a. ganglion cells b. bipolar cells c. horizontal cells d.all of the above
An NMDA receptor does not respond maximally unless
a. glutamate binds to it. c. the postsynaptic neuron is already partially depolarized.
EPSPs are
a. graded responses. b. postsynaptic responses. c. transmitted decrementally. d.depolarizations. all of the above
4. Split-brain patients are those who
a. have been commissurotomized.
In comparison to simple cortical cells, complex cells
a. have larger receptive fields. b. do not have receptive fields with static "on" and "off" areas. c. are often bilateral. d.all of the above
Like simple cells, complex cortical cells
a. have rectangular receptive fields. b. respond best to straight-line stimuli in a particular orientation. c. are unresponsive to diffuse light. d. respond to contrast. e.all of the above
A major principle of sensory system organization is
a. hierarchical organization. b. functional segregation.
Long-term potentiation has been most frequently studied in the
a. hippocampus.
Overall, research has found the effects of testosterone on the aggressive behavior of humans to be inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that
a. hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species. b. the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species. c. testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone. d.all of the above
In retrospect, the major reason for the initial difficulty in developing an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia was that efforts focused on
a. implicit memory tests. c. the hippocampus.
Bavalier et al. (1997) used a particularly sensitive fMRI procedure to study reading. They found that the areas of cerebral activity
a. in individual volunteers were patchy. b. varied both from individual to individual and within individuals from trial to trial. c. were widespread over the lateral surfaces of brain. d.all of the above
According to the text, creative thinking about biopsychology is thinking
a. in new ways. b. in productive ways. c. in ways consistent with the evidence rather than with widely accepted views. d.all of the above
Parts of olfactory receptor cells can be observed
a. in the nasal passages. b. in the olfactory mucosa. c. passing through the cribriform plate. d. in the olfactory bulb. e.all of the above
The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks
a. indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. b.are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory.
The brightness of a light depends on its
a. intensity. b.wavelength
Nondirected synapses
a. involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid. b.include string-of-beads synapses
Cocaine hydrochloride
a. is a dopamine agonist. b. reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters.
Nitric oxide
a. is a soluble gas neurotransmitter. b. is considered to be an unconventional neurotransmitter. c. participates in retrograde synaptic transmission. d.all of the above
The somatic nervous system
a. is part of the PNS. b. participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment. a&b
adrenocorticotropic hormone
a. is released by the anterior pituitary. b. activates the adrenal cortex. c. increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. d.all of the above
The dominant male rat of a colony
a. is the alpha male. b. usually moves sideways toward a male intruder. c. usually directs lateral attacks at male intruders. d. usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder. e.all of the above
When rhodopsin is exposed to continuous intense light
a. it loses its red coloring. b. it loses its ability to absorb light. c. it becomes bleached. d.all of the above
Because cerebral lateralization is present in all five vertebrate classes, it must have fundamental survival advantages. It has been suggested that this advantage is that in some instances
a. it may be more efficient for neurons performing the same function to be localized in the same hemisphere. b.it may be easier for the brain to simultaneously perform two different analyses if they are housed in different hemispheres.
According to the retinex theory, the color of an object depends on
a. its reflectance. b. the proportion of light of different wavelengths that it reflects.
The assumption that cerebral lateralization is an exclusive feature of the hominin brain has been challenged by the discovery of
a. lateralization of function in early vertebrates. b. right-sided feeding preferences in all five classes of vertebrates. c. right handedness in nonhuman primates. d.all of the above
7. Broca's area is in the __________ cortex.
a. left frontal
10. Broca's area is in the
a. left hemisphere. b. frontal lobe. c. inferior prefrontal cortex. d.all of the abov
11. Apraxia is usually associated with
a. left-hemisphere lesions.
With respect to the visual system, a high degree of neural convergence is to a low degree of neural convergence as
a. low acuity is to high acuity. b.high sensitivity is to low sensitivity. a&b
The sensory organs of the vestibular system
a. maintain balance. b. activate one branch of cranial nerve VIII. c. are the semicircular canals. d.all of the above
37. Cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally produces blindness in the
a. medial half of each retina. b. right half of the visual field of the right eye. c. left half of the visual field of the left eye. d.all of the above
Dysfunction in the brains of Alzheimer's patients is often apparent in the
a. medial temporal lobe structures. b. basal forebrain. c. prefrontal cortex. d.all of the above
The striatum is thought to store
a. memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses. b. the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials (habit formation). c. memory for habits. d.all of the above
Thiamine-deficient rats display
a. memory deficits. b. brain damage. d. both a and b
Patients with large prefrontal lesions often display deficits in
a. memory for the temporal order of events. b.working memory
The reticular formation is in the core of the
a. mesencephalon. b. myelencephalon. c. metencephalon. d.all of the above
According to the text, the independence of the hemispheres of split-brain patients tends to be overestimated because
a. most published discussions of split-brain patient's focus on those cases in which independence is relatively complete. b. few studies have focused on emotional information, which is more readily transferred between separated hemispheres. c. most studies of split-brain patients have used simple tests, which are readily performed by one isolated hemisphere. d. all of the above
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by
a. networks of small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles. d. the choroid plexuses. e. both A and D
Neurons recycle
a. neurotransmitter molecules that have been drawn back into the terminal buttons after being released. b. the breakdown products of neurotransmitter molecules that have been degraded in the synapse by enzymes. c. vesicles that have been integrated into the button membrane during exocytosis. d.all of the above
The cutaneous somatosensory system responds to
a. nociceptive stimuli. b. thermal stimuli. c. mechanical stimuli. d.all of the above
The results of CT and structural MRI studies of aphasic patients indicate that
a. not all aphasic patients have damage to the classic Wernicke-Geschwind areas. b. most aphasics have extensive damage to subcortical white matter. c. few, if any, aphasics have damage restricted to the classic Wernicke-Geschwind areas. d. large anterior lesions tend to be associated with deficits in language expression, whereas large posterior lesions tend to be associated with deficits in language comprehension. e.all of the above
Hippocampal neurons have been implicated in
a. object-recognition memory. b. memory for spatial locations. c. coding the temporal aspects of an experience. d.all of the above
The ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry established that
a. one function of the corpus callosum is to transmit learned information between hemispheres. b. the key to studying the function of the cerebral commissures is to develop experimental procedures for presenting information to one hemisphere while keeping it out of the other. c. one hemisphere is capable of solving simple problems as rapidly as two hemispheres working together. d. the cerebral hemispheres are capable of functioning independently. e.all of the above
34. In healthy cats, monkeys, and humans, neural signals from the right eye can cross to the left hemisphere via the
a. optic chiasm. b.corpus callosum.
The anterolateral system is particularly responsive to
a. pain. b.temperature.
The vagus nerve is
a. part of the parasympathetic nervous system. b. the tenth cranial nerve. c. the longest cranial nerve. d. both sensory and motor. e.all of the above
Engram cells are neurons that
a. participate in storing a memory. b. have been productively studied with optogenetic technology.
Asomatognosia is the inability to recognize
a. parts of one's own body.
22. In order to establish that the dichotic listening test is a valid test of language lateralization, Kimura showed that
a. patients shown to be right-hemisphere dominant for speech by the sodium amytal test display a left-ear superiority for the recall of dichotically presented digits.
The first prefrontal lobotomy performed on a human was
a. performed by Lima. b. based on the study of Becky. c. performed with a leucotome. d.all of the above
The fovea
a. plays an important role in photopic vision. b. is an indentation. c. contains the highest density of cones. d.all of the above
Somatosensory signals are conducted to areas of association cortex in ____________ cortex.
a. prefrontal b.posterior parietal
There is a general consensus that the ____________ plays a major role in directing top-down attention
a. prefrontal cortex b.posterior parietal cortex
The ________ receives most of its input from the thalamic relay nuclei of a given sensory system.
a. primary sensory cortex
Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons?
a. random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients b. electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients
Chlorpromazine binds to dopamine receptors without activating them, and keeps dopamine from binding to them. Accordingly, chlorpromazine is classified as a
a. receptor blocker. c.dopamine antagonist.
Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are
a. receptor blockers. c.antagonists of the neurotransmitter.
Glial cells have been shown to
a. release chemical transmitters. b. contain receptors for neurotransmitters. c. conduct signals. d. influence synaptic transmission. e.all of the above
The testing of victims of concussion usually reveals that the patient has
a. retrograde amnesia for events that occurred just before the blow to their head. b.anterograde amnesia for many of the events that occurred during the period of confusion.
After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by
a. reuptake. b. enzymatic degradation.
In comparison to the photopic system, the scotopic system has more
a. rods. b. neural convergence. c. receptors in the periphery of the retina. d. sensitivity in dim illumination. e.all of the above
After the picture of a familiar object is flashed in the right visual field of a human split-brain patient, the patient can
a. say what the object was. b. reach into a bag with her right hand and select the object that was presented from a group of test objects.
Electrical stimulation of the left cerebral cortex of conscious patients can influence their speech in a variety of ways. Which of the following is NOT a commonly observed speech-related response to cortical stimulation? The patient
a. says an unintended phrase.
In addition to the memory deficits commonly observed in medial temporal lobe amnesics, predementia Alzheimer's patients commonly experience deficits in
a. short-term memory. b.implicit memory for verbal and perceptual material
Lymphocytes are
a. specialized white blood cells. b. produced in bone marrow. c. stored in the lymphatic system. d.all of the above
Which tract is part of the anterolateral somatosensory system?
a. spinoreticular tract b. spinothalamic tract c. spinotectal tract d.all of the above
Which of the following is a tract of the anterolateral system?
a. spinothalamic tract b. spinoreticular tract c. spinotectal tract d.all of the above
The anterolateral system comprises the
a. spinothalamic tract. b. spinoreticular tract. c. spinotectal tract. d.all of the above
Evidence for the existence of a descending pain-control circuit came from the finding that
a. stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia. b. the PAG contains opiate receptors. c. some opiates are endogenous. d.all of the above
The retina-geniculate-striate system terminates in the
a. striate cortex. b.primary visual cortex.
Transient global amnesia is defined by
a. sudden onset. b. the absence of an obvious cause.
The volunteers in the first experiments performed on split-brain humans had
a. suffered from severe cases of epilepsy. b.their corpus callosums severed.
Functional brain imaging studies of the role of human medial prefrontal cortex in emotion have often employed
a. suppression paradigms. c. reappraisal paradigms.
In studies that use _____________________, participants are directed to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures. In studies that use _________________, participants are instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it.
a. suppression paradigms; reappraisal paradigms
Current evidence suggests that some cases of blindsight may be mediated by
a. surviving islands of primary visual cortex. b. ascending pathways to secondary visual cortex that do not involve primary visual cortex.
Peptide neurotransmitters are
a. synthesized in the cell body. b. amino acid chains. c. large-molecule neurotransmitters. d.all of the above
The primary auditory cortex is in the
a. temporal lobe. b.lateral fissure
Which of the following medial diencephalic structures are commonly damaged in Korsakoff patients?
a. thalamus b. mediodorsal nuclei c. mammillary bodies d.all of the above
An advantage of biopsychological research on nonhuman animals as opposed to humans is that
a. the brains of nonhumans are simpler. b. there are fewer ethical constraints in studying nonhumans. c. research in several species makes it possible to use the comparative approach. d. all of the above
28. Sodium amytal tests have indicated that
a. the cerebral dominance for speech is more variable in left-handed individuals than in right-handed individuals. b. right-handers are more likely to be left-hemisphere dominant for speech than right-hemisphere dominant for speech.
The induction of LTP at glutaminergic synapses appears to require
a. the depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron. c.an influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron.
