NFDS Chapter 6

Members of these ethnic groups have higher rates of gallbladder disease in the US

Mexican-Americans, American Indians

Fats that must be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel

Saturated Fat, Trans Fat

Examples of saturated fats

coconut oil, palm oil

Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to

convert liquid oils into more solid fats

The process of enterohepatic circulation

1. Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salts travel through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

Both have a straight shape

Cis fatty acid

Causes the carbon chain to bend

_____ ______ is the process of recycling bile from the intestinal tract.

Enterohepatic circulation

arteriosclerosis

a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"

Steatorrhea is prevented by

avoiding high-fat meals, small more frequent meals

thrombus

blood clot

What foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fats?

butter, whole milk and whole-milk products, and meat

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include

coronary artery disease, stroke

eating foods that are rich sources of ________ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels

dietary fiber

A substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together is called a(n)

emulsifier

_______ acids can be saturated or unsaturated

fatty

The main characteristic all lipids have in common is that they are ______ in water

insoluble

Bile acids produced in the ______ and stored in the _______ aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids.

liver, gallbladder

Atherosclerosis

long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls

The ______ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat.

pancreas

Good sources of phospholipids

peanut butter, soy beans, wheat germ

Enterohepatic circulation is responsible for

recycling bile from the intestinal tract

_______ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

three attached fatty acids, glycerol backbone

Lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport _______ through the bloodstream.

lipids

Trans fatty acid

Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Manufacturers use______ to increase the shelf life of foods and to decrease rancidity.

PHO's (partial hydrogenated oils)

_______ is a common example of a phospholipid

Lecithin

Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damages tissues are called ________ _______ _______.

Lipid storage diseases

What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?

Lose excess body fat

______ are major structural components of cell membranes

Phospholipids

A _______ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Triglyceride

True or False: the hydrogenation process produces trans fats.

True

A 2016 study found that replacing 5% of energy from saturated fats with an equal amount of energy from PUFA and MUFA fats was associated with a 27% ______ in CVD

decrease

Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least _________ days a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure.

5

_______ is found only in foods that contain animal products

Cholesterol

Gallstones

One of the most common digestive diseases in the US

Interfering with enterohepatic circulation can _______ blood cholesterol levels because the liver must use cholesterol to make new bile salts.

reduce

Soluble fiber lowers blood cholesterol by:

reducing cholesterol absorption, disrupting enterohepatic circulation, interfering with bile absorption

The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the ______.

small intestine

________ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.

statins

Compared to foods made with unprocessed plant oils, partially hydrogenated oils are less likely to go rancid because

they have fewer double bonds

Saturated and trans fatty acids tend not to go rancid because they are less likely to undergo _______, a chemical process that alters the compount's structure.

oxidation

_______ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ______ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.

trans, saturated

A _______ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.

triglyceride

Ghee

Made from unsalted butter by removing the water and milk proteins from the butterfat, solid at room temperature but can be melted, compared to butter, Ghee has a higher smoke point.

People who consume diets rich in _____ tend to be at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Saturated Fats

True or False: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.

True