NFDS Chapter 6
Members of these ethnic groups have higher rates of gallbladder disease in the US
Mexican-Americans, American Indians
Fats that must be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel
Saturated Fat, Trans Fat
Examples of saturated fats
coconut oil, palm oil
Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to
convert liquid oils into more solid fats
The process of enterohepatic circulation
1. Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salts travel through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
Both have a straight shape
Cis fatty acid
Causes the carbon chain to bend
_____ ______ is the process of recycling bile from the intestinal tract.
Enterohepatic circulation
arteriosclerosis
a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"
Steatorrhea is prevented by
avoiding high-fat meals, small more frequent meals
thrombus
blood clot
What foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fats?
butter, whole milk and whole-milk products, and meat
The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include
coronary artery disease, stroke
eating foods that are rich sources of ________ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels
dietary fiber
A substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together is called a(n)
emulsifier
_______ acids can be saturated or unsaturated
fatty
The main characteristic all lipids have in common is that they are ______ in water
insoluble
Bile acids produced in the ______ and stored in the _______ aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids.
liver, gallbladder
Atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls
The ______ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat.
pancreas
Good sources of phospholipids
peanut butter, soy beans, wheat germ
Enterohepatic circulation is responsible for
recycling bile from the intestinal tract
_______ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
saturated
What are the structural components of a triglyceride?
three attached fatty acids, glycerol backbone
Lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport _______ through the bloodstream.
lipids
Trans fatty acid
Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
Manufacturers use______ to increase the shelf life of foods and to decrease rancidity.
PHO's (partial hydrogenated oils)
_______ is a common example of a phospholipid
Lecithin
Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damages tissues are called ________ _______ _______.
Lipid storage diseases
What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?
Lose excess body fat
______ are major structural components of cell membranes
Phospholipids
A _______ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Triglyceride
True or False: the hydrogenation process produces trans fats.
True
A 2016 study found that replacing 5% of energy from saturated fats with an equal amount of energy from PUFA and MUFA fats was associated with a 27% ______ in CVD
decrease
Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least _________ days a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure.
5
_______ is found only in foods that contain animal products
Cholesterol
Gallstones
One of the most common digestive diseases in the US
Interfering with enterohepatic circulation can _______ blood cholesterol levels because the liver must use cholesterol to make new bile salts.
reduce
Soluble fiber lowers blood cholesterol by:
reducing cholesterol absorption, disrupting enterohepatic circulation, interfering with bile absorption
The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the ______.
small intestine
________ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.
statins
Compared to foods made with unprocessed plant oils, partially hydrogenated oils are less likely to go rancid because
they have fewer double bonds
Saturated and trans fatty acids tend not to go rancid because they are less likely to undergo _______, a chemical process that alters the compount's structure.
oxidation
_______ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ______ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.
trans, saturated
A _______ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.
triglyceride
Ghee
Made from unsalted butter by removing the water and milk proteins from the butterfat, solid at room temperature but can be melted, compared to butter, Ghee has a higher smoke point.
People who consume diets rich in _____ tend to be at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Saturated Fats
True or False: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
True