Experimental evidence suggests that the brain damage commonly observed in people who consume a lot of alcohol is caused by
a. the direct toxic effects of alcohol on the brain. b. thiamine deficiency. c. vitamin B1 deficiency. d.all of the above
"Broca's aphasia" and "Wernicke's aphasia" are confusing terms because
a. the disorders to which they refer rarely, if ever, exist in their pure forms. b. the disorders to which they refer do not usually result from damage to Broca's and Wernicke's areas, respectively. c. they are predictions of the Wernicke-Geschwind model rather than common neuropsychological disorders. d.all of the above
The re-experiencing of related patterns of sensory and motor neural activity during the experience of emotion is generally referred to as
a. the embodiment of emotions.
Handling rat pups for a few minutes per day during the first few weeks of their lives has permanent beneficial effects on the hippocampus. This effect occurs because
a. the handled rats receive extra grooming from their mothers.
Disruptions in immune function do not necessarily increase the incidence of infectious disease because
a. the immune system has many redundant components. b. disruptions in immune function may be too brief to affect susceptibility to infection. c. disruptions in immune function may trigger compensatory improvements to other aspects of immune function. d.all of the above
H.M.'s surgery was a success in that
a. the incidence of his seizures was markedly reduced. b. his IQ was increased. c. it became possible to reduce the level of his anticonvulsant medication. d.all of the above
The Pacinian corpuscle is
a. the largest cutaneous receptor. b. the most deeply positioned cutaneous receptor. c. fast adapting. d.all of the above
With respect to cerebral lateralization of function, evidence clearly shows that
a. the left hemisphere plays the greater role in many aspects of language in most people. b. the right hemisphere plays the greater role in many aspects of spatial perception in many people. c. lateralization of neither language nor spatial perception is total. d.all of the above
According to the analytic-synthetic theory of cerebral asymmetry,
a. the left hemisphere thinks in an analytic mode. b. the left hemisphere operates in a logical computer-like fashion. c. the right hemisphere is concerned with overall stimulus configuration and processes information in Gestalts or wholes. d. the left hemisphere abstracts relevant details and attaches verbal labels to them. e.all of the above
In contrast to the predictions of the Wernicke-Geschwind model, CT and structural MRI studies have identified aphasic patients who appear to have damage restricted to
a. the medial frontal lobes. b. the basal ganglia. c. subcortical white matter. d.all of the above
The myelencephalon is
a. the medulla. b. part of the hindbrain. c. part of the brain stem. d.all of the above
When the pupils are constricted,
a. the retinal image is usually sharper. b. there is usually greater depth of focus. c. vision is poor in dim illumination. d.all of the above
74. A major difficulty in studying the asymmetry of the cortical language areas is
a. their boundaries are unclear. b. they differ greatly from person to person. c. that it is unclear how anatomical asymmetries are related to functional asymmetries. d.all of the above
The defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of
a. their topography. b. the situations in which they occur. c. their apparent function. d.all of the above
Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that
a. there are six primary facial expressions of emotion. b. many facial expressions of emotion are mixtures of the six primary expressions.
Which of the following is a major theme of your text?
a. thinking creatively about biopsychology b. clinical implications c. the evolutionary perspective d. neuroplasticity e. all of the above
The specific areas of the cortex that are involved in emotion seem to
a. vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person.
The Kluver-Bucy syndrome
a. was first demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy. b. was first demonstrated in monkeys. c. has been observed in humans. d.all of the above
The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions
a. was published in 1872. b. was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. c. introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression. d. all of the above
A major contribution of H.M.'s case was the following: It
a. was the first to strongly implicate the medial temporal lobes in memory. b. effectively challenged the view that memorial functions are diffusely and equivalently distributed throughout the brain. c. provided support for the view that there are distinct modes of short-term and long-term storage. d. provided evidence of memory without conscious awareness. e.all of the above
Rattlesnakes can see in
a. what for humans would be complete darkness. c. infrared light. d.both A and C
Patients with prefrontal cortex damage often display deficits in
a. working memory. b. memory for the temporal order of events.
Which of the following is a correct statement about medial temporal lobe amnesics? They often have
a.medial temporal lobe pathology. c.a profile of mnemonic deficits similar to that of H.M.
Neuropathic pain is believed to be caused by
abnormal activity in the CNS.
The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential, when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron, is called the
absolute refractory period.
The ____________ refractory period is followed by the _________ refractory period.
absolute; relative
Brain abnormalities in ASD
accelerated brain growth and enlargement abnormal connectivity brain volume increased in: amy and PFC Social impairments in: PFC, amy, ACC Neuroligins and neurexins Neurotransmitter changes: serotonin, GABA, glutamate Oxytocin: pair bonding, parent-child attachment, protectiveness in females
The process of adjusting the configuration of the lenses to bring images into focus on the retina is called
accommodation
Which of the following is accomplished by the ciliary muscles?
accommodation
In the brains of Alzheimer's patients, the level of __________ is greatly reduced, resulting from degeneration of the basal forebrain.
acetylcholine
Which of the following is NOT a monoamine?
acetylcholine
There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is
acetylcholine.
The one enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse is
acetylcholinesterase.
Chemical communication among mammalian neurons often occurs
across synapses
The immune system has two components: the innate immune system and the __________ immune system.
adaptive
The retrograde amnesia associated with closed-head injury has been frequently studied in laboratory animals by
administering electroconvulsive shock
Selye concluded that stressors stimulate the release of ______________________ from the anterior pituitary, which in turn triggers the release of ______________ from the adrenal cortex.
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); glucocorticoids
Gustation is to olfaction as
ageusia is to anosmia
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
aggression
Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because
aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.
Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be _______________ of that neurotransmitter. Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be its ______________.
agonist; antagonist
Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter.
agonists
Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually
agonists of that neurotransmitter.
Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's autoreceptors without activating them are usually
agonists.
Translational research
aims to translate the findings of pure research into useful applications.
What neuropsychological disorder is associated with damage to the illustrated cortical area?
akinetopsia
Damage to the left angular gyrus has been implicated in some cases of
alexia and agraphia.
During the course of human evolution, there has been a general increase in the
all of the above
Evidence that the nucleus accumbens is involved in drug addiction comes from reports that
all of the above
Recent research suggests that, during the transition from initial drug taking to habitual drug taking,
all of the above
Several large scale studies have compared the effectiveness of various antidepressants to placebos. These studies have found that
all of the above
The bleaching of rhodopsin by light
all of the above
Rats can perform the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task
almost as well as monkeys at retention delays of up to a minute or so.
The colony-intruder model of aggression and defense has yielded rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggressive and defensive behaviors by studying the interactions between the _____________ of an established mixed-sex colony and a small ____________.
alpha male; male intruder
When a small intruder rat defends itself against the alpha male of the colony, it directs its defensive attacks at the
alpha's face.
The trichromatic theory of color vision is
also known as the component theory.
The major conclusion from the study by Paulesu and colleagues (2001) of Italian and English readers with developmental dyslexia was that
although dyslexia can manifest itself differently in people who speak different languages, the underlying neural pathology appears to be the same.
Axodendritic synapses
always terminate on dendrites.
Glycine, aspartate, and glutamate are
amino acid neurotransmitters. small-molecule neurotransmitters. transmitters at fast-acting, directed synapses. building blocks of proteins.
The loudness, pitch, and timbre of a sound are directly related to the __________, respectively, of the vibrations that produced it.
amplitude, frequency, and complexity
Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning.
amygdala
Involvement of the ______________ during memory formation may account for the fact that emotion-provoking events are remembered better than neutral events.
amygdala
Lesions to the medial geniculate or the ___________ block conventional auditory fear conditioning.
amygdala
The ____________ is thought to play a role in memory for the emotional significance of experiences.
amygdala
ASD and gaze aversion
amygdala hypersensitivity gaze the mouth instead of the eyes
Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower sniper, had a tumor in his
amygdala.
The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the
amygdala.
The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the
amygdala.
Rats with ______________ lesions, unlike intact rats, do not respond with fear to a neutral stimulus that has previously been followed by electric foot shock.
amygdalar
A change in the resting potential of a postsynaptic dendrite from -70 mV to -72 mV is called
an IPSP.
To locate the terminals of axons that project from a particular brain structure, an investigator would employ
an anterograde tracing technique.
50. A spoon is presented in the left visual field of a split-brain patient, and an apple is simultaneously presented in the right. Then, the patient is instructed to reach into two bags (one with each hand) and feel around until he comes up with the object that was presented on the screen. However, before the objects are withdrawn, the patient is asked to tell the experimenter what he has in each hand. The patient is likely to say, "I have
an apple in each hand."
In a standard fear-conditioning experiment, the subject is presented with __________________ and then receives exposure to a footshock.
an auditory conditional stimulus
Many multipolar neurons have a long process emanating from the cell body. This long process is
an axon
A change in the brain that stores a memory is called
an engram
A change in the brain that stores a memory is known as
an engram
If you were going to illustrate the extent of H.M.'s bilateral lesion, you could accomplish this best if you drew H.M.'s brain from __________ perspective.
an inferior
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by
an influx of calcium ions.
The main function of color constancy is to ensure that
an object appears to be the same color despite changes in the wavelengths of light that it is reflecting.
Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces
analgesia.
Which of the following is an endocannabinoid neurotransmitter?
anandamide
The inability to smell is called _______; the inability to taste is called _________.
anosmia; ageusia
Which of the following is often associated with asomatognosia?
anosognosia
Drugs that degrade vesicles and cause the neurotransmitter molecules to leak into the cytoplasm, where they are destroyed by enzymes, are
antagonists of the neurotransmitter.
Posterior is to caudal as _______________ is to rostral.
anterior
The cortical area that has most frequently been linked to pain by functional brain imaging studies is the
anterior cingulate cortex
Illustrated here is the cortical area most commonly linked to the perception of pain: the
anterior cingulate cortex.
Some success has been reported in treating clinical depression with chronic low-level electrical stimulation of the ___________ through implanted electrodes.
anterior cingulate gyrus of the prefrontal cortex
Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
anterior temporal lobe
During the early stages of Korsakoff's syndrome, _________________ is the most prominent symptom.
anterograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories
H.M.'s greatest postsurgical problem was his
anterograde amnesia.
Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is
antidromic.
The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of
antithesis.
6. Brain-damage-produced deficits in language-related ability are generally referred to as
aphasia
Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is
applied research
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, signals are carried from Wernicke's area to Broca's area via the left
arcuate fasciculus
Which component of the Wernicke-Geschwind model is illustrated here?
arcuate fasciculus
Many effective antischizophrenic drugs
are D2 blockers.
Benzodiazepines
are GABAA receptor agonists.
Neurons in lower layer IV of striate cortex
are all monocular.
Unlike retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate cells, and simple cortical cells, over half of the complex cortical cells of monkeys
are binocular
Primary visual cortex neurons
are grouped in functional vertical columns
Many persons with scotomas
are not consciously aware of their deficits
Many self-stimulation sites
are part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.
Although several average neuroanatomical asymmetries have been reported in the areas of the human neocortex that are thought to play important roles in language, there is no strong evidence that these anatomical asymmetries
are related to the lateralization of language function in individuals.
The malleus, incus, and stapes
are small bones that transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.
Contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane
are sodium-potassium pumps.
Illustrated here
are the basal ganglia
The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects
arousal.
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, Broca's area contains the neural programs of
articulation (speech production).
Harold Klawans' neurological case of Aunt Betty suffered from a form of
asomatognosia.
When a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecule binds to an ionotropic receptor, the
associated ion channel opens or closes.
An area of cerebral cortex that receives substantial input from more than one sensory system is classified as
association cortex.
Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be
association cortex.
The inability to identify objects by touch is
astereognosia
The largest glial cells are
astrocytes
Which drug was extracted from the belladonna plant and used by the ancient Greeks for cosmetic purposes?
atropine
This drug is a muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist; it is an extract of the belladonna plant; and it has pupil-dilating effects:
atropine.
Bupropion
atypical antidepressant
Bupropion and agomelatine are classified as
atypical antidepressants.
Clozapine is
atypical antipsychotic
Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds?
auditory cortex
Heschl's gyrus is the location of the primary
auditory cortex.
The arrow in this illustration points to
auditory cortex.
Which of the following are thought to play a role in reducing excessive neurotransmitter release?
autoreceptors
A(n) ________ synapse on or near a terminal button can selectively facilitate or inhibit the effects of that button on the postsynaptic neuron.
axoaxonic
Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by
axoaxonic synapses
Which part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?
axon
Action potentials are generated in the axon initial segment, which is adjacent to the
axon hillock
The cone-shaped structure at the junction between the cell body and axon of a multipolar neuron is the
axon hillock
Action potentials originate at the
axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock
Unlike olfactory receptors, each taste receptor has no
axon.
It has been estimated that the corpus callosum contains 200 million
axons.
Sodium-potassium pumps transport ____ sodium ions out of the cell for every ___ potassium ions they transport into the cell.
b. 3; 2
_________ are cutaneous receptors that are sensitive to temperature change and pain.
b. Free nerve endings
Which of the following is a major difference between SI and SII?
b. Input to SI is largely contralateral.
Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting membrane potential by transporting
b. K+ ions into neurons. c.Na+ ions out of neurons
Which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion?
b. There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion. c.Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion
Vesicles travel from the cell body to the buttons
b. along microtubules. d. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per day.
Asomatognosia is often associated with
b. anosognosia. c.contralateral neglect.
All of the olfactory receptor cells with the same receptor protein
b. are located throughout the mucosa. c. project to the same locations (glomeruli) on the olfactory bulbs.
The archaic five-primary component processing theory of taste implied that each gustatory receptor and neuron is ______________ tuned. However, the rapidly accumulating list of receptor molecules and mechanisms suggests that each gustatory receptor is __________ tuned.
b. broadly; narrowly
Korsakoff's syndrome is
b. caused in large part by thiamine deficiency. c. often associated with chronic alcoholism. d.both b and c
The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is
b. decremental. c.extremely rapid
The permanent effects of bilateral auditory cortex damage are surprisingly minor in primates although they do include disruption of the ability to
b. discriminate frequencies. c. localize sounds.
14. Apraxic patients
b. have difficulty performing requested motor responses, especially out of context.
A major weakness in the scientific case for the prefrontal lobotomy was that
b. it was based almost entirely on one case study. c. the effects of the prefrontal lobotomies were not carefully evaluated. d.both b and c
Prevalent in the cytoplasm of most terminal buttons are
b. mitochondria. c. synaptic vesicles.
Which of the following are considered to be small-molecule neurotransmitters?
b. monoamine neurotransmitters c. amino acid neurotransmitters
Free nerve endings are thought to mediate the perception of
b. pain. c.skin temperature.
Recent evidence suggests that sensory systems are processed as _____ systems.
b. parallel
Tests with very sensitive fMRI machines suggest that the language areas of the cortex are
b. patchy and widespread. c.variable
The major weakness of functional brain-imaging techniques as research tools in cognitive neuroscience is that they cannot
b. prove causation.
12. Apraxia usually
b. results from left-hemisphere damage.
Light passes through layers of the retina in which of the following sequences?
b. retinal ganglion cell layer, horizontal cell layer, receptor layer c. retinal ganglion cell layer, amacrine cell layer, receptor layer d. both B and C
25. Left-handers and right-handers are
b. sinestrals and dextrals, respectively.
Which of the following is part of the organ of Corti?
b. tectorial membrane c.basilar membrane
Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by
b. their high external concentration. c.the negative resting potential
The mammillary nuclei are
b. visible on the inferior surface of the diencephalon. c. often considered to be nuclei of the hypothalamus. e. both B and C
During a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the
back of the neck.
Much of the research on sound localization has focused on the
barn owl.
Many researchers interested in sound localization have studied _________ because their ability to locate sounds in the dark is excellent.
barn owls
The level of acetylcholine is often reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. This reduction likely results from degeneration of cells in the
basal forebrain
The reduction of cholinergic activity in the brains of predementia Alzheimer's patients results from damage to the
basal forebrain
The main source of the brain's acetylcholine is the
basal forebrain.
The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the
basal ganglia.
Mammals without cones tend to
be nocturnal
Psychology is often defined as the scientific study of
behavior
Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior.
An experiment that tests a different group of subjects in each of the experimental conditions is said to use a(n)
between-subjects design
The receptive fields of complex cortical cells are usually __________ than those of simple cortical cells.
bigger
Urbach-Wiethe disease is associated with
bilateral calcification of the amygdala.
The brain operation performed on H.M. was a
bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
A nanometer is a
billionth of a meter
The ______________ problem refers to the question of how the brain combines individual sensory attributes to produce integrated perceptions.
binding
Because functional segregation is an important feature of all sensory systems while perceptions are largely holistic, there is a
binding problem
Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by
binding to postsynaptic receptors
A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that
binds to acetylcholine.
• Biopsychology is the scientific study of the
biology of behavior
Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for
biopsychology
Which of the following is the youngest scientific discipline?
biopsychology
A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body is classified as a
bipolar neuron.
The Golgi stain colors neurons
black.
The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is
bleaching of rhodopsin by light
Which retinal structure is indicated by the pointer line?
blind spot
Performing visually guided tasks in the absence of conscious awareness of a visual image is called
blindsight.
Imipramine
blocks reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
The ________ blocks the entry of many large molecules into brain tissue from the circulatory system
blood-brain barrier
The degree to which therapeutic or recreational drugs can influence brain activity depends on the ease with which they penetrate the
blood-brain barrier.
"Limbic" means
border
The dissociative hallucinogen ketamine
both A and B
Which of the following is a deficit that one would expect to see after damage to the primary somatosensory cortex?
both a and b a. a reduced ability to detect light touch b.a reduced ability to identify objects by touch
LTP is induced only when the high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation activates
both the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
The reticular formation is in the
brain stem
The photopic spectral sensitivity curve of a person can be determined by having the person report the
brightness of various wavelengths of light shone on the fovea.
Which drug is currently an alternative to methadone as a treatment for heroin addiction?
buprenorphine
Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the
button
The fine inner details of neuron structure can be studied best
by electron microscopy.
Scientists in many fields study the unobservable
by scientific inference
Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are part of the
c. ANS. d. peripheral nervous system. e. both C and D
In psychophysiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the
c. EEG. d. electroencephalogram. e.both C and D
It is difficult to differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff patients because
c. Korsakoff's syndrome has a gradual onset.
Change blindness occurs
c. because people have no memory for parts of a visual image that are not the focus of their attention.
The effects of stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by elevated glucocorticoid levels: Stress effects can be induced by ______________ and blocked by __________
c. corticosterone; adrenalectomy
Which of the following is a paradox of pain?
c. lack of a clear cortical representation of pain
8. Broca's area is adjacent to the
c. left primary motor cortex face area.
LeDoux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not.
c. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex
Because it is usually difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the
c. mock-crime procedure.
27. The left-hemisphere is dominant for speech in
c. nearly all right-handers and the majority of left-handers.
Although smart pills are often marketed to healthy adults, most relevant research has been done on
c. nonhumans or humans with memory difficulties.
Which of the following structures are thought to contain chemotopic maps?
c. olfactory bulbs
The research of a biopsychologist working for a drug company would likely be
c. psychopharmacological. d. applied. e.both C and D
24. During language tests, PET and fMRI typically reveal greater activity in
c. the left hemisphere.
The midbrain is
c. the mesencephalon. d. part of the brain stem. e. both C and D
The induction of LTP at synapses with NMDA receptors depends on the influx of
calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron.
The major advantage of the retinex theory over the classic component and opponent process theories of color vision is that the retinex theory
can explain color constancy.
In a nutshell, H.M.'s main problem seems to be that he
can form no new explicit long-term memories.
The right hemispheres of most split-brain patients
can understand many spoken or written words and simple sentences.
One patient with prefrontal damage could not cook a meal because she could not
carry out the various steps involved in preparing a meal in proper sequence.
Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine?
catecholamines
Monoamines are divided into two groups:
catecholamines and indolamines
Some studies have found that violent male criminals and aggressive male athletes tend to have higher testosterone levels than normal; however, this does not necessarily mean that testosterone _________ aggression.
causes
Gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of
cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
central
Between the frontal and parietal lobes is the
central fissure
The spinal cord is part of the
central nervous system
The amygdala is thought to control defensive behavior via outputs from the
central nucleus of the amygdala.
The role of the ____________________ in the Pavlovian conditioning of the eye-blink response of rabbits has been intensively investigated.
cerebellum
Which of the following is a large structure visible on the dorsal surface of the human brain stem?
cerebellum
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the limbic system?
cerebellum
The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the
cerebral commissures
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the
cerebral hemispheres
The large lateral outgrowths that compose the telencephalon are the
cerebral hemispheres.
Color perception would be of less survival value if the color of an object
changed under different illumination.
The systematic topographic layout of the olfactory bulb has been termed a ____________ map.
chemotopic
The identification of basal forebrain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease implicated
cholinergic neurons in memory.
Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the major divisions of biopsychology?
clinical psychology
Convergence is greatest when inspecting things that are
close.
Binocular disparity tends to be greater for _________ objects.
closer
Which of the following is regarded as a critical factor in the induction of LTP?
co-occurrence of activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Which of the following auditory structures has the appearance of a snail and has a name that is derived from the Greek word for land snail
cochlea
Bilateral destruction of which of the following auditory structures would be most likely to produce complete and permanent hearing loss?
cochlear nerve
The axons of the auditory nerves synapse in the ipsilateral
cochlear nuclei.
The superior olives receive much of their neural input from the
cochlear nuclei.
Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called
coexistence
Many neurons contain two neurotransmitters—a situation generally referred to as
coexistence.
Which division of biopsychology relies on functional brain imaging as its major research method
cognitive neuroscience
With respect to vision, wavelength is to intensity as
color is to brightness.
The component theory and the opponent theory are theories of
color vision.
The parvocellular neurons are particularly responsive to
color, fine detail, and stationary objects.
smell and taste
combine to produce the sensation of flavor.
The corpus callosum is the human brain's largest
commissure.
The study of biological processes by comparing different species is known as the
comparative approach.
According to the text, the division of biopsychology that deals generally with the biology of behavior, rather than specifically with the neural mechanisms of behavior, is
comparative psychology
Pairs of colors that produce white or gray when combined in equal measure are
complementary.
The ability of a stationary eye to fill in the gap in its visual field that results from the blind spot is called
completion
Many neuropsychological patients with scotomas are unaware of them because of
completion.
Donald Hebb developed the first comprehensive theory of how
complex psychological phenomena might be produced by brain activity.
According to the ____________ theory, there are three different kinds of color receptors, each with a different spectral sensitivity.
component
Each codon on a strand of messenger RNA
comprises three consecutive bases on the messenger RNA molecule. instructs the ribosome to add one amino acid from the cytoplasm to the growing protein chain.
Jennifer Aniston neurons are also called
concept cells
Neurons in the medial temporal lobes that are highly selective in terms of their responses to classes of test objects or individuals are known as
concept cells
Illustrated here is the time course of events occurring before and after
concussion.
Photopic vision is
cone-mediated
Which of the following makes it difficult to make causal interpretations of experimental results?
confounded variables
As a result of mounting evidence that broad categories of cognitive function are not lateralized, research on the lateralization of function has started to focus on
constituent cognitive processes.
In situations where the level of illumination is high and sensitivity is not important, the visual system responds by
constricting the pupils of the eyes.
Korsakoff's syndrome is a disorder of memory common in people who have
consumed large amounts of alcohol.
The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli is called _________________ and requires intact _____________.
contextual fear conditioning; hippocampi
Simple images that are stabilized on the retina start to
continually disappear and reappear.
On-center and off-center cells respond best to
contrast
The perception of an edge is in effect the perception of a
contrast between two adjacent areas of the visual field.
In essence, on-center and off-center cells of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond best to
contrast.
Scientific progress is most likely when different approaches are focused on a single problem, particularly when the strengths of one approach compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This is called
converging operations
Using different research approaches in such a way that the weaknesses of one approach are compensated for by the strengths of another is known as
converging operations.
The cerebral commissure indicated here is the
corpus callosum
The largest cerebral commissure is the
corpus callosum
Most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to the
cortex
According to the text, watching a game of chess without knowing the rules would be like studying research on the
cortical localization of language without knowing about the Wernicke-Geschwind model.
The effects of adult stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by increases in
corticosterone release.
Stare at the + sign and without moving your eyes, shift your focus from one letter to another. You have just experienced
covert attention.
Twelve pairs of ________________ project from the brain.
cranial nerves
The axons of the olfactory receptors run through the
cribriform plate to the olfactory bulbs.
Anosmia typically results when the olfactory receptor cells are sheared by the
cribriform plate.
The H-shape of the spinal gray matter is most obvious in a
cross section
During a test in which split-brain patients were asked to verbally specify which of two colors, red or green, had been presented in the left visual field, an interesting phenomenon was discovered. This phenomenon is
cross-cuing.
Which of the following is a cholinergic antagonist?
curare
By binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, this drug produces paralysis and death:
curare.
The dorsal columns are composed of the axons of
cutaneous somatosensory neurons
In experiments on split-brain laboratory animals (e.g., cats), visual information can be presented to only the left hemisphere by
cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. blindfolding the right eye
An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __________, which play a role in inflammation and fever.
cytokines
The area of the body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord is called a
d. dermatome.
18. Sodium amytal and dichotic listening tests are commonly used tests of
d. language lateralization.
21. During the conventional dichotic listening test, most participants correctly report
d. more of the digits presented to the right ear.
Cochlear implants are effective in the treatment of
d. nerve deafness.
The general function of the superior colliculus seems to be to localize
d. sources of auditory input.
The strongest evidence for the linguistic theory of cerebral asymmetry comes from the study of
deaf people who use American Sign Language and subsequently suffer unilateral brain damage.
Sham rage was first observed in
decorticate cats.
Postsynaptic hyperpolarizations are called IPSPs because they
decrease the chance that a neuron will fire.
Bob is dyslexic. Most of his errors occur because he has difficulty applying the rules of English pronunciation. He might say "hen" for "chicken" or "wise" for "wisdom." Bob has __________ dyslexia.
deep
Dyslexics in whom the phonetic procedure is disrupted while the lexical procedure remains normal are said to have __________ dyslexia.
deep
In cases of ______________ dyslexia, patients have lost their ability to apply rules of pronunciation in their reading, but they can still pronounce familiar words based on their specific memories of them.
deep
Fear is assumed to be the main motivating force for
defensive behaviors.
In rats, boxing is
defensive.
In the ________________________ task, a monkey is presented with a distinctive object (the sample object), under which it finds food. Then, after a specified delay, the monkey is presented with two test objects: the sample object and an unfamiliar object. The monkey must select the unfamiliar object to receive a food reward.
delayed nonmatching-to-sample
Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ test that were similar in major respects to the memory deficits displayed by H.M.
delayed nonmatching-to-sample
The Mumby-box is an apparatus that has been frequently used to study
delayed nonmatching-to-sample in rats.
Which of the following has been used extensively in the assessment of explicit object-recognition deficits in monkeys?
delayed nonmatching-to-sample task
The reason that the effects of long-term potentiation (LTP) at one synapse on a neuron do not spread to nearby synapses on the same neuron is likely because of
dendritic spines.
The specificity of LTP to particular synapses on the postsynaptic neuron is likely attributable to compartmentalizing effects of
dendritic spines.
An important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is
dependent on testosterone
In a successful experiment, the independent variable affects the
dependent variable
The area of the body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord is one
dermatome
The neural circuit that controls birdsong in the canary has two major components: the _______________ pathway and the _____________ pathway.
descending motor; anterior forebrain
Nissl stains (e.g., cresyl violet) are frequently used to
determine the general distribution of cell bodies in the nervous system
Most cases of dyslexia are
developmental
Each facial expression __________ on the left side of the face.
develops sooner
The caudal part of the forebrain is the
diencephalon
This is an illustration of the developing neural tube. The line points to one of the brain's major divisions, the
diencephalon
The hypothalamus and thalamus compose the
diencephalon.
According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity
different
The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience.
different
Many individuals with schizophrenia have
difficulty in the smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects
In general, neurons of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond weakly to
diffuse light.
In Alzheimer's disease, the brain damage is
diffuse.
The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored
diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience.
On which of the following tasks did H.M. display deficits?
digit span + 1 test
H.M. showed little or no long-term retention on the
digit-span +1 test.
The most commonly employed test of short-term verbal memory is the
digit-span test.
Most binocular cells in the monkey striate cortex,
display ocular dominance.
In a now classic study, Tranel and Damasio found that prosopagnosics
displayed appropriate galvanic skin responses to familiar faces they could not consciously recognize.
Some evidence suggests that prosopagnosia may not be specific to faces, that it may be attributable to a general inability to
distinguish among similar members of complex classes of visual stimuli.
A major advantage of the Z lens over conventional procedures for testing split-brain patients is that it
does not restrict the experimenter to the use of simple visual stimuli presented for 0.1 seconds
The best thing about the Golgi stain is that it
does not stain many neurons.
Interneurons
don't conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure.
Cocaine and amphetamines are
dopamine agonists.
The top of a dog's head is
dorsal
Which of the following somatosensory structures do NOT receive substantial input from the anterolateral system?
dorsal column nuclei
The dorsal stream flows from primary visual cortex to
dorsal prestriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex.
According to the widely accepted 1982 theory of Ungerleider and Mishkin, "where" is to "what" as
dorsal stream is to ventral stream
In one functional brain imaging study, attention to movement was associated with increased activity in the
dorsal stream.
The spine of a human runs just beneath the body's
dorsal surface.
The ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus receive direct input from the
dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system.
The animal model that best approximates human drug addiction is the
drug self admin
Somehow the visual system compares the wavelengths of light reflected by adjacent areas of a visual display, and on this basis color is perceived. The cells that appear to perform this function are
dual-opponent color cells
From outside to inside, the three meninges are the
dura, arachnoid, and pia.
The aspect of R.M.'s case that is most ironic is that
during his posttraumatic amnesia, when he recalled few of the details of his own life, he remembered the case of H.M.
A pathological difficulty in reading is termed
dyslexia.
13. Although the symptoms of apraxia are ________, apraxia usually results from damage to the ________ hemisphere.
e. bilateral; left
Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease because
e. dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
15. Apraxic patients display
e. none of the above
Which of the following is currently thought to be a valid general principle of synaptic transmission?
e.none of the above
A hierarchical system is one in which
each element has specific levels or ranks with respect to one another.
The term "within-subjects design" refers to experiments in which
each subject is exposed to each condition of the experiment
Neurons are specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit
electrochemical signals.
Posttraumatic amnesia can be induced by
electroconvulsive shock.
Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by
electrostatic pressure
Which of the following is a source of pressure for Na+ ions to enter a resting neuron?
electrostatic pressure
Reexperiencing related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences is generally referred to as the
embodiment of emotions.
The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum appears to be involved in the __________ component.
emotional; sensorimotor
Memory B cells
enable antibody-mediated immune reactions to occur more quickly if a particular antigen is encountered a second time.
Some of the morphine-like substances that occur naturally in the brain are
endorphins
Which of the following is an endogenous opioid?
enkaphalin
Grid cells are
entorhinal cortex neurons.
Grid cells, head direction cells, and border cells are located in the
entorhinal cortex.
Adrenergic neurons release
epinephrine
Which of the following is NOT found in neurons that release norepinephrine?
epinephrine
Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one's life are __________ memories.
episodic
K.C., the man who can't time travel, experienced a severe deficit in __________ memory.
episodic
Some comparative psychologists study behavior in the laboratory, whereas others conduct
ethological research
Stress that improves health has been termed
eustress
Islands of memory following concussion are memories of
events that occurred during periods of time for which there is otherwise total amnesia.
Geschwind
evived the localizationist ideas of Broca, Dejerine, and Wernicke.
Barn owls are often used in auditory research on sound localization because they have
excellent sound localization ability.
The study of communication in nonhuman primates suggests that the major impediment to their use of vocal language is their inability to
exert fine motor control over their voices.
The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as
exocytosis
Emma heard a noise behind her and turned to see a cat playing with some string. This is an example of
exogenous attention
If you were looking at holiday slides of your family and a major background object, such as a tree, moved as you blinked, you would likely
experience change blindness
According to the James-Lange theory, the
experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli
Semantic memories are ___________ memories.
explicit
Recent studies have demonstrated that infantile amnesia can occur for __________ memories without affecting __________ memories of the same information.
explicit; implicit
Quasiexperimental studies examine groups of subjects who have been
exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world.
Wernicke suggested that selective lesions of Broca's area produce a syndrome of aphasia whose symptoms are primarily
expressive.
Aphasia virtually always involves both _____________ and _____________ symptoms.
expressive; receptive
Large anterior lesions are more likely to produce _____________ symptoms, whereas large posterior lesions are more likely to produce __________ symptoms
expressive; receptive
An MRI of N.A.'s brain revealed
extensive medial diencephalic damage.
Cross-cuing is communication between the hemispheres of a split-brain patient that occurs
externally, via the behavior of one of the hemispheres.
The sense of touch is largely
exteroceptive.
The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in
eye blink conditioning.
Saccades are
eye movements
When trying to fake a smile, the muscles around the _________ are the most difficult to get just right.
eyes
Patients with Urbach-Wiethe disease have particular problems identifying
facial expressions of fear.
The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the
facial feedback hypothesis.
The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the
facial feedback hypothesis.
The experiment of Lester and Gorzalka (1988 is significant because it constitutes the first strong evidence of a Coolidge effect) in
females.
Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex often display __________ deficits on conventional tests of memory.
few
Most people palpate with their
fingers
The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the sympathetic nervous system has
first-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ
Visual information is presented to only the left hemisphere of a human split-brain patient by getting the patient to fixate on the center of the display screen and then
flashing the information for 0.1 second on the side of the screen to the patient's right.
In the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test, which has been used to study medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in macaque monkeys,
food is available under the nonsample object during the test phase of each trial.
There are three swellings that occur at the anterior end of a fluid-filled tube in the developing embryo. These three swellings eventually develop into the adult
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
A major limbic system tract is the
fornix
Prior to migraine attacks, sufferers often experience
fortification illusions
Although the _________ constitutes only a small part of the retina, a relatively large proportion of the primary visual cortex is dedicated to the analysis of its output.
fovea
High-acuity vision is mediated by the
fovea
Which of the following is a small indentation?
fovea
Which retinal structure is indicated by the pointer line?
fovea
Most of the cones are concentrated in the
foveas
The perception of both pain and changes in skin temperature are largely mediated by
free nerve endings.
· The major method of cognitive neuroscience is
functional brain imaging
Researchers using the cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language often employ
functional brain imaging.
Each cortical level of a sensory system (primary, secondary, or association) is itself composed of different areas that mediate different psychological processes. This pattern of sensory system organization is referred to as
functional segregation.
It was once assumed that the primary, secondary, and association areas of a sensory system were each __________________. However, research has shown that _________________ characterizes the organization of sensory systems.
functionally homogenous; functional segregation
Prosopagnosia has been linked to damage of the
fusiform face area
Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to
ganglia
Technological developments led to the discovery of __________ throughout the mammalian brain; they seem to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type
gap junctions
H. pylori has been implicated as a causal factor in
gastric ulcers.
Neurons without axons do not
generate action potentials.
The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating
glucocorticoids.
The NMDA receptor is a type of __________ receptor.
glutamate
Which is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?
glutamate
Which is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
glutamate
In one common type of LTP experiment, the perforant path is stimulated and the response is recorded in the
granule-cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus.
Why do we have two memory systems—explicit and implicit—that are both capable of learning the same material? What advantage is there in having a second, conscious system? Recent evidence suggests that the answer is
greater flexibility.
Which of the following pairs of colors is complementary?
green and red
To use the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher must know a fact about the crime that could only be known by the
guilty party.
In order to use the ___________________, the polygrapher must have a piece of information concerning the crime that would be known only to the guilty person
guilty-knowledge technique
Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the
guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible
The large cortical ridges between fissures are called
gyri.
In an innovative series of experiments, Squire and his colleagues assessed the retrograde amnesia of patients following ECT. They assessed the patients' memory for television shows that
had played for only one season
Electroconvulsive shock is commonly used in studies of memory because it
has amnesic effects similar to those produced by concussion.
long-term potentiation
has been most commonly studied in several different neural circuits in the hippocampus
In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to
have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects.
Food-caching birds tend to
have larger hippocampi. have incredible spatial memories.
The main difference between human brains and the brains of their mammalian relatives is that human brains tend to be bigger and
have more cortex.
Neurons with receptive fields in the fovea
have particularly small receptive fields.
Simple cells of the primary visual cortex
have receptive fields with static "on" and "off" areas that are separated by a straight edge.
All mammals with lissencephalic brains
have smooth brains.
Most neurons of the ventral roots
have their cell bodies in the ventral horns.
Evidence that the perception of music is lateralized comes from demonstrations that
he left ear is superior to the right in the melodic dichotic listening test.
"Encephalon" means within the
head
The rubber-hand illusion has been most frequently demonstrated in
healthy volunteers.
Modern neuroscientific theory considers sensory systems to be
hierarchical, functionally segregated, and parallel.
The major distortion in the retinotopic layout of the primary visual cortex is the disproportionately
high cortical representation of the fovea
Food-caching species tended to have larger_________________ than related nonfood-caching species.
hippocampi
Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context?
hippocampus
The _________________ is an area of cortex that is not neocortex—it has only three layers.
hippocampus
There have been reports of several specific brain structures being smaller in bipolar patients, including the
hippocampus
Which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors?
hippocampus
Two components of the limbic system are cortical structures. These two structures are the
hippocampus and the cingulate.
The human medial temporal lobe includes the
hippocampus. amygdala. medial temporal cortex. CA1 subfield. all of the above
When a tumor near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain, the disorder is
hydrocephalus
IPSP is to EPSP as
hyperpolarization is to depolarization.
The bleaching of rhodopsin by light
hyperpolarizes rods
Which of the following is a category of neuropeptides?
hypothalamic
This is an illustration of the
hypothalamic nuclei
Which structure is NOT part of the tegmentum?
hypothalamus
Which structure of the diencephalon regulates the pituitary?
hypothalamus
Bard's 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the
hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression
Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other limbic structures on the
hypothalamus.
The pituitary gland is situated just inferior to the
hypothalamus.
The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic responses to threat via the __________ and the appropriate behavioral responses to threat via the ___________.
hypothalamus; PAG
In his compelling demonstrations of color constancy, Land showed that a particular area of a Mondrian stayed the same color even though there were major changes in the wavelengths that it was reflecting, provided that the Mondrian was
illuminated by at least a low, a medium, and a high wavelength.
Autism-core symptoms(DSM4)
impaired social interaction impaired language &communication repetitive, stereotyped behavior
Repetition priming tests are tests of
implicit memory.
Cooper and Zubek (1958) found that maze-bright rats made fewer maze errors than maze-dull rats only if both groups had
impoverished
Brief stressors usually
improve immune function
Selective attention
improves the perception of stimuli that are its focus.
APs are said to be all-or-none: This means that all APs
in a particular neuron are the same.
Some hippocampal neurons become active only when the subject is
in a particular place.
There are more rods
in the nasal hemiretina than in the temporal hemiretina
A volunteer with curarized eye muscles, who viewed a stationary target, saw the target move
in the same direction as he attempted to move his eyes.
The helping-hand phenomenon was demonstrated in a test
in which the test items were in open view on top of a table.
In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that
increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor.
After his surgery, H.M.'s IQ had
increased.
Myelination
increases the speed of axonal conduction
In a well-designed experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the
independent variable.
The experimenter assigns the subjects to conditions, administers the treatments, and measures the outcome in such a way that there is only one relevant difference between the conditions being compared. This difference between the conditions is called the
independent variable.
Which of the following is NOT an amino acid neurotransmitter?
indolamine
In searching for the neural bases of LTP, many researchers assume that separate mechanisms account for
induction, maintenance, and expression.
Which of the following neuroanatomical directions is commonly used with reference to the brains of humans or other primates, but not with reference to the brains of four-legged creatures?
inferior
Which structure is thought to store memories for visual images?
inferotemporal cortex
IPSPs are
inhibitory.
The discovery of cytokines increased interest in the
innate immune system.
Combining a number of individual IPSPs and EPSPs into one signal is called
integration.
Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all are called
interneurons.
The study of how left and right hemispheres differ in their approach to cognitive tasks has led to the concept of a left hemisphere
interpreter.
The main reason why LTP is one of the most widely studied neuroscientific phenomena is that it
involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage
The Duchenne smile
involves the orbicularis oculi.
Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called
ion channels.
Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged
ions.
In 1957, this drug became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant:
iproniazid -cheese effect
Unlike the projections of the other exteroceptive sensory systems, the projections of the gustatory system are primarily
ipsilateral
Left-hemisphere damage is more likely than right-hemisphere damage to be associated with
ipsilateral motor problems.
If a midsagittal cut were made through the human brain, all of the uncut axons running from the eyes to the brain would be
ipsilateral.
Chimera
is a mythical monster composed of the combined parts of different animals.
Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD)
is a neurodevelopmental disorder •strong genetic component usually presents within the 1st 3 years of age There is extreme variability in the presentation of symptom .No two people are alike.
• The longest neuron in the human body
is a somatosensory neuron with one end in a toe and the other in the dorsal column nuclei.
Binocular disparity
is an important depth-perception cue
Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons
is faster than in unmyelinated axons.
Research has shown that SI
is organized in four somatotopically organized, parallel strips
The posture of lordosis in a female rodent indicates that she
is sexually receptive.
A strength of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________, whereas a weakness of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________.
it focuses on human brain-damaged patients; its focus on human patients as subjects usually precludes experiments
What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience?
its focus on the study of behavior
According to Land's retinex theory, an object's color depends on
its reflectance.
Early research on the evolution of the brain focused on
its size.
About how many neuropeptides are currently classified by most experts as neurotransmitters?
just over 100
Wernicke's area is
just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex.
The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential
keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body.
Pellis and colleagues (1988) showed that different cats react to mice in different ways: Some are efficient mouse _____________, some react defensively, and some seem to ______________.
killers; play with the mice
Cognitive neuroscientists interested in the brain mechanisms of language search for the specific parts of the brain that mediate
language's constituent cognitive processes.
In a study of infantile amnesia, children were shown a series of photographs of preschool-aged children, some of whom had been their preschool classmates. Whether they explicitly remembered a former classmate or not, they consistently displayed a _______________ to the photographs of their former classmates
large skin conductance response
In contrast to the cognitive neuroscience approach to language, the language areas of the Wernicke-Geschwind model are assumed to be
large, circumscribed, and homogeneous.
Food-caching species of birds tend to have __________ hippocampi than non-food-caching species
larger
In humans, all of the visual receptors are in the
last layer of the retina to be reached by light entering the eye
Much of the human auditory cortex is invisible to casual inspection because it is in the __________ fissure.
lateral
The primary gustatory cortex is in the
lateral fissure.
Which of the following thalamic nuclei relays visual information?
lateral geniculate
Visual signals from the left nasal hemiretina are projected directly to the
lateral geniculate nuclei.
Many early studies of intracranial self-stimulation focused on the stimulation of the
lateral hypothalamus or septum.
The mechanism of contrast enhancement is
lateral inhibition
When an ommatidium fires, it inhibits its neighbors; this inhibition is called
lateral inhibition
The perception of Mach bands results from
lateral inhibition.
Lateral inhibition in horseshoe crab ommatidia is mediated by the
lateral neural network.
Evidence suggests that it is the _____________, rather than the entire amygdala, that plays a key role in auditory fear conditioning.
lateral nucleus
Evidence has been accumulating that the _________________ is critically involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear.
lateral nucleus of the amygdala
Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the
lateral nucleus.
The two hemispheres, although similar in appearance, differ in function. The study of these functional differences is commonly referred to as the study of
lateralization of function.
The cerebellum is thought to store memories of
learned sensorimotor skills
The history of the localization of language and the history of the lateralization of function began with Broca's assertion that a small area in the inferior portion of the _______________ is the center for speech production.
left prefrontal cortex
In Damasio and colleagues' (1996) PET study of naming, PET activity was recorded from the ___________________ lobes of healthy volunteers while they named images presented on a screen.
left temporal
The hypothetical neural mechanism in humans that continuously assesses patterns of events and tries to make sense of them is termed the
left-hemisphere interpreter.
Ciliary muscles adjust the
lens shape
In comparison to English speakers, Italian speakers are __________ to be diagnosed as dyslexic.
less likely
In surface dyslexia, the __________ procedure has been lost.
lexical
There seem to be two different procedures for reading aloud. The procedure that is based on stored information about the pronunciation of specific written words is called the __________ procedure.
lexical
Reading aloud can be accomplished in two different ways: by the
lexical and phonetic procedures.
Polygraphy is commonly referred to as
lie detection.
Ionotropic receptors are linked to
ligand-activated ion channels.
The Purkinje effect refers to the fact that
lights in the green-blue portion of the spectrum are brighter than equally intense lights in the yellow-red portion of the spectrum when viewed under dim illumination
A neural circuit that includes the septum, cingulate cortex, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus is thought to be involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors. This circuit is called the
limbic system
Portrayed in this illustration is a neural circuit called the
limbic system
The fact that left-hemisphere damage disrupts American Sign Language but not pantomime gestures supports the __________ theory of cerebral asymmetry.
linguistic
The case of W.L., the man who experienced aphasia for sign language, demonstrates that left hemisphere damage can disrupt __________ gestures without disrupting __________ gestures.
linguistic; pantomime
The neuron cell membrane is composed of a
lipid bilayer
The flip side of long-term potentiation (LTP) is known as _______________ and occurs in response to prolonged low-frequency stimulation of presynaptic neurons.
long-term depression (LTD)
Bliss and Lømø showed that there is a facilitation of synaptic transmission following high-frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons. This phenomenon has been termed
long-term potentiation.
In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce
longer lasting effects
The major flow of information in the primary visual cortex is usually assumed to proceed from __________ to __________ to __________.
lower layer IV; simple cells; complex cells
Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions?
lust
T cells and B cells are
lymphocytes
T cells and B cells are
lymphocytes.
Each T cell has two kinds of receptors on its membrane: one for molecules normally found on the surface of __________ and one for a specific __________.
macrophages; antigen
In early studies of medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in monkeys, the cortex underlying the hippocampus and amygdala was always damaged because the lesions were
made by aspiration.
The results of delayed nonmatching-to-sample tests indicate that combined bilateral lesions of the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial temporal cortex have similar effects on memory in humans, monkeys, and rats that reveal
major deficits at all but the shortest retention intervals.
Bilateral lesions of the medial temporal cortex that do not damage the hippocampus or amygdala produce
major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys.
In most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between
male conspecifics
McGlone reported that ____________ victims of unilateral strokes were three times more likely to suffer from aphasia than ____________ victims.
male; female
Most patients with gastric ulcers display signs of H. pylori infection, however, to put this observation in perspective, it is important to understand that
many healthy people are similarly infected.
The blood brain barrier impedes the passage into cerebral neurons of
many proteins and other large molecules.
Which of the following parts of the diencephalon connects the two lobes of the thalamus?
massa intermedia
The nose of a rat is
medial and anterior
The tip of your nose is
medial and anterior
Two major olfactory pathways leave the amygdala-piriform area. One projects diffusely to the limbic system; the other projects to the
medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus and then to the orbitofrontal cortex
The major auditory projections of the inferior colliculi go to the
medial geniculate nuclei.
In rats, bilateral lesions to the __________________ block fear conditioning to a tone, but bilateral lesions to the _______________ do not.
medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex
Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research has emphasized the roles of two brain structures in emotion: the
medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
Monkey and rat experiments on the effects of various medial-temporal-lobe lesions on the performance of nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching-to-sample suggest that __________ damage contributes substantially to the amnesic effects of bilateral medial-temporal lobectomy.
medial temporal cortex
In some respects, the memory deficits associated with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to those found with
medial temporal lobe amnesia.
Large deficits in delayed nonmatching-to-sample are caused by bilateral lesions to the
medial temporal lobe cortex.
The shaded areas on this drawing of the inferior surface of the brain illustrate the position of the
medial temporal lobes.
The first theories of Korsakoff's amnesia attributed it to mammillary body damage, but later evidence suggested that damage to the __________ is more likely the major contributing factor.
mediodorsal nuclei
The myelencephalon is often called the
medulla
The myelencephalon is commonly referred to as the
medulla.
The amygdala is thought to play a role in
memory for the emotional significance of experiences
Jimmie G., the man frozen in time, had a severe problem with his
memory.
The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are
meninges
The tectum is the roof of the
mesencephalon
the substantia nigra is
mesencephalon
The branch of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area is called the
mesocorticolimbic pathway.
The substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are both mesencephalic nuclei of the
mesotelencephalic dopamine system
Understanding of the bidirectional effects of stress on immune function improved substantially following the __________ of Segerstrom and Miller.
meta-analysis
The _________________ is anterior to the myelencephalon.
metencephalon
The pons and the cerebellum compose the
metencephalon
The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called
microexpressions.
The particular glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are
microglia.
A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissures, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
midsagittal
The first sign of Alzheimer's disease is often
mild memory impairments.
A mixture of pure tones with frequencies of 200, 300, and 400 Hz would be perceived as having the same pitch as a pure tone of 100 Hz. This important aspect of pitch perception is referred to as the
missing fundamental.
Which of the following played a major role in the research differentiating neurons that respond to pitch from those that respond to frequency?
missing fundamentals
Selective bilateral removal of the hippocampus without damaging adjacent medial temporal lobe structures produces ____________ on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test and other tests of object recognition.
modest deficits
Neurons of the monkey secondary auditory cortex respond robustly to
monkey calls.
Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons
monoamines
Unlike simple cortical cells, which are all _______________, many complex cortical cells are _____________.
monocular; binocular
Complex visual cortex cells are __________ than simple cells.
more numerous
How many different specialized visual areas have been identified in the cortex of macaque monkeys?
more than 30
The results of sodium amytal tests suggest that the percentage of healthy right-handers in the general population that are left-hemisphere dominant for speech is
more than 90%
The findings of the brain stimulation studies of Ojemann and colleagues suggest that language abilities might be organized in the cortex like a
mosaic.
The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that
most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists.
The middle temporal (MT) area of human cortex appears to play an important role in the perception of
motion.
The ______________ theory of speech perception proposes that the perception and comprehension of speech depend on the words activating the same neural circuits in the motor system that would be activated if the listener said the words.
motor
The _________________________ theory of cerebral asymmetry holds that the left hemisphere is specialized not for the control of speech specifically but for the control of fine movements in general.
motor
Precentral is to postcentral as
motor is to somatosensory
Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their
mouse killing.
If you were to inject curare into your eye muscles and then try to move your eye, you would see the stationary visual world
move in the same direction as your attempted eye movement.
Magnocellular neurons are particularly responsive to
movement.
When an alpha male rat attacks a submissive male intruder, he
moves sideways toward the intruder with a lateral attack.
Neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are classified as
multipolar.
White matter is white because
myelin is white.
Gap junctions are
narrow spaces between adjacent cells that are bridged by connexins
The dendrites of olfactory receptor cells are located in the
nasal passages.
When we direct our gaze at something ___________, the lens tends to assume its natural _____________ shape.
near; cylindrical
The valence model proposes that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing __________________ and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing _______________.
negative emotion; positive emotion
Hebb argued that memories of experiences are stored in the short term by
neural activity reverberating in closed circuits.
The corpus callosum is a
neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres
Structure of the nervous system is to function of the nervous system as
neuroanatomy is to neurophysiology
The field that focuses on the study of the structure of the nervous system is
neuroanatomy.
The field that focuses on the study of the chemical bases of neural activity is
neurochemistry
The field that focuses on the study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system is
neuroendocrinology.
The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called
neurons.
Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus is classified as
neuropathic
Which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders?
neuropathology
Endorphins are
neuropeptides.
Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain
neuropeptides.
The field that focuses on the study of the effects of drugs on neural activity is
neuropharmacology.
The field that focuses on the study of the functions and activities of the nervous system is
neurophysiology.
A biopsychologist who studies the memory deficits of human patients with brain damage would likely identify with the division of biopsychology termed
neuropsychology
Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with the assessment of the memory deficits of patients with damage to the frontal portions of the neocortex?
neuropsychology
The study of the nervous system is called
neuroscience
· Biopsychology is a branch or division of
neuroscience
Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own
neurotransmitter.
Botox is a
nicotinic antagonist.
The mesotelencephalic dopamine system comprises two pathways: The
nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway.
Surgery that destroys all of Broca's area but little surrounding tissue typically has
no lasting effects on speech.
How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out?
no more than a couple of millimeters
In some species, castration has ___________ effect on social aggression; in still others, castration ____________ social aggression during the breeding season but not at other times.
no; decreases
Conduction of action potentials along an axon is
nondecremental
In the conditioned place-preference paradigm, rats usually prefer the
none
Studies of electrical intracranial self-stimulation encouraged the development of physical dependence theories of addiction by suggesting that
none
Which of the following genes has been associated with anxiety disorders?
none
A dermatome is a
none of the above
A major difference in the physiological reaction to physical versus psychological stressors is that only physical stressors
none of the above
Areas of the brain that interpret the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis.
none of the above
CT and structural MRI studies of the brains of patients with language-related disorders have found that
none of the above
Glucocorticoids are released from the
none of the above
H.M.'s postsurgical digit span was found to be
none of the above
Hydrocephalus results from the
none of the above
In 1949, Egas Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize for
none of the above
Investigators have proposed that in each hemisphere, there are two major streams of ______________ information: anterior and posterior.
none of the above
Morgan's canon is
none of the above
Research has consistently shown that memory consolidation consistently takes about
none of the above
Stressors produce major increases in the release of
none of the above
The ANS is part of the
none of the above
The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the
none of the above
The amount of light reaching the retinas is controlled by two donut-shaped bands of contractile tissue called the
none of the above
The blood brain barrier is
none of the above
The closer an object is, the
none of the above
The largest commissure in the human brain is the
none of the above
The major method of cognitive neuroscience is
none of the above
The up-the-nose case of N.A. had a major impact on theories of amnesia because
none of the above
Which ossicle is attached to the round window?
none of the above
tinnitus
none of the above
According to the text, the scientific evidence has not proven the effectiveness of
nootropics
Which of the following is a monoamine neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
In the presence of the appropriate enzyme, dopamine is converted to
norepinephrine.
is autism more now than...
now rather than past? equivocal boys x4 more siblings more likely other developmental disorders
Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called
nuclei
Most of a neuron's DNA is in its
nucleus
Laboratory animals have frequently been shown to self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the
nucleus accumbens
Many of the dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area synapse in the
nucleus accumbens
Which brain structure is thought to play a role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and other reinforcers?
nucleus accumbens
As habitual drug taking develops, control of drug taking is thought to shift from the
nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum to the dorsal striatum.
In comparison to the causes of developmental dyslexia, the causes of acquired dyslexia tend to be more
obvious
The lobe at the back of the brain, which serves a visual function, is the
occipital lobe
The first two cranial nerves are
olfactory and optic nerves
Olfactory receptors are embedded in the
olfactory mucosa
In the CNS, axons are myelinated by
oligodendrites.
PNS is to CNS as Schwann cells are to
oligodendrocytes
Myelin sheaths are produced by _______________ in the central nervous system and by ________________ in the peripheral nervous system.
oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
On the basis of their receptive field properties, most neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as
on-center or off-center cells.
The case of R.M. was ironic because
one of the few things that he could remember during his postconcussion confusion was the case of H.M.
The perception of pitch in primates seems to occur in
one small cortical area just anterior to primary auditory cortex.
Under normal conditions, the brain mechanisms responsible for the perception of motion don't consider eye movements per se. Rather, they consider
only those eye movements that are actively produced by neural signals from the brain to the eye muscles.
During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the
opening of potassium channels.
Action potentials are produced by the
opening of voltage-activated sodium channels
• The PAG is to the raphé as
opioid is to serotonin.
.According to the ____________ theory, if an increase in the response of a particular visual neuron signals green, a decrease signals red.
opponent
Which of the following is a point of decussation?
optic chiasm
Which of the following is an X-shaped structure?
optic chiasm
A genuine smile involves activation of the ___________________ and is known as the ______________ smile.
orbicularis oculi; Duchenne
The cochlea is a long, coiled tube containing the auditory receptor organ, which runs almost to its tip. This auditory receptor organ is known as the
organ of Corti.
The fact that social aggression in many mammalian species (e.g., mice) occurs more frequently between males than between females is often attributed to the
organizational effects of testosterone. b. activational effects of testosterone.
Axonal conduction from cell body to terminal buttons is called
orthodromic conduction
High-acuity, color vision is mediated by the small foveal area of the retina. Nevertheless, we have perceptions of the world that are expansive in both their color and their detail. This is possible because
our visual systems integrate the foveal images from recent visual fixations to produce the subjective visual perception that we are experiencing at any instant.
Hemispherectomized patients feel
pain from both sides of the body.
Nociceptive stimuli are
painful.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are
parallel processes.
Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body's energy?
parasympathetic nervous system
Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS?
parasympathetic nervous system
Hippocampectomy in rats usually involves damage to a small area of the overlying __________ so that the aspiration can be performed.
parietal cortex
At least two parallel channels of communication flow through each lateral geniculate nucleus. One runs through the ______________ layers and a second runs through the _____________ layers
parvocellular; magnocellular
In neurons without axons, conduction occurs entirely in the form of
passive, decrementally conducted potentials.
Conduction in interneurons lacking axons is typically __________ and ____________.
passive; decremental
Bavelier and colleagues (1997) used fMRI to measure the brain activity of healthy volunteers during the reading of sentences and found that the areas of activity were
patchy
The human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in the
perception of fear in others.
Stimulation of the __________ elicits a response in the __________ layer of the hippocampal __________.
perforant path; granule-cell; dentate gyrus
Electrical stimulation of which of the following structures has analgesic effects?
periaqueductal gray
The neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the
periaqueductal gray.
Scotomas are located by
perimetry.
Naya, Yoshida, and Miyashita (2001) recorded the responses of neurons while monkeys learned the relation between pairs of visual images. When the monkeys were required to recall that pair, activity was recorded in ____________ neurons before ____________ neurons.
perirhinal; inferotemporal
The smallest units of sound that distinguish among various words in a language are called
phonemes.
The words "spleemer" and "twipple" are normally read aloud by a __________ procedure.
phonetic
There is now widespread agreement that dyslexia results most commonly from a disturbance of
phonological processing.
The research of _____________________ typically involves the direct manipulation or recording of the neural activity of laboratory animals by invasive surgical, electrical, or chemical means.
physiological psychologists
The division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brains of laboratory animals in controlled experiments is
physiological psychology
Adhering to the surface of the brain is the
pia mater
The subarachnoid space is just outside the
pia mater
Although it is somewhat arbitrary, primary olfactory cortex is considered to be
piriform cortex.
Olfactory neocortex is considered to be in the
piriform cortex.
The frequency of sound waves is to the complexity of sound waves as the
pitch of sound is to the timbre.
Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called
place cells.
The location in a test environment in which a subject must be for a place cell to become active is called its
place field.
Which of the following structures was found to be larger in the left hemisphere in about 65% of human brains?
planum temporale
A structural MRI study found that the __________ in the left hemisphere in musicians with perfect pitch than it is in musicians without perfect pitch.
planum temporale is larger
Research has now established that the brain is
plastic
Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by
pointing their beaks away from one another.
In its resting state, a neuron is said to be
polarized
Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction and Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior ,interests, or activities
poor eye contact
Primary somatosensory cortex is in the
postcentral gyrus.
The direction toward the back of your head is
posterior.
Early research indicated that much of the aphasia resulting from the surgical excision of Broca's area was a consequence oftemporary postsurgical edema.
postsurgical edema.
Second messengers are formed in the
postsynaptic neuron
Amnesia that is produced by a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull is called __________ amnesia.
posttraumatic
In a resting neuron, _____________ channels are open, whereas ______________ channels are closed.
potassium; sodium
Alzheimer's amnesia is usually studied in
predementia Alzheimer's patients.
In functional brain-imaging studies of Tourette's patients who are suppressing their tics, abnormal activity has been consistently observed in the caudate and
prefrontal cortex
Which part of the brain is illustrated (the shaded area) in the accompanying drawing?
prefrontal cortex
Phineas Gage had damage to his medial
prefrontal lobes.
One way of using the Z lens to test the left hemisphere's comprehension of spoken words is to
present visual stimuli in the right visual field, then verbally instruct the patient to respond to the visual stimuli.
Most areas of secondary visual cortex are located in two general regions: the _______________ and the __________________.
prestriate cortex; inferotemporal cortex
Co-occurrence has been shown to be critical for the induction of LTP. Co-occurrence refers to the requirement for simultaneous activity in
presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
Autoreceptors are commonly found in
presynaptic membranes.
Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling
pride.
Areas of neocortex that receive most of their input from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system are classified as
primary sensory cortex.
The somatosensory homunculus is in the
primary somatosensory cortex.
Blindsight sometimes occurs in patients with scotomas resulting from
primary visual cortex damage.
Although much evidence from various species suggests that hippocampal damage disrupts spatial memory, evidence from __________ has been inconsistent.
primates
Darwin proposed the _________________, which suggests that opposite social messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures.
principle of antithesis
Unilateral damage to SI
produces contralateral deficits in stereognosis.
Separating rat pups from their mothers
produces increases in behavioral and endocrine stress responses in adulthood
The main advantage of the scanning electron microscope over the conventional electron microscope is that it
produces three-dimensional images
In humans, the axons of retinal ganglion cells whose cell bodies are in the left temporal hemiretina
project ipsilaterally.
Which of the following would be easy for someone with deep dyslexia to do while reading?
pronounce familiar words
Damage to the fusiform face area is often associated with
prosopagnosia.
The most widely studied form of visual agnosia is
prosopagnosia.
Biopsychology is sometimes referred to as
psychobiology
Patients with gastric ulcers are often helped by
psychological treatments, even if they don't reduce H. pylori infection.
The field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called
psychoneuroimmunology.
The division of biopsychology that focuses on the effects of drugs on behavior is often referred to as ____________________.
psychopharmacology
Which subdivision of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with an experiment in which the effects of the drug fluoxetine on the ability of mice to learn a maze is studied?
psychopharmacology
Biopsychologists who study the physiological correlates of psychological processes by recording physiological signals from the surface of the human body are often referred to as
psychophysiologists
Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is identified with the measurement of scalp EEG activity and ANS activity in humans?
psychophysiology
Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called
psychosomatic disorders.
Light enters the human eye through an opening in the iris called the
pupil.
There is a tradition of ___________________ in physiological psychology; the emphasis is usually on research that contributes to the development of theories of the neural control of behavior rather than on research of immediate practical benefit
pure research
Which of the following are multipolar cortical neurons with long axons, apical dendrites, and triangular cell bodies?
pyramidal cells
Which of the following neurons have apical dendrites?
pyramidal cells
The differences between the brains of humans and those of related species are more ______________ than _________________.
quantitative; qualitative
In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are
quasiexperiments
After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the
random movement of ions
Which of the following animals are currently the most common subjects of biopsychological research?
rats and mice
After the picture of a familiar object is flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient, the patient can
reach into a bag containing several test items with the left hand and pull out the object that was presented.
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the cortical region indicated here plays a special role in
reading and writing.
According to the reconsolidation notion, long-term memories are temporarily susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia when they are
recalled.
The ___________________ of a visual neuron is the area of the visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of that neuron.
receptive field
Evidence indicates that the component theory provides the best explanation of color coding at the
receptor level
For decades, it had been assumed that mammals had only a small number of olfactory
receptor type
Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini endings are
receptors in the skin.
Connections between various areas of visual cortex are virtually always
reciprocal
Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty
recognizing facial expressions of fear.
The _____________________ hypothesis holds that each time a memory is retrieved from long-term storage, it becomes labile.
reconsolidation
Memory for general principles and skills required to perform a task is called __________ memory.
reference
In general, the brain stem regulates
reflex activities critical for survival
Action potentials normally travel along axons in only one direction because of the
refractory period.
The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the
relative refractory period.
The tests commonly used to assess implicit memory in neuropsychological patients are
repetition priming tests.
Which of the following experimental treatments for clinical depression is noninvasive?
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Dopamine agonist is to dopamine antagonist as
reserpine is to amphetamine.
This is an illustration of the human brain stem. The pointer lines point to the
reticular formation
Which of the following structures is named after a term that means "little net"?
reticular formation
The visual system bases its perception of motion on a comparison between movement of the image on the
retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles.
Here is an illustration of the retina. The neurons identified by the pointer lines carry signals from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei. These neurons are
retinal ganglion cells.
According to the ___________ theory of color vision, the color of an object is determined by its reflectance.
retinex
The retina-geniculate-striate system is _____________. This means two stimuli presented to adjacent areas of the retina will excite adjacent neurons at all levels of the system.
retinotopic
Because of the way that it is organized, the visual system is referred to as
retinotopic.
The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized
retinotopically
After release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by
reuptake
Almost all studies of hippocampal lesions in monkeys and humans entail damage to large portions of the ____________ in addition to the hippocampus.
rhinal cortex
Here is an illustration of coronal section of a monkey brain cut through the hippocampus and amygdala. The shaded area indicates the position of the
rhinal cortex portion of the medial temporal cortex.
Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on
ribosomes.
Kimura found that the __________ ear was better at identifying digits and the __________ ear was better at identifying melodies in the __________ test.
right; left; dichotic listening
The three phases of an action potential are, in order:
rising phase, repolarization phase, hyperpolarization phase
Dorsal root axons are sensory unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the dorsal
root ganglia.
The receptive fields of most retinal ganglion cells are roughly
round.
Which of the following are involuntary fixational eye movements?
saccades
The transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons is called
saltatory conduction.
Illustrated here is one phase of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task. It is the
sample phase.
Cocaine and amphetamines in high doses can produce a temporary disorder that is similar to
schizophrenia.
Scientists study past ice ages, evolution, neural inhibition, gravity, evaporation, and thinking by
scientific inference.
The empirical method that biopsychologists and other scientists use to study the unobservable is
scientific inference.
The absorption spectrum of rhodopsin closely corresponds to the
scotopic spectral sensitivity curve.
Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be association cortex because it receives substantial sensory input from the
secondary areas of more than one sensory system.
Prestriate cortex and inferotemporal cortex are considered to be areas of
secondary visual cortex.
Persons with a visual agnosia
see objects but can't identify them
The ability to focus on only a small subset of the stimuli that are being received by sensory organs is called
selective attention.
The advantage of presynaptic facilitation and inhibition (compared to EPSPs and IPSPs) is that they can
selectively influence one particular synapse rather than the entire presynaptic neuron.
Areas of the brain that analyze the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis.
semantic
Areas of the brain that interpret the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis.
semantic
Which of the following contains the receptors of the vestibular system?
semicircular canals
The simple process of detecting the presence of stimuli is often referred to as
sensation.
Which of the following functions does the cerebellum play a role in?
sensorimotor and cognitive functions
A recent structural MRI study of the brains of children with Tourette's disorder revealed thinning of the gray matter in the
sensorimotor cortex
The neurons of the dorsal roots are
sensory
Studies of the septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as
septal defensiveness.
The Wernicke-Geschwind model is a
serial model
A system in which information is conducted in a single route through its various components, like a string through beads, is called a
serial system.
Which of the following is an indoleamine neurotransmitter?
serotonin
The abbreviation 5-HT stands for
serotonin. dopamine.
The primary symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is
severe memory loss
Lester and Gorzalka developed a clever way to control for what confounded variable?
sexual fatigue of males
Decorticate cats display
sham rage.
The hippocampus is
shaped like a sea horse in cross section
When the pupils are constricted, the image falling on each retina is ___________ and there is a greater ____________.
sharper; depth of focus
The main support for the linguistic theory of cerebral asymmetry comes from the observation that only left-hemisphere lesions disrupt
sign language
Metabotropic receptors are linked to
signal proteins and G proteins.
Some primary visual cortex neurons have receptive fields that can be divided into static "on" and "off" areas separated by straight edges. These primary visual cortex neurons are
simple cells
A difficulty in attending visually to more than one object at a time is known as visual
simultanagnosia.
26. Left-handers are also known as
sinestrals
The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system and the anterolateral system both carry sensory information from the
skin.
Two Process Model of Sleep Regulation
sleep process s (adenosine - caffeine ) -Sleep deprive Animal 1, and extract CSF•Inject Animal 2 with Animal 1's "sleepy CSF", animal 2 fall asleep cardiac process c -Free RunningCircadian Rhythms
Remarkably, naming famous faces, animals, and tools seems to be associated with activity in
slightly different areas of the left temporal lobe
The parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei get their name from the fact that the neurons in these layers are
small
Parvocellular is to magnocellular as
small is to big.
In rats, lateral attack is a component of
social aggression
Which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species?
social aggression
The end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the
sodium channels close.
The rising phase of an action potential begins when the ____________ and ends when the _____________.
sodium channels open; sodium channels close
The main medullary nucleus of the gustatory system is the
solitary nucleus.
The ____________________ is the part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment. It is composed of __________ nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system and _________ nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.
somatic nervous system; afferent; efferent
Astereognosia and asomatognosia are the two major types of
somatosensory agnosia.
The descending PAG-raphé-dorsal-column circuit has been hypothesized to mediate
some types of analgesia
In canaries, the anterior forebrain pathway mediates
song learning.
The hippocampus plays a major role in memory for
spatial location.
Hippocampal lesions in rats reliably disrupt the performance of tasks that involve memory for
spatial locations.
The hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for
spatial locations.
Theoretically, Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as
speech production is to language comprehension.
Who won a Nobel Prize for his research on split-brain patients?
sperry
Most neurons of the dorsal root synapse in the
spinal cord.
Most of the neurons of the anterolateral system decussate in the
spinal cord.
Investigators have studied the contribution of eye movements to vision by studying the effects of
stabilized retinal images.
Subordination stress is most readily investigated in species that form
stable dominance hierarchies.
Sleep Architecture
stages fully cycle every 90min but N3/REM composition changes Deprivation of N3 or REM Leads to Rebound on Subsequent Nights
Neocortex contains two fundamentally different kinds of neurons: pyramidal cells and
stellate cell
Terrell was in an automobile accident and suffered damage to his primary somatosensory cortex. Since the accident, he has been unable to identify items by touch when they are placed in his hand. Terrell appears to have a deficit in
stereognosis
The identification of objects by touch is
stereognosis.
The main difference between simple cortical cells and lower layer IV neurons is that the borders between the "on" and "off" regions of the receptive fields of simple cortical cells are ____________ rather than ______________.
straight; circular
Hans Selye was the first to describe the
stress response.
One factor that increases the susceptibility of the stomach wall to damage from Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) appears to be
stress.
The adult neurogenesis of hippocampal cells is reduced by
stress.
Patients with Tourette's disorder tend to have smaller _________ volumes.
striatal
Another name for primary visual cortex is
striate cortex.
Together, the caudate and the putamen compose the
striatum
In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals
submission.
When conspecific threat becomes an enduring feature of daily life, the result is
subordination stress
The relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing
subordination stress.
A.T. is a woman with selective damage to her dorsal visual stream. She has
substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control
Big is to small as fissures are to
sulci
Exceptions to the usual tonotopic organization of the auditory system are the deep layers of the ______________, which are laid out according to auditory space.
superior colliculus
The line on this illustration of the human brain points to the
superior temporal gyrus
Individuals who have lost their ability to correctly pronounce words based on their specific memories of the words are said to suffer from
surface
Mary is dyslexic. Most of her errors involve the misapplication of common rules of English pronunciation; for example, she pronounces "have" as if it rhymed with "cave." Mary has __________ dyslexia.
surface
There are two major categories of acquired dyslexia:
surface and deep.
The color and brightness of large unpatterned surfaces are not directly perceived; they are filled in or completed by a process called
surface interpolation.
How is sleep measured?
survey Actigraphy Polysomnography EEG (scalp/brain)EOG (eyes)EMG (chin muscle)
olfactory receptor cells
survive for only a few weeks and are replaced by new ones.
In one experiment, a male hamster intruder was converted from the object of assassination to an object of lust by
swabbing it with the vaginal secretions of an ovulating female.
Here is a summary of the two-system view of the stress response. Which label is missing?
sympathetic nervous system
The adrenal cortex was identified by Selye as important in the stress response; today's theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the
sympathetic nervous system.
Neurotransmitters are often stored in
synaptic vesicles.
Small-molecule neurotransmitters are typically synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal button and packaged in ________________ by the button's _________________.
synaptic vesicles; Golgi complex
With respect to neurotransmitters, which of the following is a correct sequence?
synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake
Acetylcholine is
synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule.
78. One theory of why lateralization of function evolved is that there are two fundamentally different modes of thinking, each requiring different neural circuitry. These two modes of thinking are referred to as
synthetic and analytic.
The optogenetic identification of an engram cell typically involves two stages in sequence: first a _________________ stage and then a ______________ stage.
tagging; manipulate
The _______________ concept is the idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own.
target-site
Stress disrupts the performance of
tasks mediated by the hippocampus
Taste receptors typically occur in clusters of 50 to 100. These clusters are called
taste buds.
ageusia is very rare, presumably because
taste information from the mouth is carried via three separate sensory pathways.
Resting on the auditory hair cells is the
tectorial membrane.
The inferior and superior colliculi compose the
tectum
Three major structures in the __________ of the brain are named after colors (red, black, and grey).
tegmentum
In humans and in other higher vertebrates, the ____________ undergoes the greatest growth during development.
telencephalon
In the developing brain, the _________________ is anterior to the diencephalon.
telencephalon
The limbic system and basal ganglia are, for the most part, in the
telencephalon
Which of the following is NOT in the brain stem?
telencephalon
The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a classic study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) in which the memory for __________ was assessed
television shows that played for only one year
All signals from the right visual field reach the left primary visual cortex, either ipsilaterally from the _______________ of the left eye or contralaterally from the ____________ of the right eye.
temporal hemiretina; nasal hemiretina
The longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres. Which lobe does not border it?
temporal lobe
Evidence suggests that the naming of different categories of nouns (such as faces, animals, or tools) is each mediated by a different part of the
temporal lobe.
When postsynaptic potentials produced in rapid succession at the same synapse sum, it is known as
temporal summation
Because H.M.'s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus
temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site.
The lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei are all nuclei of the
thalamus.
The limbic system rings the
thalamus.
The mediodorsal nuclei, which are often damaged in cases of Korsakoff's amnesia, are nuclei of the
thalamus.
Biopsychology developed into a major neuroscientific discipline in
the 20th century.
The first neural stain revealed the silhouettes of a few neurons on a slide; it is
the Golgi stain
Italian speakers are less likely than English speakers to be diagnosed with dyslexia because
the Italian language has fewer phonemes.
The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called
the Kluver-Bucy syndrome.
A compelling illustration of contrast enhancement is
the Mach band demonstration.
The first neural stain that permitted neuroanatomists to view some aspects of the inner structure of a neuron was
the Nissl stain
Neurons do not normally fire more than 1,000 times per second because
the absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond.
Exocytosis of small-molecule neurotransmitters involves
the activation of voltage-activated calcium channels.
Vaccination is often an effective preventive measure because
the adaptive immune system has a memory.
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the visual form of a read word is translated into a meaningful auditory code by
the angular gyrus.
This split-brain patient was asked to reach under the ledge with her left hand and select the object that appeared on the screen. She selected
the apple
Wernicke reasoned that damage to ______________ would produce a type of aphasia that he called "conduction aphasia."
the arcuate fasciculus
Which of the following can be found in large numbers at the blind spot?
the axons of retinal ganglion cells
The soma is
the cell body.
The most commonly used measure of stress is
the circulating levels of glucocorticoids.
Blanchard and Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using
the colony intruder model of aggression and defense.
The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called
the comparative approach
The identification and study of the various areas in the left cerebral cortex that participate in language-related activities is generally referred to as the study of
the cortical localization of language.
A neuron normally fires when
the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation.
· A major shortcoming of case-study research is that
the degree to which the results can be generalized is unclear
The results of Ekman and Friesen's (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested to them that
the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures
Broca's area is located in the cortex of the left hemisphere in an area known as
the frontal operculum.
A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between
the inside and outside of a cell.
Broca's area roughly corresponds to
the left frontal operculum
The motor theory of the lateralization of cerebral function is that
the left hemisphere has become specialized for the control of fine motor movements, including speech.
The existence of complementary color afterimages supports
the opponent-process theory.
Research on the lateralization of emotion in humans using functional brain imaging suggests that the degree to which it is lateralized to the right hemisphere depends on
the particular brain structure under investigation.
The phenomenon of color constancy makes the point that
the perceived color of an object is not solely determined by the wavelengths of light that it reflects.
Color vision is mediated by
the photopic system
High-acuity vision is mediated by
the photopic system
The early reports that the prefrontal lobotomy was therapeutically effective were based on the impressions of the individuals who were the least objective:
the physicians who had prescribed the surgery.
Most efforts to identify interhemispheric differences in brain anatomy have focused on the size of three areas of cortex that are important for language:
the planum temporale, the frontal operculum, and Heschl's gyrus.
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the neural output of the left frontal operculum (e.g., Broca's area) goes to
the primary motor cortex.
Most lateral geniculate neurons terminate in
the primary visual cortex cortical layer IV
The analgesia-mediating axons descending in the dorsal columns originate in
the raphé nucleus.
Tryon is famous for
the rats
The left hemisphere plays a greater role in controlling the left hand than
the right hemisphere does in controlling the right hand.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.
the same
The study of lateralization of function has focused on the right hemisphere because
the special abilities of the left hemisphere have been more apparent.
To account for the fact that H.M.'s bilateral medial temporal lobectomy produced retrograde amnesia only for those events that occurred in the few years just before his surgery, it was suggested that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical store. This theory became known as
the standard consolidation theory.
The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as
the stress response.
Both the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus are in
the temporal lobe.
Which prefrontal lobotomy procedure is illustrated by this drawing?
the transorbital prefrontal lobotomy
The semicircular canals are the receptive organs of
the vestibular system
H.M.'s case showed us that
there is a difference between implicit and explicit forms of memory.
When a light is shone in the periphery of the receptive field of an on-center cell,
there is an immediate period of inhibition and then a burst of firing when the light is turned off.
The destruction of a single dorsal root typically produces little somatosensory loss because
there is considerable overlap of projections from adjacent dermatomes.
Much of the interest in the chemical senses stems from the fact that
they play important roles in the social lives of many species.
Evidence indicates that the brain damage associated with Korsakoff's syndrome is at least partially due to
thiamine deficiency
The cerebral aqueduct connects the
third and fourth ventricles
Fear is the emotional reaction to
threat
In perceiving sound, the complexity of the molecular vibrations is most closely linked to perceptions of
timbre
In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information
to the CNS
If an object is moving to the left at a constant speed and you are rotating your eyes to the left at twice the speed, you will see the object moving
to the left.
The visual system is to retinotopic as the auditory system is to
tonotopic.
The auditory system is organized
tonotopically
Primate auditory cortex is organized
tonotopically.
The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are
too small to be seen with the naked eye. less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.
The parvocellular component of the retina-geniculate-striate system runs through the __________ layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei.
top 4
The mechanisms of selective attention are
top down bottom up
Endogenous attention is mediated by
top-down mechanisms.
The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system is particularly responsive to
touch and proprioception.
Dorsal columns are to anterolateral pathways as
touch is to temperature and pain
The myelencephalon is composed largely of
tracts
Transduction refers to the
translation of one form of energy to another.
Research that tries to discover how pure research can best be applied to the solution of practical human problems is called
translational
Research that aims to translate the findings of pure research into useful applications for humankind is known as
translational research.
Peptide neurotransmitters (i.e., neuropeptides) are synthesized in the cell body and
transported in vesicles along microtubules to the buttons.
Mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane are known as
transporters.
Sodium-potassium pumps are
transporters.
Most primates are ______________, whereas most other mammals are _______________.
trichromats; dichromats
The hypothesis that synaptic transmission depends on communication among three cells (presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and astrocyte) is referred to as the
tripartite synapse.
Unlike most other vertebrates, primates have
two eyes side by side on the front of the head.
There are three kinds of spatial summation and
two kinds of temporal summation.
The primary tastes are assumed to be sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and
umami.
There seem to be five primary tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and
umami.
The cocktail-party phenomenon refers to your ability to "focus on" a specific conversation at a cocktail party while
unconsciously monitoring other conversations.
When insufficient neurotransmitter is released at a synapse, there is often a compensatory __________ of the receptors.
up regulation
The results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are, in fact,
vacillating between attack and defense.
According to the text, the main problem with the analytic-synthetic theory of cerebral asymmetry is its
vagueness.
In cross section, spinal gray matter has four arms; among these are the two
ventral horns
In transient global amnesia, there is
virtually always anterograde amnesia for explicit memories.
The receptive field of a visual neuron is the area of the
visual field within which the suitable visual stimulus can influence the firing of the neuron.
Recent studies of the function of primary visual cortex neurons using natural visual scenes rather than simple artificial stimuli have discovered that
visual neurons are plastic: As a background scene changes, the way that a neuron responds to elements in its receptive field change
Mach bands are perceived because
visual receptors adjacent to an edge on the more intense side receive less lateral inhibition than do receptors farther from that edge, and because visual receptors adjacent to the edge on the less intense side receive more lateral inhibition than do receptors farther from that edge.
Difficulty in attending to more than one visual object at a time is
visual simultanagnosia
The functions of the occipital cortex are largely
visual.
The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of
voltage-activated ion channels.
The discovery of the Golgi stain
was accidental. was one of the major early breakthroughs in the study of the nervous system.
Chlorpromazine
was originally developed as an antihistamine.
Each olfactory receptor cell survives for a few
weeks
23. Kimura argued that although signals from each ear are projected to both hemispheres, the contralateral connections take precedence
when different sounds from the two ears are simultaneously competing for access to the same cortical auditory circuits.
Depth of focus is normally greater
when the pupils are constricted
According to one theory, the dorsal stream is involved in the perception of __________________ and the ventral stream is involved in the perception of ___________________.
where objects are; what objects are
_______________ matter is composed largely of myelinated axons
white
Aphasia is typically associated with
widespread damage
In functional brain-imaging studies, emotional situations typically produce
widespread increases of cerebral activity, not just in the amygdalae and prefrontal cortex.
In the ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry on the learning of a visual discrimination by split-brain cats, when the eye patch was shifted to the other eye, the performance of all cats
with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to 50% correct.
H.M.'s digit span performance was
within the normal range
The ability to refrain from visiting an arm of the radial arm maze more than once on a given test is a measure of __________ memory.
working
The muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the
zygomaticus major.
So Why Do We Sleep?
•Adaptation/Energy Conservation Theories Restoration Theories Brain Plasticity Theories